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MOA-World Bank《Climate Smart Management of Grassland Ecosystems Project》
Pests and Diseases Management Plan
Office of Climate Smart Management of Grassland Ecosystems Project
June, 2019
Content
1. Project Background.......................................................................................................................12. Current Situation of Pests and Diseases in the Project Area.........................................................3
2.1 Situation of diseases in natural grassland............................................................................42.2 Situation of pests in natural grassland.................................................................................62.3 Situation of rats in natural grassland.................................................................................102.4 Situation of disease, pests and rats in artificial grassland..................................................12
3. China's Policy Standards for Pests and Diseases Management...................................................143.1 Integrated pests management............................................................................................143.2 Pests Prevention and Control............................................................................................18
4. Integrated Pests Management Plan.............................................................................................194.1 Objectives.........................................................................................................................194.2 Key tasks...........................................................................................................................194.3 Agency for performing tasks.............................................................................................214.4 Implementation content.....................................................................................................22
5. Use and Management of Pesticides in the Project Area..............................................................255.1 Recommended pesticides in the Project area....................................................................255.2 Right application of pesticides..........................................................................................275.3 Recommended technologies and equipment for pesticide application..............................305.4 Pesticide waste disposal....................................................................................................32
6. Project Monitoring and Evaluation.............................................................................................336.1 Implementation of the monitoring plan.............................................................................336.2 Monitoring point settings..................................................................................................346.3 Monitoring content............................................................................................................356.4 Content of inspection........................................................................................................356.5 Monitoring and inspection plan........................................................................................356.6 Assessment content and report..........................................................................................36
7. Pest Management Training Program...........................................................................................377.1 Training objectives............................................................................................................377.2 Training methods..............................................................................................................377.3 Training plan and content..................................................................................................38
8. Public participation8.1 The purpose and role of public participation8.2 Public participation methods and content
9. Budget43
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1. Project Background
Grassland is the most widely distributed terrestrial ecosystem on the earth,
accounting for 25% of the global land area, storing 1/3 carbon of the global terrestrial
ecosystem, and feeding more than 50% of the world's forage livestock. Grassland thus
plays an important role in balancing carbon-nitrogen cycling, coping with climate
change and guaranteeing food security. In the past 30 years, under the dual pressure of
the increasing intensity of human activities and global climate change, the structure of
grassland ecosystem is changing, the energy flow and logistics are quickly
malfunctioning, and the ecosystem is gradually degrading. At the same time, due to
the growing emphasis from the international community on climate change,
biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and emission reduction, protective work and
research on grassland ecosystems have received unprecedented attention from the
scientific community.
China's grassland area totals nearly 400 million hectares, accounting for about
40% of the country's land area. It can absorb about 1/3 the greenhouse gas every year
and also support millions of herders' livestock production activities. The alpine
meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the main grassland types in China,
accounting for 37% of China's grassland area total. Due to years of over-utilization in
land reclamation and cultivation, combined with regional climate going warmer and
drier, more than 80% of the grassland in the area has been degrading to different
degree. The grassland has significantly declined in its productivity, biodiversity, water
conservation, wind-break and sand storage and soil conservation, which adversely
affects the production activity and life of local herders, and adds risk to the ecological
environment stability. Therefore, promoting biodiversity conservation and carbon
storage technologies under the premise of ensuring grassland productivity in China's
main grassland areas, together with demonstration and effect evaluation, can not only
protect grassland biodiversity, improve grassland productivity and grassland's carbon
storage, but also serve as a strategic choice to maintain the sustainable husbandry
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development in China's pastoral areas.
This project selects China's main types of grassland in the Qilian County,
Qinghai Province, in the southern margin of the Qilian Mountains on the northeastern
margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Taking into consideration ecological and
production problems faced by the development of regional grassland, the project will
demonstrate climate-smart grass-grazing technology application, including grassland
biodiversity conservation, grassland pests and diseases monitoring and management,
carbon emission reduction in grassland husbandry, carbon storage in grassland soil,
grassland husbandry adaptability and productivity improvement, in order to establish
a systematic management of climate-smart grassland ecosystem.
