watershed/landscape management for multiple benefits and climate resilience - experiences from...
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Watershed/Landscape Management for Multiple Benefits and Climate Resilience
- Experiences from Eastern Africa
Global Landscapes Forum, UNFCCC Warsaw, 16 Nov. 2013Session 2.5: Towards a sustainable landscape approach: New generation of Integrated
watershed management for rural development, resilience and empowerment
by Sally Bunning, Senior Land/Soils officer, and colleagues of the FAO Land and Water Division
Global Landscapes Forum, UNFCCC Warsaw, 16 Nov. 2013
Content
1. Principles of participatory, integrated watershed management 2. Experiences
• GEF/FAO Kagera River basin Transboundary agro-ecosystem management • SIDA/FAO Strengthen capacity of farmers to adapt to climate change through
land and water management in Sub Saharan Africa
3. Issues, Strategy and Actions• Awareness of effects of current practices on farm, landscape and impacts on
livelihoods and Ecosystem services• Demonstrate benefits of SLM on farm and watershed management to farmers ,
technical sectors and policy makers (local, national, global)• Demonstrate why land & water management crucial for climate resilience
4. Lessons learned making a case for investing in and promoting participatory integrated watershed management for food security and climate resilience
12 key principles of the “new generation of watershed management”
1. Treat underlying causes (not just symptoms)2. Generate scientific evidence (soil health, water quality, biodiversity effects, climate effects and resilience)3. Integrated approach (multi-sector and multi-stakeholder)4. Holistic planning and implementation (watershed plan) 5. Co-financing and low cost interventions (wider adoption)6. Institutional arrangements at all levels (local-national)7. Capacity development at all levels8. Bottom up & top down process (local empowerment; policy) 9. Gender balance in decision making10. Support & Incentive measures to adopt SLM- PES, access to finance, investment11. Monitoring & evaluation (demonstrate multiple benefits and impacts including climate resilience)12. Flexible, adaptive, long-term program /partnership
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Watershed management : integrated use and management of land, vegetation and water resources in a geographically discrete catchment or drainage area through people-centred approaches with all stakeholders, for the benefit of residents and wider society, through enhancing productivity and livelihoods and maintaining the range of ecosystem services, in particular the hydrological services that the watershed provides, and reducing or avoiding negative downstream or groundwater impacts
Participatory, people centred, wider scale approach and investment•Soil restoration OM + nutrient cycling•Hydrology-supply + quality•Biomass + C cycle•Biodiversity•Systems approach
Integrated Watershed management- approach (intersectoral)
• Productivity, + Income • Climate change A & M• Socio-cultural (wellbeing, • aesthetics, recreation, tourism, heritage
4. Holistic planning/ implementation - optimise impacts of various technologies across the watershed
1. Characterise watershed (NR and human, DPSIR ) 2. Develop integrated SLM/ watershed management plan3. Enabling environment Put in place local governance + institutional + policy support4. Implement plan
5. Monitor & Assess •Impacts of each technology & combined (on farmers, other NR users offsite, upstream down-stream, watershed) •Process: local level management, decision making and degree of adoption
6. Identify challenges, find solutions, update plan
Example 1: Kagera river basin Treat underlying causes not just symptoms
State: Degradation (soil erosion & fertility loss, poor water quality & flow, are result of loss of vegetation cover, biodiversity & ecosystem functions)Pressures multiple and accelerating
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Impacts of degradation of productive land resources on which economy depends : poverty; food insecurity; conflict over resources, youth out-migration (labour shortage)
Kagera River Basin TB agro-ecosystem management project (TZ, UG, BU, RW)
LAND WATER PEOPLE
Need to Address the DRIVERS that are increasing pressures on resources!•Population growth competition on limited resources, reduced farm size, fragmentation, over exploitation (farm, common property)• Tenure insecurity poor land use/ management practices; differential
access rights (herds; land) •Low knowledge base at all levels•Market demand- commodity driven, sectoral •Weak policy and institutional support
Deforestation - tree cutting for charcoal production, Gasharu catchment, Rwanda
Step 1 Community awareness of local benefits of restoring goods & ecosystem
services
Community sensitization meeting
• Deforestation, loss of woody biomass & biodiversity• Soil erosion, nutrient mining and loss of soil quality
low productivity of crop, grazing and forest lands• Pervasive biomass burning (bush fires, burning crop
