vz12 - how to improve plant operations through better hmi graphics
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Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
PUBLIC INFORMATION
How to Improve Plant Operations Through Better HMI Graphics
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED 2
Agenda
Layout and Colors
Interpreting the data
Bad Practices
Situation Awareness
Putting the ideas into practice
The use of Patterns
Pattern Recognition
The use of Trending
Level Indication
Why do HMI graphics Matter
Representing Digital Devices
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Acknowledgements
3
The High Performance HMI Handbook PAS - Bill Hollifield, Dana Oliver, Ian Nimmo and Eddie Habibi
Designing for Situation Awareness (An approach to
User-centered Design) Mica R. Endsley and Debra G. Jones
Human Machine Interface (HMI) Design: The Good,
The Bad, and The Ugly (and what makes them so) ICS Triplex® - Paul Gruhn, P.E.
This presentation has been developed from ideas and materials from the following resources. We gratefully acknowledge the following great reference material and its authors.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Why HMI Graphics matter
4
Poor HMI Graphics causes
Confusion
Operator Fatigue
Low Situation Awareness
All of the above could
Cause the operator to miss vital information
Lead the operator into making a mis-informed decision
Make the operator make a mistake
Cause a serious accident
Who wants to be responsible for designing an HMI graphic that can lead to this.
U.S. CHEMICAL SAFETY AND HAZARD INVESTIGATION BOARD INVESTIGATION REPORT
REPORT NO. 2005-04-I-TX
The Operator viewed this screen, which provides information on raffinate product leaving the unit
but not the liquid being added to the unit.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Situation Awareness
5
Situation awareness means
Being aware of what is happening around you.
Understanding what that information means to you now.
Understanding what that information means to you in the future.
Situation awareness relates to the goals and objectives of a specific job or function.
Designers and engineers form in their heads a different mental model of the process than an operator.
By understanding how operators select and use goals, designers can better understand how information is perceived. Without understanding the user’s goals on Situation Awareness, the information presented has no meaning.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Situation Awareness
6
Applying SA terminology to HMI Graphics
Level 1 SA – P&ID representation with Live numbers.
Level 2 SA – Provide the operator with the relevant information they need to
understand how the plant is operating.
Level 3 SA – Provide trending data so that the operator can see how it was / will
perform.
Level 2 and Level 3 SA reinforces the operators mental model of the plant or process.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
The History of Bad or is it?
7
Is the pump in alarm or stopped?
Are the valves in alarm or closed?
High Contrast
Causes eye fatigue.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Modern BUT Good or Bad
8
Is this a good graphic?
What is the reactor temperature?
What Percentage of the screen is presenting useful data?
The pretty 3D objects and Gradient fill are superfluous.
The flame attracts your attention.
The moving truck attracts your attention.
Overuse of color – causes confusion.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Elements of displays that hinder Situation Awareness
9
High Contrasting objects strain the eyes and cause fatigue.
The warm colors – red, orange and yellows –
Draws your attention to them, are they in alarm, warning or just a route product indication
Draws your attention to it.
Complex graphics and 3D objects
Make it difficult to develop a mental model.
The following objects when used in a display for a normal situation all draw your attention to themselves, cause distractions and fatigue and could cause the operator to miss important data
Especially when flashing
Movement
High contrast
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Interpreting the Data
10
Is this chap healthy?
What should the numbers be?
How long does it take you to scan and interpret the information?
Do the numbers mean anything to you?
Are the numbers actually meaningful?
How much training would you require before you could interpret the numbers?
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Interpreting the Data
11
We can now see the upper and lower limit for these values.
How Long does it take you to scan and compare these numbers?
How much longer does it take you to calculate by how much they are within range?
This is data that requires thinking about and processing (Level 1 SA)
Data should be presented that supports comprehension (Level 2 SA)
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Interpreting the Data
We need to
Provide a pointer to a scale.
Provide a clear indication of the normal working range.
Clearly show upper and lower limits
With Analog
The brain interprets an analog display quicker than a number.
Can easily see WHERE the value is as well as what it is.
Can easily see rates of change.
What we need is analog
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Interpreting the Data
13
1960’s Science Fiction to the rescue
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Moving Analog Indicator
14
Normal operational values shown in white.
High and low alarm ranges shown in dark grey.
Desirable operational ranges shown in dark blue.
Alarm indicator with priority level and color.
Different shape for alarm priority.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Depicting Material Balance
15
Two major accidents with flammable material have been contributed to HMI graphics
that have NOT shown flow in and flow out on the same graphic.
P&ID representation often leads designers of graphics to split the flow in and the flow
out of a vessel across two screens – All to common practice.
A properly implemented mass balance or volumetric material balance calculation and
display of that data could have stopped these accidents.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Layout and Colors
16
Do
Grey is in fashion – grey backgrounds, grey pipelines, grey vessels.
Use low contrast.
Only show information that supports comprehension of the process or plant. (Level 2 SA).
Represent key performance data as trends. (Level 3 SA).
Design to allow the operator to achieve his goals.
Ideally
Only attract attention to an area of the display if there is a potential issue.
However there is a point where you can go to far and make the operator feel he is out of the loop, this will significantly decrease their situation awareness.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Layout and Colors
17
Provide information that helps the operator retain the data in their short-term memory.
Group related information together so that it can be processed as one chunk.
The average short-term memory can hold 7 items plus or minus 2, so group
data together to facilitate this fact.
If you have a vessel that has three specific values relating to it, then display it
inside the vessel, this allows the operator to see them as one chunk of data as
opposed to placing them outside of the vessel where the operator will see them
as 3 individual pieces of data.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Layout and ColorsDisplays
18
Level 1
Overview Display
Level 3
Process Unit Detail Display
Level 2
Process Unit Control Display
Level 2
Process Unit Control Display
Level 3
Process Unit Detail Display
Level 4
Process Unit Support display
Level 4
Process Unit Support display
Operator’s primary operating display during normal operations for routine changes and monitoring.