According the actual situation of agricultural production in the selected area, the
project will be implemented with agricultural technical measures, biological control,
physical and mechanical control, chemical control and comprehensive control of
grassland pests and diseases, the damage control and reduction of pests and diseases
to grassland and animal husbandry, active promotion of the integrated pests
management technologies and specialized overall prevention and control application.
As a strategy for integrated pests management (IPM), integrated management of
pests and diseases is based on the perspective of seeing the ecosystem as a whole and
the interrelationship between pests and the environment, which coordinates various
measures such as physical, biological and chemical prevention and control to give full
play to the self-balancing capacity of ecosystem and limits pests within affordable
economic loss. Prevention measures are only utilized when the number of pest is large
enough to cause economic loss, that is, a limited number of germs or pests are
allowed, as long as they are insufficient to bring out economic loss.
With the transformation of agricultural production methods and the development
of socialized service systems, the specialized prevention and control of pests and
diseases has progressively gained momentum. Specialized prevention and control
refers to the socialized, large-scale and intensive measures taken by the organizations
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that are specialized and well-equipped in protecting certain plant from pests and
diseases. Specialized prevention and control organizations are organizations that
provide special- ized prevention and control services to the society. Specialized
prevention and control is an important support for implementing “public plant
protection and green plant protection”. It is an effective means to ensure the quantity,
quality and safety of agricultural products and the safety of agricultural ecological
environment. It is also an important guarantee for increasing the profit of agriculture
and husbandry, and safeguarding rural stability.
In accordance with the requirements of the World Bank and the current situation
of pests and diseases in the selected area, we have worked out the Pests and Diseases
Management Plan. The program encourages farmers to adopt environmentally
friendly practices and Integrated Pests Management (IPM) technologies. We provide
support for pests and diseases monitoring and evaluation, plant protection technical
assistance, and equipment procurement.
2. Current and Control Situation of Pests and Diseases in the
Project Area
Qilian County has 1.16 million hectares of natural grassland feeding 1.17 million
heads of various livestock. Grassland is the foundation for the development of animal
husbandry economy. It is of great significance in grassland pests and diseases
prevention and control, grassland conservation and animal husbandry development.
The selected area, Moeller Town is located in the southeast of Qilian County, covering
an area of 2,968 square kilometers, including 6 administrative villages and 27 animal
husbandry cooperatives. The total land area of the town is 5,740,200 mu (a unit of
area, 1 mu = 0.0667 hectares), accounting for 24.3% of the whole county area. There
are 3,940,400 mu of grassland (available for grassland is 3,498,500 mu, and the
utilization rate is 88.67%). It belongs to mountain meadow grassland and is an
excellent natural pasture. The area is characterized by typical continental plateau
climate. The annual sunshine hour is 2,800 hours, the annual solar radiation 139
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kcal/cm2, the average annual temperature is -1.290, and the annual precipitation 370
mm---mainly happening in July and August. The town owns 263,000 hectares of
available grassland, accounting for 89.5% of the total selected grassland area. The
grassland mainly is alpine meadow grassland dominated by small and short Artemisia
grass which is short in height but high in quality.
2.1 Occurrence and control status of natural grassland diseases
2.1.1 Occurrence of disease in natural grassland
The natural grassland serves as pastoral area's most important natural resource
and herdsmen depend on it to earn production and living materials for their livehood.
However, in recent years, the grassland vegetation coverage sees yearly decline. The
trouble of grassland degradation, severer desert encroachment and wetland loss has
been posing unprecedented desertification challenge to grassland. Herbage diseases
have become one of the main factors causing grassland degradation. The disease
directly affects herbage yield and quality, leaving the herbage with low quality as the
crude protein, fat and soluble sugar decrease, while the crude fiber, tannin and phenol
content increases, thus herbage's palatability and digestibility decline significantly.
Severe herbage diseases can reduce forage yield by 15 to 50%. Some disease-affected
grass and its seeds may produce harmful substances to humans and animals. For
example, ergot in herbage of gramineae grass family can produce alkaloids, which can
cause both human and animal premature birth, abortion, muscle spasm, limb necrosis
and other diseases. Some diseases will generate more female hormones such as
coumarins and flavonoids in leguminous herbage such as alfalfa and sweet clover,
which will cause inhibition of female animals' ovulation and conception.
