viruses and their important (c1)[1]
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7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
• Causing a lot of serious diseases
• No medical treatment
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$iR%I
Why we have virology
course?
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
btmdieu&ctu'edu'(n
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What we have in General virology
course?
Carter and "aunders
)**+
C,a-ters ./.*
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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Content of General virology course
• Chapter 1: Viruses and their important
• Chapter 2: Methods used in virology
• Chapter 3: Virus structure
• Chapter : Virus transmission
• Chapter !: "ttachment and entry of viruses into cells
• Chapter #: $ranscription% $ranslation and $ransport
• Chapter &: Virus Genome 'eplication
• Chapter (: "ssem)ly and e*it of virions from cells
• Chapter +: Classification and nomenclature of
viruses
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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1, -apova. / papillomaviruses0small ds "
2, 4erpesviruses 0large ds "
3, -icornaviruses 05ve ss '"
, 6rthomy*oviruses 0.ve ss
'"
!, 'etroviruses 0'"/"
#, 4epadnavirus comple*
&, 7aculovirus 0insect virus
Cervical cancer
Chic8en po*
-olio
9lu
4V . ";
4epatitis Virus
7iocontrol
"gropathogen
"ssigments
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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1, What 0;tructure
2, Where? When? 04istory
3, 4ow . Who? 0<pidemiology . transmission
, $ranscription mechanism 0related to structure .
host
!, $ranslation mechanism 0related to structure . host
#, 'esearches a)out this virus 0method
&, 4ow to prevent = treat
"ssigments
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
.' Viruses are ubi0uitous on Eart,
)' Reasons for studying (iruses
1' T,e beginning of
(irology
2' T,e nature of (iruses 3(irus
definition4
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$iR%I
Chapter 1: Viruses and their
important5lu
$acterio-,age
IV
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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Viruses
are
u)i>uit
ous on
<arth
.' Viruses infect allcellular forms6
7 Eu8aryotes
3(ertebrate9in(erteb
rate animals:
-lants: fungi4 7 ;ro8aryotes
3bacteria and
arc,aea46
bacterio-,ages
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
7 Causing disease6 tri(ial 3common
colds4 7 cancer 7 affect =ell/being
of societies 3small-o@/AI%"4 / let,al
3rabies4 7 Causing t,e most economic im-act6
(iruses in Veterinary 7 -lant 7 dairy
Need :
7 Understanding t,e 3nature 7
re-lication
/ =ays of causing disease4 of (iruses
7 %e(elo-ment of 6 -re(ention 7
diagnosis 7 treatment 3(accines</
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'easons for studying viruses
.' "ome (iruses areharmful 6
e-atitis C "mall-o@
$acterio-,ageIV
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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'easons for studying viruses
)' "ome (iruses are useful 6 7 ;,age ty-ing of bacteria 6 "almonella 3e-idemiological
information4
7"ources of enBymes6 re(erse transcri-tase 3retro(iruses4 7RNA
-olymerases 3-,ages4
7 ;esticides6 baculo(iruses 3insect -ests4 7 y@oma (iruses
3rabbits4
7 Anti/bacterial agents6 >? antibiotic / resistant bacteria strains4 7 Anti/cancer agents6 genetically modified of ,er-es sim-le@ and
(accinia (iruses
7 Gene (ectors for -rotein -roduction6 baculo(iruses and
adeno(iruses
7 Gene (ectors for treatment of genetic diseases 6 retro(iruses
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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'easons for studying
viruses
1' Virus studies ,a(e
contributed to
8no=ledge6 molecular
biology / cellbiology 7 cancer
7 Genes are
com-osed of %NA6
3;,age T) and
E'coli4
7 T,e first
c,aracteriBed
en,ancer6 3"imian
(irus 3"V2*4
7 T,e first
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
Mayer
0'i@8sland)ouwschool te
Wageningen
a tobacco mosaic disease'
$elie(es it is caused by a
bacterium of some 8ind< but
attem-ts to isolate a bacterium fail
vanows8i
!n .)t, 5ebruary .F)<
%mitriRe-orts in .F) results on a study of I=ano=s8i< a Russian botanist<-resented a -a-er to t,e "t'
;etersburg Academy of "cience
s,o=ing t,at e@tracts from diseased
tobacco -lants could transmit disease
to ot,er -lants after -assage t,roug,
ceramic filters fine enoug, to retaint,e smallest 8no=n bacteria'
Unfortunately< I=ano=s8i did not fully
realiBe t,e significance of t,eseresults'
7ei@erinc8
A fe= years later< in .F< artinus
$eierinic8 confirmed H e@tended
I=ano=s8is results on tobacco
mosaic (irus H =as t,e first to
de(elo- t,e modern idea of t,e (irus<
=,ic, ,e referred to as contagium
(i(um luidum 3soluble li(ing germ4'
"dolf Mayer
01(3.1+2
7ei@erinc8
01(!1.1+31
wanows8i
01(#.1+2A
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T,e beginning of Virology
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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Viruses
nfluenBa pandemic 2AA+
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
• $he disease 0and also measles was transferred to "merica )y
the;panish% when they con>uered the ew World in the early 1!AA,
3,! million "Btecs died in the ne*t 2 years,
• n the cities of 1(th century <urope% smallpo* reached plague
proportions and was a feared scourge . highly infectious,
• 9ive reigning <uropean monarchs died from smallpo* during the1(th century,
-haraoh
'amses V
0<gypt had
smallpo* hedied 11!&
7,C,
'eport on
"Btec po*
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Viruses t,at c,anged t,e course of
,istory
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
-o*virus
-o*virus 5
influenBavirus
4uman mmunodeficiency
Virus
CANT! UNIVER"IT#$iR%I
Viruses t,at c,anged t,e course of
,istory
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
A million deaths 0more than on all )attle fields of World War
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T,e J"-anis,‟ flu
.F.