residues, cooking with firewood poor vegetative cover and loss of soil organic matter
Runoff Trap ponds
Soil & water conservation (labour intensive)- improve productivity
Rainwater retention ditches
Bench terracesNeed to demonstrate increased productivity and
other multiple benefits for local community
Mulch, fertilizer, manure and compost
Diversify crops, livestock, trees in LUS for environment & livelihood benefits
Grevillea spp Passion fruits
Bamboo for protecting buffer zones
Vegetable production
Livestock
Promote & monitor multiple land and water interventions across watershed
• Soil and water conservation• Rotational grazing + controlled burning
of grasslands • Stall fed livestock & fodder production
and Aquaculture• ISFM–fertilizers + organic matter (SOC)• Conservation agriculture (no till) • Small scale irrigation• Seedling nurseries • Afforestation on steep marginal lands
(>C stocks & < GHG emissions)• SFM for timber & fuelwood
Build on local knowledge and innovation
Tanzania - Water Harvesting ditches from road catchment and use of mulch
05/02/23
Build on local knowledge and innovation
Uganda - Progressive terraces & diversion ditches – FFS expert - advice to farmers How to design/maintain/ implement SLM practices - Monitor costs and benefits
Process: 1. Desk top inventory of SLM best practices (GO+project staff)2. Visit with local land users to complete inventory/verify BPs to assess and document 3. WOCAT Technology and Approaches questionnaires4. Database for sharing5. Fact sheet for extension
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Demonstrate improved resilience to climate change
Show how Improved LWM (soil moisture; reduced runoff, safe water flow) will increase resilience to climate change / disasters and enhance production and food security
Contour Trenching Water Capture techniques
Local varieties improvedSeed multiplication systems improved
(sorghum)
Catchment/Landscape Approach for Multiple benefits
Wetlands well managed for Rice Production in Kirehe District, Rwanda
Wheat production on bench terraces in Rulindo district - Rwanda Bench terraces on Kagera landscapes –
Rulindo district, Rwanda
SLM in a maize field in Kigina Catchment , Kirehe district in Rwanda
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Monitor SLM Results against Targets
Monitor progress and outreach process• No. of Farming families (FFS study plots) and
FFS/Community groups• No. of micro-watersheds (and committees) and
No. of hectares under SLM practices• No. of training materials disseminated and No. of
service providers with enhanced skills/ capacities• No. of joint Investment plans (cofunding)
Monitor Impacts•Agricultural productivity- yields• Vegetation biodiversity conservation• Above and below carbon (less GHG emissions)• Soil restoration and water quality• Marketing and Income • Community empowerment and social equity
Scientific evidence for investment
Capacity development for Action Research &Gender balance in decision making at all levels
Well made ridges on a radical terrace planted with Round potato for Umurava FFS group field
FFS group agroforestry tree nursery, Kamonyi district
FFS group dynamics
Ballet box to assess knowledge change
Demonstrate benefits through WOCAT Tools monitoring costs/benefits assess
impacts produce extension material
Questionnaires on SLM technologies and approaches
Entering data in database
Entering data in questionnaire
Documenting information from and with land users
Computer data entry form
Document- produce extension material for scaling up
Participatory Monitoring of impacts to convince policy makers to invest
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Qualitative..Need to quantify analysis for
informed decision making
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Prioritise low cost solutions + co-funding partnerships in the watershed
Ex. Cost- benefit analysis - Shelterbelt
1. In Burundi, REGIDESO + Kagera TAMP project plan to protect HEP installation through community tree planting along Ruvyironza river….
2. Protection of buffer zone around Lakes Rweru & Cohoha on BUR/RWA border and Lake Mweru in Uganda (ecotourism)• Community sensitisation / organisation• Tree planting along lake fringe & roads• Agroforestry species in fields• Protection and reafforestation of natural forest using indigenous sp.
Incentives + Investment: Identify & design PES schemes & public-private partnerships
Example 2: FAO SIDA project Strengthening Capacity for Small-Scale Farmers to Adapt through
Land & Water Management (ETH, KEN, TAN)1. Restoring Soil Health2. Water Management3. Livelihood Diversification4. Building Resilient Communities
Woruba watershed prior to project implementation
• Located in lowlands Showa Robit District, Amhara region
• Dry agro-climatic zone, 1,420 masl • Mean annual rainfall of 900mm • Drought recurrence rate 5 years
• Watershed area 612 ha, of which 506 is arable and 106 ha mostly used for grazing and fuel wood
• Inappropriate cultivation, overgrazing and deforestation, result in soil erosion and soil fertility decline, also water scarcity, lack of pasture and livestock feed, also a fuelwood crisis.
