vijayanagar & bahamani empires. vijayanagara empire

vIJAYANAGAR&

BAHAMANIEMPIRES

VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE

Causes for the emergenceWhat led to the establishment of Vijayanagara Empire ?

Continuous attacks by the Khilji dynasty of the North.

Political Instablity in the South.

Fear factor.

Religious turmoil.

Need to protect the interests of the Hindus & Indian Culture.

Origin

Harihara I & Bukka I established the Vijayanagara empire on the banks of Tungabhadra in the year 1336.

Hampi was the capital of the empire.

Four dynasties of Vijayanagar

Establishment of Vijayanagara empire is considered as ‘Landmark’ in Indian History.

Sangama

Saluva Tuluva Araveedu

Harihara I (hakka)

Founder of the Sangama dynasty, the first among the four dynasties that ruled Vijayanagara. 

Control over the valley of Tungabhadra River

Expanded his control to certain regions of Konkan andMalabar Coast.

Credited with establishing a centralized administrative setup.

 Orderly governance which afforded peace, prosperity, and security .

Bukkaraya (bukka i)

Defeated the Shambuvaraya Kingdom of Arcot and the Reddis of Kondavidu by 1360 and the region around Penukonda was annexed. 

Bukka defeated the Sultanate of Madurai in 1371 and extended his territory into the south all the way to Rameswaram.

By 1374 he had gained an upper hand over the Bahmanis for control of the Tungabhadra-Krishna doab.

Restored religious harmony.

Constructed forts, temples & promoted agriculture.

Bukka Raya conquered most of the kingdoms of southern India

Sri Vidyaranya blesses Harihara and Bukkaraya

Prabhudevaraya (devaraya ii)

Was popularly called ‘Hunter of the Elephants’ & ‘Dakshinapathada

Chakravarthi’.

Extended and held territories up to the Krishna river.

Conquered areas from Ceylon to Gulbarga, and Orissa to the Malabar.

Received royalties from Kerala & Sri lanka.

Religiously tolerant ruler.

Constructed mosques & temples. Encouraged literature.

krishnadevaraya

The greatest emperor of theVijayanagara Empire who reigned from 1509–1530.

Tackled numerous internal/external problems when he ascended throne.

Was popularly called ‘Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana’, ‘Andhra Bhoja’

& ‘Mooru Rayara Ganda’

Was the most powerful of all the Hindu rulers of India at that time.

Unparalleled warrior, shrewed commander & political expert.

Krishnadevaraya

Military achievements of Krishnadevaraya

Defetaed Gangaraja of Ummatthur & took over Shivansamudra fort.

Assisted the Portugese against Bijapur Sultans.

Conquered Kalinga by defeating Gajapati Prataprudra.

Captured Raichur fort by defeating Adil Shah. He also seized the forts of Bidar & Gulbarga.

He freed the Prince of Bahamani Kingdom by defeating its Prime Minister Kasim Bareed.

Krishnadevaraya : other contributions

Provided irrigation facilities for agriculture.

Increased foreign trade.

He was patron of art, literature & religions.

He authored the play ‘Jambavati Kalyana’ in Sanskrit. There were ‘Ashtadiggajas’ in his court.

Constructed Krishna temple, Virupaksha temple & Maharanga- mantapa at Hampi.

Fall of vIJAYANAGAR empire

Causes for the decline of Vijayanagara Empire:

A despotic government.

Wars of succession.

Weak successors of Krishna Deva Raya.

Continuous wars with the neighbouring Bahamani Kingdom.

Lack of control over the provincial governors.

More attention towards the strengthening of army.

Battle of talikota (1565)

Deccan Sultanates Ahmadnagar Sultanate Bijapur Sultanate Golkonda Sultanate Berar Sultanate Bidar Sultanate

Vijayanagara Empire Aliya Rama Raya  Venkatadri Tirumala Deva Raya

Hampi was left in ruins.

Araveedu dynasty ruled from Penukonda, Chandragiri & Vellore.

Emegence of independent provinicial states.

Domination by the Mughals and Maratahas.

Aftermath of the war

Extent of Vijayanagar Empire Battle of Talikot

VIJAYANAGAR Empire in India

vIJAYANAGAR empire : Administration

Hereditary rule.

Central administration.

There were different bodies like State Council leader (Nayankar), cillage administrators. Different lvels like State, district, village.

Provinicial officers used to dispense justice/punishments.

The Gowdas, Karnam & Talwar used to assist in the village administration. Nadagowdas & Pattanswami also used to look after the administration.

vIJAYANAGAR empire : Society

Four tiered caste system.

Occupation based caste system.

Practices of child-marriage, sati & devadasi were prevalent.

Monogamy as well as Polugamy was in practise.

Women enjoyed dignified status in the society.

Holi, Dasara & Deepawali were some of the festivals.

vIJAYANAGAR empire : EconomyLand tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax,

commercial tax, import/export tax were some of the sources of income.

Agriculture – Jowar, Ragi, Paddy, Lentils, Cotton, Sugarcane etc.