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
1(%AAA deaths 0D
01+1(: A million deathsW,y is it called J"-anis,‟
flu K‟
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T,e Je@ican‟ flu
)**F
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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;ome e*amples of viruses and disease control
;mallpo* virus:
irradicated in the &AEs
due to vaccination programss
-oliovirus:irradication ongoing 0F 2A2A
Measles: future
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
caused )y a
herpesvirus
'ash versus neuralgia
CANT! UNIVER"IT#$iR%I
C,ic8en -o@ and s,ingles 3girdle ,er-es4
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7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
<*ample of
a mostly
)enign virus
;ome variants
however
;tarting 2AA+% a vaccine against
cervical cancer.causing 4-V is
part of a national vaccination
program, 0etherlands% <urope
CANT! UNIVER"IT#$iR%I
uman -a-illoma(irus 3;V: =art (irusM4
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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4V.infection can lead to ";
"c>uired mmunoeficiency ;yndrome: Virus targets the immunesystem
7rea8s down the immune
system: opportunistic infections
such as )y Candida lead to1AA D mortality
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
5oot/and/out, %isease Virus 35%V4
28 nm
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;mall causes% large conse>uences
an e*tremely infectious picornavirus 0pico small
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
e*ample of an isometric
0spherical virus
0envelope partially removed
Cf, 6lympic <>uestry in 4ong8ong in 2AA(
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er-es sim-le@ (irus 3"V4
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
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"tomic model of a picornavirus
poliovirus% common cold virus% 9MV
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
-hocine distemper virus
0epiBootic every decade or
so in the utch Wadden
;ea'elative of measles and ru)ella
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
$iR%I
Ne= outbrea8s of e@isting or ne= (iruses
nfectious diseases often
dictate population
dynamics
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
9ungi 7acteria
nsects
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Viruses of ot,er organisms t,an (ertebrates K
-lants: potato% tomato% to)acco
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
• Air
• Water
• Contact
• 5ood
• Vectors
influenBa< "AR"
-olio< diarr,ea
IV< Ebola< ,er-es
noro(irus
West Nile (irus<
C,i8ungunya< endra<
yello= fe(er
7 os0uitoes and tic8s
• Vertical -lant (irus
7 Germ line
7ats: ;"';% 4endra
virus reservoir
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Routes of (irus
transmission
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
Virus Way of transmission
4V
<)ola
Classical swine fever
9oot.and.mouth disease
4uman / "vian influenBa
;"';
orovirus
engue
West ile virus
7luetongue 0sheep
-eppino mosaic virus 0pepper
White spot syndrome virus
)lood
)lood
aerosolaerosol
aerosol
aerosol
food
mos>uito
mos>uito
mos>uito
contact
cani)alism
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$iR%I
;ome recent virus out)rea8s
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
$ulipomaniaW,en first desribed it =as assumed t,at t,e colour
beautification =as an ende(our of t,e tuli-s to -leaset,eir masters eyes before bidding a last fare=ell -rior to
e(anescence'
;oty(irus: +D* nm / .) nm
CANT! UNIVER"IT#$iR%I
E@am-les of (irus disease6 Tuli- brea8ing (irus
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
-6H6V'I;
Viruses are t,e smallest genetic
entities
$iR%I
$he nature of viruses
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
(iruse
s
bacteria
fungi
-lant
s
mammal
s
yeast
.*'O**'**
*E. coli
2'+**'**
*
.*) .*1 .*2 .*F
.*.* .*..
