jameslitsinger.files.wordpress.com€¦  · web viewchapter 5. fw stehr. 1975. parasitoids and...

Chapter 5. FW Stehr. 1975. Parasitoids and predators in pest management. Pages 147-188. In: RL Metcalf and WH Luckman. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 587 pages.

Keywords: worldwide biological control attempts and successes by importation, superparasitism and multiparasitism, natural control, is biocontrol feasible? How much injury is tolerable? what is the value of the crop? Is the crop annual or perennial? Is the pest native or foreign? Are there any natural enemies that will provide control? how many pests must be controlled and what level of control is required?, are selective insecticides or resistant natural enemies available?, has biocontrol been successful against the same or ecologically similar pests in other areas?, management considerations, economic injury levels, economic thresholds, and biocontrol, conservation and enhancement, protection from pesticides, resistant natural enemies, preservation of inactive stages, avoidance of harmful cultural practices, maintenance of diversity, alternate hosts, natural foods (nectar, pollen, and honeydew), artificial food

supplements, artificial shelters, reduction of undesirable predators, control of honeydew-feeding ants, favorable temperatures, avoidance of dust, importation and colonization, single species versus multiple-species introductions, r versus k species, augmentation, evaluation, correlation, modeling