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WWeaponseapons Curvilinear trajectory and smart Curvilinear trajectory and smart fuzefuze calculations suitable for hard target defeat calculations suitable for hard target defeat
modelingmodeling
5252ndnd Annual Annual FuzeFuze ConferenceConference
Sparks, NV, USA, 13Sparks, NV, USA, 13--15 May 200815 May 2008
J-M Sibeaud Th. Lacaze
A. Lefrançois
Centre d’Etudes de Gramat BP 80200
F-46500 GRAMAT
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°2 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
CEGCEG’’ss mission mission
CEG is a Technical Center of the French MoD procurement Agency (DGA)
Bring better knowledge of Terminal effectiveness of Conventional Air-to-Ground weapons and missilesProvide support to program managers for new weapons development (SCALP/EG, AASM, MdCN, LRM NG)Provide Armée de l’air and Aéronavale (French Air Force and Navy Air Force) with means for determining effectiveness of strikes and perform mission planning
Capabilities against hardened targets (Hard target defeat)Improve warhead lethalityCapability to control weapon’s depth of burstMinimize collateral damage
Develop smart fuzing capabilities
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°3 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
ScheduleSchedule
Calpen3D, an analytical tool for smart fuzing
Validation against direct finite element simulationsValidation against experimentsSmart fuzing use
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°4 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
CalPenCalPen 3D : basic 3D : basic theorytheory of of curvilinearcurvilinear penetrationpenetration
Penetration module of PLEIADES/I – the Vulnerability / Lethality code currently in operation within the French MoD
Rigid body kinematics (Based on DAFL and SCE theory)Curvilinear trajectory
Hard and soft targets formulationsStandard ConcreteHigh resistance concreteReinforcementSoils (Wayne Young’s S number)
OutputResidual post perforation velocity and attitude …
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°5 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
Enhanced perforation algorithmEnhanced perforation algorithm
Perforation modeled with Interface Proximity Index (IPI)
IPI value based on user experienceEnhanced algorithm based on
differential treatment of ogive and afterbobyOgive IPI is slab thickness dependant
Goal : Predict accurately Projectile velocity andorientation
Projec
tile
Concrete slab
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°6 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
ScheduleSchedule
calpen3D, an analytical tool for smart fuzing
Validation against direct finite element simulations
Validation against experimentsSmart fuzing use
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°7 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
Validation against numerical simulationValidation against numerical simulation
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OURANOS Finite Element Analysis
CALPEN3D enhanced algorithm
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Velo
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OURANOS Finite Element Analysis
CALPEN3D Enhanced algorithm
260 m/s
Concrete thickness = 1.3 Cal.
Air thickness = 13 Cal.
( 4-slab)
Reference data provided by fully validated Ouranos FE calculations
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°8 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
ValidationValidation
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OURANOS Finite Element Analysis
CALPEN3D Enhanced algorithm
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OURANOS Finite Element analysis
CALPEN3D Enhanced algorithm
340 m/s
AOI = 30° CRH = 3 Slab thickness = 6.4 Cal.
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°9 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
Validation against numerical simulationValidation against numerical simulation
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OURANOS Finite Element Annalysis
CALPEN3D Enhanced algorithm
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Velo
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OURANOS Finite Element Analysis
CALPEN3D Enhanced Algorithm
260 m/s
AOI = 60° CRH = 3 Slab thickness = 2.6 Cal.
