water a guide for gcse students 2010 specifications knockhardy publishing
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WATERWATERA guide for GCSE studentsA guide for GCSE students
2010 2010 SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONSKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
WATERWATER
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.
All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.
CONTENTSCONTENTS
• Properties of water
• Occurrence of water – The water cycle
• Hardness of water – the causes
• Temporary hardness
• Permanent hardness
• Removing permanent hardness in water
• Hard water – advantages and disadvantages
• Water pollution and its treatment
WATERWATER
PROPERTIES OF WATERPROPERTIES OF WATER
GENERAL INFORMATION
Structure Water consists of covalent molecules of formula H2O.
Physical colourless, odourless liquid.properties boils at 100°C freezes at 0°C
(if pure and at atmospheric pressure)
Chemical Reacts with some metals to produce hydrogen.properties
Uses Essential for life.An important solvent.A coolant for many industrial processes (e.g. power
stations)Raw material in the manufacture of ammonia.Raw material in the conversion of ethene to ethanol.
Test Turns blue cobalt chloride pink... orTurns white anhydrous copper(II) sulphate blue.
COMPOSITION OF WATERCOMPOSITION OF WATER
Fill both limbs of a Hofmann Voltameter withwater which has been acidified with a smallamount of dilute sulphuric acid. Pass sufficientdirect current through the apparatus to enablemeasurable amounts of gas to be collected.
ANODE (+) - a colourless gas collected - the gas re-lit a glowing splint
CATHODE (-) - a colourless gas collected - its volume was twice that at
anode- gas exploded with a squeaky pop when a lighted splint was applied
Conclusion Water can be split into its elementsby passing electricity through it.
water ——> hydrogen (2 vols) + oxygen (1 vol)
Dilute sulphuric acid is added to improve the conductivity of the water.
OCCURRENCEOCCURRENCE
Water is the most abundant substance on the surface of our planet.
OCCURRENCEOCCURRENCE
Water is the most abundant substance on the surface of our planet.
Importance LIVING SYSTEMSRESOURCE FOR INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
OCCURRENCEOCCURRENCE
Water is the most abundant substance on the surface of our planet.
Importance LIVING SYSTEMSRESOURCE FOR INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
Occurrence OCEANSLAKESRIVERSATMOSPHERE - clouds and water vapour
OCCURRENCEOCCURRENCE
Water is the most abundant substance on the surface of our planet.
Importance LIVING SYSTEMSRESOURCE FOR INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
Occurrence OCEANSLAKESRIVERSATMOSPHERE - clouds and water vapour
Water Cycle Shows the inter- relationship between waterin different environments.
THE WATER CYCLETHE WATER CYCLE
Shows the inter- relationship between water in different environments.
Water evaporates fromseas, lakes and rivers andfrom the leaves of plants.
The water vapour producedcondenses to form cloudsand later falls as rain, hail and snow.
The rain and snow completethe cycle by flowing downstreams and rivers into lakesor seas.
Some water seeps throughrocks and soils to joinunderground reservoirs.
PURITY OF WATERPURITY OF WATER
Natural water is never pure. It is such a good solvent that it contains dissolvedsubstances whatever its origin.
RAIN dissolved gases from the air e.g. CO2, SO2
RIVERS dissolved salts from rocks and soils; also oxygen.
SEA dissolved sodium and magnesium salts (e.g. NaCl) and CO2
water alsocontains man-made chemicals such as detergents, acids,
fertilizers and other pollutants.
WHAT IS HARDNESS?WHAT IS HARDNESS?
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
MethodPlace a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm.Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into thewater and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness.
WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
MethodPlace a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm.Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into thewater and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness.
A sodium sulphateB magnesium sulphateC potassium chlorideD calcium chlorideE sodium nitrateF magnesium nitrateG calcium nitrateH sodium chloride
A B C D E F G H
WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
MethodPlace a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm.Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into thewater and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness.
A sodium sulphateB magnesium sulphateC potassium chlorideD calcium chlorideE sodium nitrateF magnesium nitrateG calcium nitrateH sodium chloride
A B C D E F G H
WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
MethodPlace a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm.Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into thewater and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness.
Solution used ions present lather + ive - ive
A sodium sulphate Na+ SO42- YES
B magnesium sulphate Mg2+ SO42- NO
C potassium chloride K+ Cl- YESD calcium chloride Ca2+ Cl- NOE sodium nitrate Na+ NO3
- YESF magnesium nitrate Mg2+ NO3
- NOG calcium nitrate Ca2+ NO3
- NOH sodium chloride Na+ Cl- YES
Conclusions The ion(s) responsible for hardness is / are...
WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?WHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
MethodPlace a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm.Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into thewater and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness.