Improving adaptive capacities, Woruba watershed, Awash Basin, Ethiopia
Rainwater harvesting ponds lined with geo-membrane
Community based land and water management 1. Practices to retain surface runoff: stone
check dams on hillside, cut-off drains, micro trenches, deep trenches and micro basins
2. Rainwater harvesting (sub-humid uni-modal, semi-arid and arid areas): ponds close to homesteads and on farm land)
3. Roof-top rainwater harvesting for houses, communal buildings with iron roofs and drip irrigation equipment for high value crops
4. Rotational and zero grazing practices: improved livestock feeding (fodder on farm, perennials around homesteads, rotations in grazing lands)
5. Biological conservation: planting of 1,650,000 indigenous and exotic drought tolerant tree varieties
Improving adaptive capacities, Woruba watershed, Awash Basin, Ethiopia
Three examples of new income generating activities in Showa Robit
Local governance & livelihood diversification •Community bylaw to regulate 123 ha of the community’s communal land (land use, livestock, use of NR). •Energy saving stoves, to sustain the green environment and to reduce deforestation•Diversification of smallholders’ income sources : Seeds for horticultural crops, short season legume species, poultry raising and beekeeping, chickens
Improving adaptive capacities, Woruba watershed, Awash Basin, Ethiopia
Upstream-downstream conflict resolution in Tanzania
Downstream investment in irrigation scheme secure income & food supply but over time reduced water supply & eroded sediments and water wasted (poor scheduling)Upstream settlers (80s): lack of infrastructure, no investment, poor smallholders, blamed for water loss and damage downstream
CONFLICT Farm level- heavy investment
in timeLegal recourse- evict, fine farmers. Conflict remains,
risks undermine development
Upstream-downstream dialogue, negotiation, consensus solutions,
collaboration and solidarity
Planning among 2 groups of actors for land & water management across watershed, clean water supply, enhance production, watre use efficiency, reduce risk, market surplus income, security
Results 380 households reduced water scarcity through range of rainwater
harvesting practices Trenches and tied-ridging considerably decreased runoff, soil erosion and
flash floods 113 ponds lined with geo-membrane + treadle pumps) enabled
smallholders to diversify sources of income by decreasing time and labour to fetch water; enhanced water use for supplementary short season crop
Hillside closure increased biodiversity return of wild animals & native plant species restore soils, livelihood opportunities, climate resilience
Improving adaptive capacities, Woruba watershed, Awash Basin, Ethiopia
Community-Based Participatory Integrated Watershed Management
Strengthen the capacity of smallholder farmers through sustainable integrated watershed management and FFS approaches
Focus on rainwater harvesting technologies and soil management /productivity to reduce impacts of increasing weather variability and climate change and reduce female labour
Enhance income and livelihoods and reduce risk through agricultural productivity, livelihood diversification and ecosystem resilience
Participatory, gender sensitive approaches to reach all members of the local community.
Women & young girls fetch water from Sewer River, 4 km from homesteads ; women digging trenches on farms, Ethiopia
Lessons: 1. Strengthen Capacity of Small-Scale Farmers to Adapt through Land & Water Management
• Community members need considerable skills in planning and implementation (on farm and watershed scales)
• Continuous support for local communities, district offices and service providers, policy/ decision makers (planning, implementation, monitoring &assessment)
• Experience sharing among farmers & technical/
extension staff is effective in increasing adaptive capacity of smallholders
• Ensure that technologies /approaches advocated are appropriate and continuously adapted to change (participatory learning and action research)
Lessons: 2. Capacity development - continuous support for adaptive management to change
• Combine 4 pillars of action: soil and water management on farm and across watershed, enhance on farm productivity, diversify livelihoods and strengthen community organization for climate resilience.
• Long term: Ensure that all concerned actors in a watershed have a common strategy and action plan for land & water use and that actions do not adversely affect resources/ecosystems for future generations
• Multiple stakeholder and intersectoral process: Facilitate and enable stakeholders to cooperative and coordinate interventions through participatory, integrated watershed management plan
• Document & demonstrate multiple benefits: Support local actors to monitor and document process, results and impacts lessons learned, case studies, data for convincing Governments to invest in scaling up SLM/ watershed management (local, national, global benefits)
Lessons: 3. Participatory, integrated, multi-stakeholder strategy
River basin
Watershed
Catchment
Farm
Farmers Community Technical National or River Basin Herders Local authorities Sectors Authority
Lessons: 4. Scaling up requires collaboration among multiple actors/levels & scales (bottom up & topdown)
better data and information on LW resources better governance, planning, management by various users for improved productivity and water use efficiency
Community & Catchment planning • Local diagnosis Community action plan • Fund + train service providers
District land use planning and support• Integrate SLM in district plan & budget • Partnership (investment, credit, PES…)• SLM Knowledge: Training materials + media • Regulations: bye laws & conflict resolution • Multi-sector approaches
Lesson 5: Appropriate Institutional arrangements at all levels
Strengthening Governance• Participatory negotiated territorial approaches• Harmonize & Implement national strategies • Long term vision, rolling plan based on results based monitoring
Integrated watershed / landscape management strategy & investment will generate multiple benefits (Agriculture + Food security, combating land degradation (NAP), sustainable use of biodiversity (NBSAP) , climate change (NAPA, NAMA) and poverty alleviation
Lessons: 6. Raise awareness of policy makers make a convincing case for investment
Degradation scenario• Runoff, erosion, flash floods• Soil erosion & nutrient decline • Disrupt flow regime & water quality• Reduce soil, ground & surface water
supply• Eutrophication effects on aquatic life;• Siltation- reduced capacity of dams; loss
of wetland regulatory& buffer functionsLoss of natural capital, Poverty, Food
insecurity, risk, migration to cities
Alternative winwin scenario-Restore ecological services
• Soil health & nutrient cycling, • Hydrological regime...• Carbon sequestration (soil, biomass • Biodiversity- pollination, pest &
disease control; • Productivity, + Income • Climate change A & M• Socio-cultural (wellbeing, food
security, tourism)
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