Five kinds of Land holdings – Geni, guttige, siddhaya, vara & gadi.

Improved commerce & industry.

Spices, diamonds, sandal etc were exported.

Coins of different denominations were used.

vIJAYANAGAR empire : Art & architecture

Architectural style of Chalukyas, Cholas & Hoyasalas.

Rough granite stones were used for construction.

Vidyashankar temple at Sringeri, Krishna, Virupaksha & Vijaya Vitthala temples at hampi.

Kamal Mahal, Elephant stable, Queen’s bath are wonderful examples of Indo-Islamic style.

Qualities of grandeur, awe & elegance were features of this architecture..

Very strong Hampi fort with 7 circular walls around it.

Vijaya Vitthala Temple, Hampi Stone Chariot, Hampi

Hampi Fort Elephant Stable

Virupaksha Temple, Hampi

vIJAYANAGAR empire : Music & Dance

Vijayanagara kings encouraged fine arts like music, dance, drama & yakshagana.

Artists enjoyed great respect in palaces & temples.

Puranadaradasa & Kanakadasa are greatest Kannada Saints who lived in this period.

Carnataic music thriugh Bhajanas & Keertanas.

Dancers performed in temples, palaces & during festivals.

Purandara Das Kanaka Das

BAHAMANI EMPIRE

origin

Ala-ud-Din Hassan Gangu Bahman Shah established the Bahamani kingdom in 1347 A.D.

Muhammad Shah I (1358–1377) was the second ruler who constucted famous Jamia Masjid in Gulbarga.

Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah was one of the famous ruler who built the city of Ferozabad. He was a great scholar who also constructed a planetorium.

Till 1426 A.D., Gulbarga served as the capital of the kingdom.

Mahmud GawanHe was a Prime minister of the Bahamani

kingdom.

He was reponsible for efficient administration of the state & military conquests.

He captured Konkan, Goa & Belgaum.

Invaded Kanchi & plundered its huge wealth.

Was beheaded on false charges.

He built the great university in Bidar which is known as Mahmud Gawan Madrasa. 

Division of Bahamani KingdomAfter the death of Gawan, the kingdom became

weak & disintegrated into five parts:

Ahamad Nagar

Bijapur Berar Bidar Golkonda

Bahamani Kingdom

Nizam Shahi

Adil Shahi

Emad Shahi

Barid Shahi

Kutub Shahi

bahamani Kingdom in India

Extent of Bahamani Kingdom Division of Bahamani Kingdom

Ibrahim Adil Shah IIAscended the throne at the age of 9. Ruled for 47

years.

He tried to create cultural harmony between the Shias and the Sunnis and between Hindus and Muslims through music.

Wrote the book Kitab-e-Navras (Book of Nine Rasas) in Dakhani.

Bhaka nyari nyari bhava ekkaha turuk kaha barahaman

Nouras soor juga joti ani saroguniyusat sarasuti mata

ibrahim parasada bhayi dooni

Bahamani Kingdom : AdministrationThere were hierarchies in administration.

Various departments in the administration.

Cabinet was called ‘Majis-E-Ilwith’. Sultan was the chief of the central adminitration.

Provinces were divided into Sarkars & Subedar was the head of the Sarkar.

Kotwals, Deshmukh, Desai, Kulkarni & patel were some of the administrators in the kingdom.

Village units were independent units.

Bahamani Kingdom : AdministrationAmir-E-Jumla was the head of the revenue

department.

Half or one third of agriculture was collected as Land tax. There were many other taxes collected.

Four types of military troops – Permanent troops, troops recruited during war-time, troops for religious wars & units for protection of Royal family.

Bijapur fort was the most formnidable fort.

Sultan & Kazi were in charge of Judicial duties.

Bahamani Kingdom : Economy & Society

Agriculture was the main occupation. There were many other minor industries like spinning, oil extractuion, pottery, sculpture etc.

Dabhol, Rajapura & Goa were sojme of the ports. Export of Silk, wine, Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin etc. took place.

Coins by the name Honnu, Lorry, Tanka were in use.

Undivided Patriarchal families, rigid caste system, polygamy existed in the society..

Haridasas & Muslim Sufi saints enriched the music & literature of this era.

Bahamani Kingdom : Education & ArchitectureIslam-centric education system.Maktabs &

Madrasas were the centres of education.

Mahmud Gawan established a huge 3-storied madrasa in Bidar.

It was 242 ft long, 222 ft wide & 56 ft tall. It had a big library with 3000 manuscripts.

Subjects like astronomy, grammar, maths, politics, religion, law, poetry were studied in colleges.

Sultans developed Indo-Sarcenic architecture.

Gol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Roza, Gagan Mahal were some of the greatest monuments bulit during this time.

Jamia Masjid, Bijapur Jamia Masjid, Gulbarga

Gagan Mahal, Bijapur Ibrahim Roza, Bijapur

Bidar Fort

Gowan Madrasa,

Bidar

Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur