wastes and gases to and from cells. - mwitdeardean/link/anatomy/labanapdf/anato_circulat… ·...

Living things must be capable of transporting nutrients, wastes and gases to and from cells.

Circulatory System

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookcircSYS.html

Single-celled organisms use their cell surface as a point of exchange with the outside environment.

Multicellular organisms have developed transport and circulatory systems to deliver oxygen and food to cells and remove carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.

http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/paramecium1.jpghttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Biologicaldiverstity/AnimalsI/sponge_1.gif

Sponges are the simplest animals, yet even they have a transport system. Seawater is the medium of transport and is propelled in and out of the sponge by ciliary action.

http://scicom.ucsc.edu/SciNotes/9701/full/features/sponge/circulation.gif

SpongeS

such as the hydra and planaria, lack specialized organs such as hearts and blood vessels, instead using their skin as an exchange point for materials. This, however, limits the size an animal can attain.

Simple animalS

Gastrovascular Cavity

DigestionTransportation

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookcircSYS.htmlhttp://se-ed.net/biofreaks/circulation/fig1.jpg

To become larger, Why do they need specialized organs and organ systems?

Multicellular animals do not have most of their cells in contact with the external environment and so have developed circulatory systems to transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.

Multicellular animalS

Blood vessels : arteries, capillaries and veins that deliver blood to all tissues

Components of the circulatory system

Blood : a connective tissue of liquid plasma and cells

Heart : a muscular pump to move the blood

Circulators systemS

Close circulatory systemOpen circulatory system

molluscs and arthropods squids and vertebrate

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/opencirc.jpghttp://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/closedcirc.jpg

Circulators systemS

http://www.biol.andrews.edu/fb/spring/Chap.%2042-Circulation/4202.jpg

What is the different between these?

Open circulatory systems (evolved in insects, mollusks and other invertebrates) pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood. The resulting blood flow is sluggish.

Open circulatory systems

<< Insect

Mollusk >>

HemocoelHemolymphHeamocyanin

http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/internalAnatomy/imagePages/heart.htmhttp://www.55a.net/firas/photo_lang/english/Lujain/grasshopper.jpg

What is a chordate which has an open circulatory system?

Vertebrates, and a few invertebrates, have a close circulation system. Closed circulatory systems (evolved in echinoderms and vertebrates) have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness.

Closed circulatory systems

vessels

In this type of system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities. Blood flow is not sluggish.

http://universe-review.ca/I10-13-circulatory.jpg

Hemoglobin causes vertebrate blood to turn red in the presence of oxygen; but more importantly hemoglobin molecules in blood cells transport oxygen.

http://www.scientific-art.com/GIF%20files/Medical/Haemoglobin.gifhttp://www1.moe.edu.sg/learn@/quest/winners/secondary/nanyang_girls/haemo/haemoglobin.jpg

Artery

Arterioloes

Capillaries

Venacava

Venule

http://biology.about.com/library/graphics/vessel.gif?once=true&

Vessels

http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/class/bio590/pictures/lect5/artery-vein.jpeg

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from heart. Arterial walls are able to expand and contract. Arteries have three layers of thick walls. Smooth muscle fibers contract, another layer of connective tissue is quite elastic, allowing the arteries to carry blood under high pressure.

Arteries

http://img.tfd.com/dorland/thumbs/capillary.jpg

Capillaries Bed

Capillaries are thin-walled blood vessels in which gas exchange occurs. In the capillary, the wall is only one cell layer thick. Capillaries are concentrated into capillary beds. Some capillaries have small pores between the cells of the capillary wall, allowing materials to flow in and out of capillaries as well as the passage of white blood cells.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/thorough.gif

Changes in blood pressure also occur in the various vessels of the circulatory system. Nutrients, wastes, and hormones are exchanged across the thin walls of capillaries.

http://www.merck.com/media/mmhe2/figures/MMHE_04_038_02_eps.gifhttp://www.harunyahya.com/books/science/blood_heart/images/capillary.jpg

Capillaries

http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/Education/2010/Lectures/30_Circulatory_files/image011.jpg

Capillaries

The circulatory system functions in the delivery of oxygen, nutrient molecules, and hormones and the removal of carbon dioxide, ammonia and other metabolic wastes. Capillaries are the points of exchange between the blood and surrounding tissues. Materials cross in and out of the capillaries by passing through or between the cells that line the capillary

Capillaries are microscopic in size, although blushing is one manifestation of blood flow into capillaries. Control of blood flow into capillary beds is done by nerve-controlled sphincters.

http://biology.ucf.edu/~logiudice/zoo3713/Files/image682.gif

Capillaries

Blood leaving the capillary beds flows into a progressively larger series of venules that in turn join to form veins. Veins carry blood from capillaries to the heart. Venules are smaller veins that gather blood from capillary beds into veins. Pressure in veins is low, so veins depend on nearby muscular contractions to move blood along. The veins have valves that prevent back-flow of blood.

http://www.daviddarling.info/images/deep_vein_thrombosis.jpg

Vein Thrombosis

Ventricular contraction propels blood into arteries under great pressure. Blood pressure is measured in mm of mercury; healthy young adults should have pressure of ventricular systole of 120 mm, and 80 mm at ventricular diastole. Higher pressures (human 120/80 as compared to a 12/1 in lobsters) mean the volume of blood circulates faster (20 seconds in humans, 8 minutes in lobsters).

Blood Pressure

As blood gets farther from the heart, the pressure likewise decreases. Each contraction of the ventricles sends pressure through the arteries. Elasticity of lungs helps keep pulmonary pressures low.