ISIEMS sept 2007 in Orlando paper for full description
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°10 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
ScheduleSchedule
Calpen3D, an analytical tool for smart fuzingValidation against direct finite element simulations
Validation against experiments
Smart fuzing use
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°11 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
Validation against experimentsValidation against experimentsPre-damaged concrete target
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CalPen3D
Experiment 184
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CalPen3D
Experiment 184
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CalPen3D
Experiment 181
In situ G load recorder
Large pre-damage => perforation complete Small pre-damage => perforation not complete
Siami sensor provided by T2M
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°12 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
Validation in more complex configurations resulting from Validation in more complex configurations resulting from vertical attacks against real building: the corner effectvertical attacks against real building: the corner effect
0.4 m
0.3 m
V
Vertical axis
AOI
AOA
Projectile axisd
Configuration V (m/s) AOI (°) AOA (°) d (m)T5-c 359 41 0 0.5 T5-d 349 29.7 +1.5 1.09
Configurations of impact representative of nearly vertical attacks of multi-story buildingsVertical wall next after horizontal slabPerform CalPen3D runs on these configurations
D = 160 mmL = 960 mm Mass = 79.5 kg
Reference : model scale experiments (scale .7) performed in CEA/DAM test site, France, reported by E. Buzaud CEG (see paper published in ISIEMS 11 in Germany (2003)
high speed cameras (HYCAM, 8000 f/s or 16000 f/s)AOI, AOATri-axis acceleration recording at projectile CoGScabbing process (HYCAM, 8000 f/s)Residual damage topography
Before impact
T5-C T5-D
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°13 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
t = 0 ms V = 359 m/s
t = 1.9 ms V = 297 m/s
t = 5.9 ms V = 210 m/s
t = 10 ms V = 210 m/s
T5-C
t = 1.9 ms V = 290 m/s
t = 2.05 ms V = 290 m/s
t = 5.9 ms V = 217 m/s
Experiment T5-C CalPen3D Simulation T5-C
Experiment T5Experiment T5--CC 359 m/s AOI 41° AOA 0° d 0.5
Projectile perforates both slabs as observed during the experimentVelocity and deviation of projectile wrt the original line of fire is accurately predicted-4
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T5-C CALPEN3D Analytical modeling - Initial versionExperimentCALPEN3D Enhanced algorithm
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°14 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
Experiment T5Experiment T5--DD 349 m/s AOI 29.7° AOA +1.5° d 1.09 m
t = 0 ms V = 349 m/s
t = 1.4 ms V = 306 m/s
t = 8.2 ms V = 284 m/s
t = 10 ms V = 252 m/s
t = 15 ms V = 229 m/s
T5-D
t = 1.4 ms V = 290 m/s
t = 9.4 ms V = 230 m/s
t = 7.7 ms V = 290 m/s
Experiment T5-D CalPen3D Simulation T5-D
Ricochet on vertical wall and velocity appear well predicted
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CALPEN3D Analytical modeling - Initial versionExperimentCALPEN3D Enhanced algorithm
T5-D
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°15 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
ScheduleSchedule
calpen3D, an analytical tool for smart fuzingValidation against direct finite element simulations
Validation against experiments
Smart fuzing use
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°16 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
Smart Smart fuzingfuzing
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Case#1-configuration#1: triaxial nose and tail sensing
Case#2-configuration#1: triaxial nose and tail sensing
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(g) v
aFx: Radial acceleration at F
aFz: Axial acceleration at F
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aTx: Radial acceleration at T
aTz: Axial acceleration at T
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aFx: Radial acceleration at F
aFz: Axial acceleration at F
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aTx: Radial acceleration at T
aTz: Axial acceleration at T
Case 1 Case 2
Case 2 : T and F sensors output
Case 1 : T and F sensors output
Full knowledge of projectiles paths into the
target from embedded sensors output provided that initial attitudes and
velocities are known
aFx
F
T
z
x
F: Rearward located accelerometers
Impact point: {X;Z}={0;0}
Target
Z
X
T: Forward located accelerometers
aFz
aTx
aTz
Assuming : projectile not spinning, plane trajectory in (X,Z) = (z,x)
SoilConcrete
Concrete
Concrete
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°17 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
One single GOne single G--load recording in the projectile axisload recording in the projectile axis
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Case#1-configuration#1: triaxial nose and tail sensingCase#1-configuration#2: uniaxial tail sensingCase#2-configuration#1: triaxial nose and tail sensingCase#2-configuration#2: uniaxial tail sensing
Algorithms for smart fuzing may be based on void sensing and/or slab counting. Initial projectile velocity and attitude must be known upon impact (knowledge of this information can be obtained from the guided munition inertial plateform) Limitation : 1) projectile rotation – and therefore ricochet - cannot be detected 2) deceleration signature when perforating the soil is similar to the one observed during ricochet
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Rearward accelerometer (1000 g)
Z (m
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Rearward accelerometer (1000 g)
Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°18 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
OtherOther limitation of limitation of voidvoid sensingsensing
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Case#3-configuration#1:triaxial nose and tail sensingCase#3-configuration#2:uniaxial tail sensing
Vertical and horizontal slabs cannot be differentiated
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Centre d ’Études de Gramat 52nd annual Fuze Conférence 13-15 May 2008 Slide N°19 / 19
MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE
Summary and ConclusionSummary and Conclusion
Modelling of hard target defeat requires that penetration calculations are performed
Improving warhead lethality while improving control on weapon’s depth of burst requires embedded smart logic
Paper relates on how making use of CalPen3D to assess smart fuzing algorithms in various representative situations (4 slabs, semi-infinite, pre-damaged targets, corner effects)
Further effort on real world dataReal time kinematics using appropriate filtering and DSP3D signals (Euler angles)Non perfectly rigid projectile
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