")
1'D**
CV
)1*'***
.*D .*O .*+
.*
Viruses6
• "ubmicrosco-ic
• %NA or RNA
•need cells tore-licate
• intracellular -arasites
$iR%I
Viral genome siBes compared to those of cellular
organisms
,uman
O'***'***'***
f
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
Nucleu
s
Host cell replication
Protecting protein
coat
RNA or DNA genome
Penetration
of cell
progeny virus
103-106 per cell
$iR%I
" virus is an encapsidated piece of genetic information 0'" or " which replicates
on the e*pense of the host 0cell% thus causing an 0infectious disease
L b t f Vi l MABI Pl t Vi l L t
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
7/23/2019 Viruses and Their Important (C1)[1]
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR$iR%I
$he nature of viruses
• Viruses are smallest genetic entity
• Viruses ,a(e genes 6
• RNA or %NA 9 single or double stranded
• nucleic acid P -rotein3s4 3P li-id membrane4
• Viruses lac8 many -rere0uisites for lifeM
• no enBymes for metabolism
• no ribosomes // absence of de no(o -rotein
synt,esis
• anifestation only in li(ing ,ost• Use ,ost cell -roteins
• Code efficiently
• any (irus -roteins are multifunctional
• !bligate -arasites•
L b t f Vi l MABI Pl t Vi l L t
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
Coat -rotein6
-rotection of genetic
material
recognition of ,ost 3-lant4
crucial in (irus
transmission 3(irus/(ector
interactions4
coat or capsid
-rotein<
glyco-roteins
2, -rotein
surrounding membrane or
envelop
)* / )** nm
only some (iruses
obtained from ,ost cell
al=ays contains
glyco-roteins
3G;4
3, Hipids
ds or ss
one or more
segments
) / .D genes
1, ucleic acid
RNA Q>F* of all -lant(irusesS
%NA Q?.*S
$iR%I
Com-osition of (iruses
L b t f Vi l MABI Pl t Vi l L t
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
Virus is a very small% non.cellular
parasite of cell, ts genome% which
is composed of either " or '"%
is enclosed in a protein coat,
$iR%I
Virus definition
L b t f Vi l MABI Pl t Vi l L t
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR$iR%I
"re viruses living or
nonliving?
Viruses belong to biology because t,ey -ossess
genes< re-licate< e(ol(e and are ada-ted to
-articular ,osts 9 biotic ,abitats 9 ecological nic,es'
o=e(er< 't,ey are non li(ing infectious entities
t,at
can be said< at best< to lead a 8ind of borro=ed lifeM
arc (an Regenmortel and $rian
a,y 3)**24
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
Viros-,ere
$iR%I
%i(ersity of (iruses
$acteria
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
Viros-,ere
$iR%I
%i(ersity of (iruses
$acteria
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR5amilies and Genera
of ;lant (iruses
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
Classification
of animal.
infecting
viruses
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
CANT! UNIVER"IT#$iR%I
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
P%NA3DD4
5m'"
$altimore 3.F+.4
II
P9/%NA31+4
I III
VI
/%NA
.'"
IV
e'g' Gemini(iruses
P9/RNA 32+4
e'g' Reo(iruses
5'" 3OFF4
ost -lant (iruses
V
/RNA 3+.4
e'g'
Tos-o(iruses
;seudo(iridae
PRNA
Total no' -lant (iruses
$iR%I
Classification of 3-lant4(iruses
0-DNA
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
CANT! UNIVER"IT#
$iR%I
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR$iR%I
$asic form of
(iruses
• Viruses are 7 Isosa,edral
7 elical
7 Com-le@
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
CANT!UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN URUNIVER"IT#
$iR%I
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
CANT! UNIVER"IT#$iR%I
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
Ca-sid -roteins are arranged
,elically to form a rod/
s,a-es coat -rotecting t,e
nucleic acid
Ca-sid -roteins are arranged
in a s-,ere follo=ing t,e
basic s,a-e of t,e
icosa,edron or triangulated
forms of it'
$iR%I
Morphology of virus particles
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
CANT! UNIVER"IT#$iR%I
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN UR
• Isometric (iruses 3s-,erical4
• Rod/s,a-ed (iruses
TV
C;V "V
T"WV
• Com-le@ (iruses
;V#
$iR%I
Morphology of plant viruses
Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
CANT!UNIVER"IT#
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Laboratory of Virology MABI: Plant Virology Lectures
WAGENINGEN URUNIVER"IT#
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