Blood Pressure

Systemic pressure is sensed by receptors in the arteries and atria. Nerve messages from these sensors communicate conditions to the medulla in the brain. Signals from the medulla regulate blood pressure.

http://user.gru.net/clawrence/vccl/chpt6/a05.gif

Blood Pressure

Vascular Systems

Pulmonarycircuit

Systemiccircuit

Vascular Systems

http://www.caosclub.org/members/plan28img6.gif

Vascular Systems

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AnimalHearts.html

This group of marine invertebrates has solved the problem by having separate pumps: two gill hearts to force blood under pressure to the gills and a systemic heart toforce blood under pressure tothe rest of the body.

Vascular Systems

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week9/ewormcirculation.gif

Earthworm

http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/Fish-Circ.jpg

Vascular Systems

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AnimalHearts.html

Fish have a two-chambered heart in which a single-loop circulatory pattern takes blood from the heart to the gills and then to the body

Lung Fish

Vascular Systems

Amphibian

Vascular Systems

A loop from the heart goes to the pulmonary capillary beds, where gas exchange occurs. Blood then is returned to the heart

Amphibians have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle.

Reptile

Vascular Systems

Some reptiles have partial separation of the ventricle.

Mammal and Bird

Vascular Systems

Other reptiles, plus, all birds and mammals, have a four-chambered heart, with complete separation of both systemic and pulmonary circuits.

The human closed circulatory system is sometimes called the cardiovascular system. A secondary circulatory system, the lymphatic circulation, collects fluid and cells and returns them to the cardiovascular system.

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Lymphatic_System.jpg

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94932&rendTypeId=34

cardiovascular system

lymphatic circulation

Circulatory System

It is a fluid-filled network of tubes (or vessels) through which materials move between the environment and the cells of a multicellular animal.

Definition :

It connects all parts of an organism in a way that allows individual cells to thrive as well as for organisms to function as a unitIt is an entirely closed system

Characteristic :

Major Function :

Nutrients transportation* Transport materials needed by cells

(Oxygen & Glucose)* Remove waste materials from cells

(Carbon dioxide & Urea)Homeostasis of temperature

Circulatory System

Major Components

http://www.imcpl.org/kids/guides/health/circulatorysystem.html

Pump (Heart)Continuously circulates blood

Network of tubesArteries : blood away from heartVeins : blood back to the heart

BloodFluid that fills the circulatory system

Pulmonary arteries : transport blood to lungs

Pulmonary veins :transport oxygenated blood to heart

Aortic arch and trunk :main arteries from heart

Common carotid artery :carries blood to brain

Renal vein and artery :connects to kidneys

Mesenteric veins :connects to intestine

Specific Parts

http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/david.curry/NUR464/Circul2.gif

Accessory Organs

http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/david.curry/NUR464/Circul2.gif

Lungs :organ where oxygen is taken up and CO2 is released

Kidneys :organ where wastes are removed from blood; critical in regulating fluids in the body

Small intestine :digestion

Large intestine :water absorption

http://vilenski.org/science/humanbody/hb_html/circ_system.htmlhttp://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookcircSYS.html

a heart, which is a muscular pump that contracts to propel blood out to the body through arteries, and a series of blood vessels. The upper chamber of the heart, the atrium (pl. atria), is where the blood enters the heart. Passing through a valve, blood enters the lower chamber, the ventricle. Contraction of the ventricle forces blood from the heart through an artery. The heart muscle is composed of cardiac muscle cells.

Cardiovascular systeM

• The human heart has four chambers

– Left and right ventricle

– Left and right atrium

• The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body while the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen can be absorbed by the hemoglobin carrying red blood cells

The Heart

http://www.emergencymedicaled.com/images/HEART.gif

The Heart

The human heart is a two-sided, four-chambered structure with muscular walls. An atrioventricular (AV) valve separates each auricle from ventricle. A semilunar (also known as arterial) valves separates each ventricle from its connecting artery.

http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/heart_SW.html

The Heart

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/eheart/human.html

The Heart

http://vilenski.org/science/humanbody/hb_html/heart.html

http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/graphics/images/en/19613.jpg

The heart beats or contracts approximately 70 times per minute. The human heart will undergo over 3 billion contraction cycles during a normal lifetime.

How many?

The cardiac cycle consists of two parts: *systole (contraction of the heart muscle) and *diastole (relaxation of the heart muscle).

http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01883/diasysdetail.gif

The Heart

Heart muscle contraction is due to the presence of nodal tissue in two regions of the heart. *The SA node (sinoatrial node) initiates heartbeat. *The AV node (atrioventricular node) or pacemaker causes

ventricles to contract. http://images.main.uab.edu/healthsys/ei_0018.jpg

The Heart

http://www.inrp.fr/bdd_image/530_1469_coeur.jpg

What happen?

An electrocardiogram (ECG) measures changes in electrical potential across the heart, and can detect the contraction pulses that pass over the surface of the heart.

There are three slow, negative changes, known as P, R, and T

Positive deflections are the Q and S waves.

The P wave represents the contraction impulse of the atria, the T wave the ventricular contraction.

http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/smpe/biology/th/2122/images/PQRST.jpghttp://www.unis.org/UNIScienceNet/PQRST_big.jpg

http://nova.medicina.cz/files/321.jpg

~THE END~

http://www.biomed.metu.edu.tr/courses/term_papers/blood-vessel_yucel_files/image002.jpg

http://se-ed.net/biofreaks/circulation/fig7.jpg

wastes and gases to and from cells. - mwitdeardean/link/anatomy/labanapdf/anato_circulat… ·...

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