Solution used ions present lather + ive - ive
A sodium sulphate Na+ SO42- YES
B magnesium sulphate Mg2+ SO42- NO
C potassium chloride K+ Cl- YESD calcium chloride Ca2+ Cl- NOE sodium nitrate Na+ NO3
- YESF magnesium nitrate Mg2+ NO3
- NOG calcium nitrate Ca2+ NO3
- NOH sodium chloride Na+ Cl- YES
Conclusions The ion(s) responsible for hardness is / are... Ca2+ and Mg2+
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
Definition “Water that does not readily form a lather with soap”. Instead, it forms an unsightly scum.
Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils.
The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
Definition “Water that does not readily form a lather with soap”. Instead, it forms an unsightly scum.
Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils.
The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.
LIMESTONELIMESTONE(CALCIUM CARBONATE)
WATER
ROCKS CONTAININGSOLUBLESOLUBLE CALCIUM OR
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
Definition “Water that does not readily form a lather with soap”. Instead, it forms an unsightly scum.
Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils.
The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.
LIMESTONELIMESTONE(CALCIUM CARBONATE)
ROCKS CONTAININGSOLUBLESOLUBLE CALCIUM OR
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS
RAIN DISSOLVES THE SOLUBLE
SALTS IN ROCKS
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
Definition “Water that does not readily form a lather with soap”. Instead, it forms an unsightly scum.
Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils.
The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.
LIMESTONELIMESTONE(CALCIUM CARBONATE)
WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS
LIMESTONE IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER
BUT DOES DISSOLVE IN RAIN WHICH IS ACIDIC
DUE TO DISSOLVED CO2
ROCKS CONTAININGSOLUBLESOLUBLE CALCIUM OR
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
Definition “Water that does not readily form a lather with soap”. Instead, it forms an unsightly scum.
Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils.
The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.
LIMESTONELIMESTONE(CALCIUM CARBONATE)
WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS
RAIN DISSOLVES THE SOLUBLE
SALTS IN ROCKS
LIMESTONE IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER
BUT DOES DISSOLVE IN RAIN WHICH IS ACIDIC
DUE TO DISSOLVED CO2
ROCKS CONTAININGSOLUBLESOLUBLE CALCIUM OR
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
Definition “Water that does not readily form a lather with soap”. Instead, it forms an unsightly scum.
Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils.
The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.
LIMESTONELIMESTONE(CALCIUM CARBONATE)
WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS
RAIN DISSOLVES THE SOLUBLE
SALTS IN ROCKS
LIMESTONE IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER
BUT DOES DISSOLVE IN RAIN WHICH IS ACIDIC
DUE TO DISSOLVED CO2
ROCKS CONTAININGSOLUBLESOLUBLE CALCIUM OR
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
Definition “Water that does not readily form a lather with soap”. Instead, it forms an unsightly scum.
Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils.
The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.
There are TWO main types of hardness…
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
Definition “Water that does not readily form a lather with soap”. Instead, it forms an unsightly scum.
Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils.
The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.
There are TWO main types of hardness…
PERMANENT HARDNESS
TEMPORARY HARDNESS
TEMPORARY HARDNESSTEMPORARY HARDNESS
TEMPORARY HARDNESSTEMPORARY HARDNESS
Source Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water making
an acidic solution which reacts with limestone (calciumcarbonate). Soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate is
formed.
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ——> Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
LIMESTONELIMESTONE(CALCIUM CARBONATE)
WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS
LIMESTONE IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER
BUT DOES DISSOLVE IN RAIN WHICH IS ACIDIC
DUE TO DISSOLVED CO2
ROCKS CONTAININGSOLUBLESOLUBLE CALCIUM OR
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
TEMPORARY HARDNESSTEMPORARY HARDNESS
Source Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water making
an acidic solution which reacts with limestone (calciumcarbonate). Soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate is
formed.
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ——> Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Removal Boiling the water reverses the above reaction. A white precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate isproduced. The calcium is thus removed from the water.
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) ——> CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
TEMPORARY HARDNESSTEMPORARY HARDNESS
Source Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water making
an acidic solution which reacts with limestone (calciumcarbonate). Soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate is
formed.
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ——> Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Removal Boiling the water reverses the above reaction. A white precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate isproduced. The calcium is thus removed from the water.
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) ——> CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
plus Any method used for removing permanent hardness.
REMEMBEROnly water containing SOLUBLE calcium and magnesium ions causes hardness.
REMEMBEROnly water containing SOLUBLE calcium and magnesium ions causes hardness.
TEMPORARY HARDNESSTEMPORARY HARDNESS
Source Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water making
an acidic solution which reacts with limestone (calciumcarbonate). Soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate is
formed.
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ——> Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Removal Boiling the water reverses the above reaction. A white precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate isproduced. The calcium is thus removed from the water.
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) ——> CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
plus Any method used for removing permanent hardness.
