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War in the Pacific

• The war started badly for the Americans

• In spite of the warnings, they were ill-prepared

USS Arizona

Wake Island

• Coral atoll • 6.5 square km, or 2

square miles• Natural resources:

– none

‾ arable land: _%

‾ permanent crops: _%

‾ permanent pastures: _%

‾ forests: ___%

• Location: midway between Pearl Harbor & The Philippines

On _____________, 1500 Americans surrendered to the

Japanese

HOn December 8, 1941 the Japanese began the invasion of the Philippines

HGeneral MacArthur led his men and the Filipino army in the fight

HThey were forced to retreat along the

MBy April the exhausted troops were forced to surrender

MGeneral MacArthur was rescued from the nearby island of

MAs he left, he pledged to his men “______________”.

The Philippines

Bataan Death March• When the Americans surrendered the

Philippines in April, 1942, they left __________Filipino and American troops

• The Japanese marched the prisoners across the Bataan Peninsula under brutal conditions

• Of over 12,000 American POWs that began the march, only ________ survived

Battle of the Java Sea

• February 27 - March 1, 1942• 1st major naval battle between Japanese

and American forces• American, Dutch, and British forces

attempted to prevent further expansion in Southeast Asia

• They were unsuccessful

• April 18, 1942 ________________________embarked on their journey

• Although they inflicted little damage on Tokyo, it was a morale booster for the USA

Battle of the • May, 1942 off the coast of Australia

• First naval victory for USA

• First naval battle fought with the ships out of sight of one another – fought entirely from the air

• Battle is actually considered a draw but we prevented the invasion of Australia

The USS Lexington was sunk and the USS

Yorktown was heavily damaged

• Planned invasion of Midway Island as a precursor to an assault on Hawaii

• American intelligence anticipated the attack and launched a counter-attack

• Midway Island was heavily damaged by bombers but was not invaded

The Battle of Midway__________________

Battle of Midway

• US carriers battled Japanese carriers

• Entire first squadron of flyers was lost due to inexperience

• Only one man survived; floated in the water and watched the remainder of the battle

• He was later rescued by submarine

• The USA lost the carrier USS Yorktown

• Survived the attack with heavy damage but sunk as it was being towed back to Pearl Harbor

The Battle of Midway________________-

Significance of Midway

• Americans lost ___________, which they were able to replace

• Japanese lost ____________, which they were unable to replace

• June 6, 1942 would mark the

• As a diversion, the Japanese invaded the Aleutian Islands on the same day

• Ironically, they were successful in the Aleutian Islands

The Battle of Midway

Guadalcanal• Located in the

• Proximity to New Guinea, Australia, and the American territories in the Marianas made it important to both sides

• August, 1942 - February, 1943

• Land battles (American marines against Japanese marines)

• Naval battles (various battles involving battleships, carriers, and PTs)

Island Hopping

• From 1942 to 1945, Americans engaged in a campaign of island hopping

• This involved capturing select islands on the way to mainland Japan

• By destroying the Japanese navy, the remaining islands were cut off from supplies

Tarawa (Gilbert Islands)

Nov. 20 - 23, 1943

A series of small islets; the largest measured 3 miles long, and 1/2 mile in width

Japanese built an airstrip here, with fighter and bomber range to the Solomon & Marshall Islands

It was defended by 4700 troops, dug into a series of pillboxes and bunkers

Tarawa• Only ____ Japanese soldiers

lived to surrender on the 3rd day of battle

• ______ Korean forced laborers survived

• American casualties were 3301 (990 killed)

The PhilippinesOctober, 1944 – June, 1945

• ________Japanese defenders in The Philippines

• _______ survivors• 100,000 Filipino civilians died• 160,000 American invasion force• 8,000 Americans killed

Battle of Leyte GulfOctober 23 – 25, 1944

• Largest naval battle in world history

• 280 warships• Victory for Americans but at

great loss of sailors and ships

Iwo Jima• Located 700 miles from mainland Japan• A volcanic island of only 8 square miles,

the Japanese had dug in there in tunnels that crisscrossed the island

• ____________________is the highest part of the island

Iwo Jima• 21,000 Japanese defenders

–______ killed –______ POWs

• 82,000 American invaders –_________ killed –_______________wounded

(*depending on the source)• There were no civilians on the island

Okinawa

• Soon after the assault on Iwo Jima ended, the battle for Okinawa began

• Okinawa is a Japanese island off of the mainland

• At the time of the attack in April, there were 250,000 civilians and 50,000 troops, and 50,000 conscripts on the island

Okinawa April – June, 1945

• US losses were:– Killed in action

• Navy – 5,000• Marines – 8,000

– Wounded• Navy – 5,000• Marines – 31,000

• A major factor in the decision to use atomic weapons 6 weeks later

• By the time Okinawa was secure, the Japanese had lost ________ soldiers and conscripts, and ____________ civilians

• These figures were used to analyze the possible fatality rate of an invasion of mainland Japan

• The estimates ranged from 500,000 to 1,000,000 Americans and from 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 Japanese

Okinawa

Choices for ending the war:

Hiroshima

Nagasaki

August 8, 1945

Japanese surrender Aug. 14, 1945 by order of Emperor Hirohito

The formal surrender is signed September 2, 1945

World War II

Finally ended

• ___________ Japanese Americans lived in the USA, mostly on the west coast

• Americans were afraid of them spying or just plain hated them

• Americans also were interested in obtaining their property

Internment

• ___________ Japanese were forced to move into camps in the interior of America

• 2/3s of them were born in the USA

• None of them were convicted of a crime

Internment

• ________________________–Internment legal

• 1988 - Congress apologized and gave each survivor ___________in compensation

Internment

• Italians–only effected non-US citizens –1600 interned–600,000 had travel restrictions and

curfews–10,000 were forced out of their homes

in California and forced to move inland

–hysteria lasted about a year

Internment

Prisoners of War• German and Japanese POWs were returned

to their countries immediately after the war• Germans and Italians treated their American

POWs with respect; death in captivity rate was _____%

• Japanese starved, worked and tortured their prisoners; death rate in captivity was over ____________

Minorities

• African American, Hispanics, and other minorities served in segregated units

• Japanese Americans served in Europe• The Navajo were instrumental in winning

the war• After the war, they returned to “Jim

Crow” laws in the USA