Provide an overview of the operator’s entire span of responsibility.
Interlocks, Diagnostics, Help and Documentation. Usually faceplates or popups.
Used for non-routine operations. Should provide sufficient information to facilitate process diagnostics.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Color Blindness
19
Normal Protanopia Deuteranopia Tritanopia
Red-Green Blue-Yellow
7 to 10% of males are Red-Green Color Blind
Good graphic design avoids using color coding or using color contrasts alone to
express information; this not only helps color blind people, but also aids understanding
by normally sighted people.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Representing Digital DevicesFeedback
20
Do not use red for stopped or closed and green for running or opened. Only use color
to bring attention to an abnormal condition. A pump simply not running is not an
abnormal condition.
Consider using a visually different shape within the object to represent running/opened.
This not only helps color blind people, but also aids understanding by normally sighted
people.
Use status words that describe the digital condition i.e. running and stopped not run
and stop. These could be confused with command words.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Representing Digital DevicesCommands
21
Provide feedback to a command or button click within a time window that tells the
operator the action has been executed.
Too slow (ASM states 3 seconds) and the operator may think the command hasn’t
been executed.
Too fast (ASM states 0.5 seconds) and the operator may miss the change.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Representing Digital Devices and Control Valves
22
Do not use overly complex depictions.
Tiny moving arrows on the stem of a valve.
Tiny illegible scales to represent percentage
open.
Variable shading schemes.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Representing Multiple Digital Devices
23
Multiple digital devices can be represented as a light box.
Running is a normal condition, so there is no need to show a color for its status.
How about going one step further and removing the normal condition from the screen
and only display the item if it’s in an abnormal condition.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Consistent Navigation
24
Be consistent!
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
The use of Trending
25
Provides assistance for Level 3 SA projection of future status through the use of trend
displays.
The operator can then see where the process is heading.
The operator can then be proactive and recognize impending problems, rather than
being reactive and responding to alarms and problems after the fact.
Use trending with thought. For instance a trend with 8 trends on it is confusing and
takes a long time to analyze.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
The use of Trending
26
We can see the value and its past trends.
We can make predictions of what the value is about to do based on its historical
behavior.
BUT
What should the value be?
What are the normal good operating high and low limits?
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
The use of Trending
27
We can see the value and its past trends.
We can see what the value should be.
We can see what are the normal operational high and low limits
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Level Indication
28
Provide high and low bad indication on the vessel.
Provide normal good upper and good lower indication.
Trend the level inside of the vessel outline.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Pattern Recognition
29
Involves identification of faces, objects, words, melodies, etc. The visual system does
more than just interpret forms, contours and colors. Pattern recognition refers to the
process of recognizing a set of stimuli arranged in a certain pattern that is characteristic
of that set of stimuli.
Pattern recognition does not occur instantly, although it does happen automatically and
spontaneously.
Pattern recognition is an innate ability of animals.
The human brain is built around pattern recognition,
We recognize patterns automatically, for example faces, rooms, melodies so why not
use what our brains do automatically in an HMI graphic.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Pattern Recognition
30
12 Numbers on a screen take time to interpret.
12 Trends on a trend become confusing.
Filled Radar Plot
The radar plot is a graph that consists of a sequence of equiangular spokes, called radii, with each spoke representing one of the variables.
The data length of a spoke is proportional to the magnitude of the variable for the data point relative to the maximum magnitude of the variable across all data points.
Scaling of each of the axis can generate a pattern for normal range of variables. For example 6 values can be scaled to form an equilateral hexagon when the plant is running under normal conditions.
A change in the pattern is very quickly identified by the operator.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
PlantPAx® Object Library
31
The PlantPAx® Object library has embraced this.
Available from the Rockwell Automation® Knowledgebase.
KBAid 62682 - PlantPAx® Library of Process Objects
Rockwell Automation TechED™ Session PR04
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Putting the Ideas Into Practice
32
Grey background, vessels and pipes low contrasting grey.
No movement of objects to distract attention.
Use of color for abnormal plant conditions only.
Analog status indicator
Key operating parameters trended on screen, not having to click to show.
Radar plot for easy monitoring of multiple related variables.
Low level details of plant are accessed by clicking to them.
Consistent navigation across displays.
Mixed upper and lower case characters are easier to read than all upper case.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Acknowledgements
33
The High Performance HMI Handbook PAS - Bill Hollifield, Dana Oliver, Ian Nimmo and Eddie Habibi
Designing for Situation Awareness (An approach to
User-centered Design) Mica R. Endsley and Debra G. Jones
Human Machine Interface (HMI) Design: The Good,
The Bad, and The Ugly (and what makes them so) ICS Triplex® - Paul Gruhn, P.E.
This presentation has been developed from ideas and materials from the following resources. We gratefully acknowledge the following great reference material and its authors.
Copyright © 2015 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RA-TechED 2015 @RA-TechED #RA-TechED
Guidelines
34
Rockwell Automation® Whitepapers
ASM Consortium Guidelines – ISBN 978-1440431647 Effective Operator Display Design
ISA 101, Human-Machine Interfaces - Website http://www.isa.org/MSTemplate.cfm?MicrositeID=1142&CommitteeID=6899
ISA 101, SharePoint http://isa101.isa.org/default.aspx
The following guidelines are available as an aid to designing effective HMIs
www.rsteched.com
Copyright © 2014 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved.RSTechED 2014 @RSTechED #RSTechED
PUBLIC INFORMATION
Thank you!
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