REMEMBEROnly water containing SOLUBLE calcium and magnesium ions causes hardness.
REMEMBEROnly water containing SOLUBLE calcium and magnesium ions causes hardness.
PERMANENT HARDNESSPERMANENT HARDNESS
PERMANENT HARDNESSPERMANENT HARDNESS
Source Soluble calcium and magnesium compounds which dissolve
in streams and rivers as they pass over and through rocks
and soils.
LIMESTONELIMESTONE(CALCIUM CARBONATE)
ROCKS CONTAININGSOLUBLESOLUBLE CALCIUM OR
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS
RAIN DISSOLVES THE SOLUBLE
SALTS IN ROCKS
PERMANENT HARDNESSPERMANENT HARDNESS
Source Soluble calcium and magnesium compounds which dissolve
in streams and rivers as they pass over and through rocks
and soils.
SOLUBLE calcium chloride CaCl2magnesium chloride MgCl2magnesium sulphate MgSO4
INSOLUBLE calcium carbonate CaCO3
magnesium carbonate MgCO3
PERMANENT HARDNESSPERMANENT HARDNESS
Source Soluble calcium and magnesium compounds which dissolve
in streams and rivers as they pass over and through rocks
and soils.
SOLUBLE calcium chloride CaCl2magnesium chloride MgCl2magnesium sulphate MgSO4
INSOLUBLE calcium carbonate CaCO3
magnesium carbonate MgCO3
REMEMBEROnly water containing SOLUBLE calcium and magnesium ions causes hardness.
REMEMBEROnly water containing SOLUBLE calcium and magnesium ions causes hardness.
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
DISTILLATION
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
DISTILLATION
Boil the water and collect pure water as the distillate. All the dissolved solidswill be left behind. This is the only method to produce pure water.
However, it is an expensive methodbecause of the energy requirements.
HARD WATER
PURE WATER
CONDENSER
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
• Ion-exchange resins are special compounds containing Na+ or H+ ions• Hard water contains soluble calcium and/or magnesium ions
RESIN
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
• Ion-exchange resins are special compounds containing Na+ or H+ ions
• Ca2+and Mg2+ ions in the hard water swap with those on the resin• The water comes out with Na+ ions in it• Ca2+and Mg2+ ions remain attached to the resin• Na+ and H+ ions do not cause hardness.
Ca2+(aq) + 2Na+ ——> Ca2+ + 2Na+(aq) in hard water on resin on resin in softened water
RESIN
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
• Ion-exchange resins are special compounds containing Na+ or H+ ions
• Eventually, all the Na+ ions get used up so the resin must be replaced or flushed through with sodium chloride solution to replace the calcium.
RESIN
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
SOAP
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
SOAP
Soap molecules have two distinctly different ends;
HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC
“water hating” “water liking”
attracts oil and grease attracts water
CHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
SOAP
Soap molecules have two distinctly different ends;
HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC
“water hating” “water liking”
attracts oil and grease attracts water
When soap is placed in hard water, it reacts with the calcium andmagnesium ions to produce an unsightly, insoluble grey scum.
CHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
SOAP
Soap molecules have two distinctly different ends;
HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC
“water hating” “water liking”
attracts oil and grease attracts water
When soap is placed in hard water, it reacts with the calcium andmagnesium ions to produce an unsightly, insoluble grey scum.
The scum is a calcium compound and is thus removed from the water.When all the hardness has been removed, the soap can act in the normal way.
CHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
SOAP
Soap molecules have two distinctly different ends;
HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC
“water hating” “water liking”
attracts oil and grease attracts water
CHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS
In HARD WATER AREAS it is better to use SOAPLESS DETERGENTS which have structures similar to soap.
Detergents form a lather without forming a scum.
Because of this they DO NOT REMOVE HARDNESS.
In HARD WATER AREAS it is better to use SOAPLESS DETERGENTS which have structures similar to soap.
Detergents form a lather without forming a scum.
Because of this they DO NOT REMOVE HARDNESS.
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)
Sodium carbonateis one of the fewsoluble carbonates -it is a good sourceof soluble carbonateions.
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)
Hard water containssoluble calcium(or magnesium)
ions.
Sodium carbonateis one of the fewsoluble carbonates -it is a good sourceof soluble carbonateions.
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)
Add the two solutions inorder to mix the ions.
Hard water containssoluble calcium(or magnesium)
ions.
Sodium carbonateis one of the fewsoluble carbonates -it is a good sourceof soluble carbonateions.
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)
The Ca2+ and CO32- ions
come together to form aprecipitate of insolublecalcium carbonate.
The calcium ions areremoved from the waterso it is now soft.
PERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVALPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL
WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate) - SUMMARY
Sodium carbonate is one of the few soluble carbonates- it is a good source of soluble carbonate ions.
Addition of washing soda to a solution containing magnesiumions or calcium ions results in the precipitation of insoluble carbonates.
Once the magnesium, or calcium, has been removed from the water,the water is no longer hard - it is soft.
equation CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) ——> 2NaCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)
ionic equation Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> Ca2+CO3
2-(s)
HARD WATERHARD WATER
Disadvantages
Furring up of pipes and boilers; the heating is not as effectiveblockages may lead to an explosion
HARD WATERHARD WATER
Disadvantages
Furring up of pipes and boilers; the heating is not as effectiveblockages may lead to an explosion
Furring up of kettle elements; wastes electricity
HARD WATERHARD WATER
Disadvantages
Furring up of pipes and boilers; the heating is not as effectiveblockages may lead to an explosion
Furring up of kettle elements; wastes electricity
Wastes soap; as some is needed to remove the hardness
unsightly scum is formed during washing
HARD WATERHARD WATER
Disadvantages
Furring up of pipes and boilers; the heating is not as effectiveblockages may lead to an explosion
Furring up of kettle elements; wastes electricity
Wastes soap; as some is needed to remove the hardness
unsightly scum is formed during washing
Advantages calcium strengthens teeth and bones.
better for preventing heart diseases
WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION
Origin nitrates and phosphates in farm fertilizersanimal waste productsindustrial chemical wastelead ions (Pb2+) from old pipes
WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION
Origin nitrates and phosphates in farm fertilizersanimal waste productsindustrial chemical wastelead ions (Pb2+) from old pipes
Effects Nitrates from fertilizers encourage plant and algae growth.
When algae die they are decomposed by aerobic bacteriawhich need oxygen. The oxygen is thus removed from
thewater making the river “dead” and incapable of
supportingfish populations.
Nitrates can also be converted to nitrites (which affecthaemoglobin in blood) and into carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Industrial waste can be in many forms including cyanide,detergents and heavy metals and radioactive products.
A build up of lead can lead to brain damage.
WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION
Origin nitrates and phosphates in farm fertilizersanimal waste productsindustrial chemical wastelead ions (Pb2+) from old pipes
Effects Nitrates from fertilizers encourage plant and algae growth.
When algae die they are decomposed by aerobic bacteriawhich need oxygen. The oxygen is thus removed from
thewater making the river “dead” and incapable of
supportingfish populations.
Nitrates can also be converted to nitrites (which affecthaemoglobin in blood) and into carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Industrial waste can be in many forms including cyanide,detergents, heavy metals and radioactive products.
A build up of lead can lead to brain damage.
WATER PURIFICATIONWATER PURIFICATION
WATER PURIFICATIONWATER PURIFICATION
Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinkingwater should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes.
WATER PURIFICATIONWATER PURIFICATION
Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinkingwater should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes.
Filtration removes insoluble organic matter;the sludge is digested to produce methane.
Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria.
Chlorinationkills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes.
WATER PURIFICATIONWATER PURIFICATION
Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinkingwater should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes.
Filtration removes insoluble organic matter;the sludge is digested to produce methane.
Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria.
Chlorinationkills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes.
IT CAN THEN BE SENT TO HOUSES THROUGH THE MAINS
WATER PURIFICATIONWATER PURIFICATION
Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinkingwater should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes.
Filtration removes insoluble organic matter;the sludge is digested to produce methane.
Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria.
Chlorinationkills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes.
OTHER THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE
Fluoridation Fluoride compounds are added to water in some areas to aidthe prevention of tooth decay. The fluoride is only helpful tochildren and can be given in tablet form. Many people objectto the addition of fluoride to drinking water.
WATER PURIFICATIONWATER PURIFICATION
Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinkingwater should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes.
Filtration removes insoluble organic matter;the sludge is digested to produce methane.
Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria.
Chlorinationkills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes.
OTHER THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE
Fluoridation Fluoride compounds are added to water in some areas to aidthe prevention of tooth decay. The fluoride is only helpful tochildren and can be given in tablet form. Many people objectto the addition of fluoride to drinking water.
Water filters These contain carbon, silver and ion exchange resins andcan remove some dissolved substances from tap water to
improve the taste and quality.
WATER PURIFICATIONWATER PURIFICATION
Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinkingwater should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes.
Filtration removes insoluble organic matter;the sludge is digested to produce methane.
Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria.
Chlorinationkills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes.
OTHER THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE
Fluoridation Fluoride compounds are added to water in some areas to aidthe prevention of tooth decay. The fluoride is only helpful tochildren and can be given in tablet form. Many people objectto the addition of fluoride to drinking water.
Water filters These contain carbon, silver and ion exchange resins andcan remove some dissolved substances from tap water to
improve the taste and quality.
Distillation Needs a lot of energy so is expensive but makes the purest water.
© 2011 © 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGJONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
WATERWATER
THE ENDTHE END
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