Forage disease is one of the main reasons that hinder the development of animal
husbandry, which leads to the decline of forage product quality, the decrease of yield
and the huge economic loss. The reach and damage of pasture diseases in China are
growing. Among them, herbage diseases in gramineae and cyperaceae grass family
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have grown into disaster of enormous damage. Herbage diseases impede the
development of modern animal husbandry, and its threat to grassland has raised
concerns. It is now urgent for plant protectors to figure out its distribution and the
degree of damage, then deliver effective control efforts. Therefore, in order to solve
the actual problems in animal husbandry production and speed up the development of
animal husbandry, it is necessary to carry out basic investigations of biological
resources and research on pathogenic bacteria on the basis of conscientiously
summarizing past achievements. The research work has to be closely related to
production practice, from both basic theory and practical application, providing
scientific evidence for future herbage diseases prevention and control.
The main forage diseases in the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province are: (1)
Leaf spot fungi, which can be identified by the culture characteristics and
morphological characteristics of the main pathogens. Brown spot, also known as
Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the earliest reported, most widely distributed and most
harmful grassland diseases. The pathogen of brown spot mainly infects the leaves,
leaf sheaths and stems of plants, and can cause leaf rot, leaf sheath corruption, stem
base rot and whole plant death when it is serious. The pathogen of brown spot is
Rhizoctonia solani, which is a common soil-borne fungus, belonging to the subgenus
Rhizoctonia. This kind of fungus is found in almost all the soils of the world. (2)
Obligate parasites (biotrophic parasite) such as rust, smut, powdery mildew and
downy mildew, which can be identified through microscopic examination of
pathogens, observing the morphology of various spores of pathogens, the types of
host plants and disease symptoms. Mainly are: Puccinia hieracii, Puccinia de
vivipari, Puccinia sileris, Puccinia calcitrapae, Puccinia brachypodii, Puccinia
Berkekey, Puccinia Calthicola hieraci, Puccinia Saussureae Thtimen. Ustilago
hordei, Ustilago nuda, Ustilago striiformis, Anthracoidea achnatheri, Thecaphora
trailii, etc.
2.1.2 Prevention and control situation
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At present, Mole Town in the project area is cold, and the disease occurrence is
not serious. Once the forage disease occurs, biological control measures combined
with chemical control methods are mainly used for prevention and treatment.
Biological control refers to the use of beneficial microorganisms in nature, and the
various activities and behaviors of the pathogenic microorganisms are inhibited,
thereby reducing the incidence of grassland diseases or slowing down the rate of
occurrence, so as to reduce the severity of pasture rickets. The most successful current
conservation of forage grass is the use of spore bacteria. The study found that
Trichodenma harzianum strain has good control effect on various fungal diseases. The
application of granules and aerosols of Trichoderma harzianum can play a better role
in the prevention and treatment of brown spot and rot disease in grassland. However,
the biocontrol bacteria used won’t completely inhibit the growth of pathogenic
bacteria. When the disease occurs more seriously and spreads more rapidly, it is
necessary to use chemical agents together to achieve good control effect. The
chemical can be selected from 3% Jinggangmycin water, which is a bio-type
fungicide. It belongs to the WHO U-class low toxicity grade and is safe for humans
and animals and does not pollute the environment.
2.2 Situation of pests in natural grassland
The town of Moler in Qilian County is a grassland caterpillar-prone and
frequent-producing area, mainly distributed in the winter and spring meadows of the
villages such as Lao Rigen, Wagiri Village and Caishitu Village. The occurrence of
grassland pests has a direct relationship with temperature and humidity. The
interannual variation of temperature and humidity directly affects the quantity and
development of insect pests. Winter snowfall and spring precipitation are beneficial to
the hatching of eggs. Sudden temperature rise and continuous drought are conducive
to the growth and development of pests. Under suitable conditions, it is very easy to
cause large and dense insect pests.
The biological characteristics of grassland caterpillars are as follows: grassland
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caterpillar is a kind of animal that belongs to Lymantriidae, with differently shaped
adult male and female ones. A male moth is 7-9mm in length, black in color, growing
fine yellow hair on its back, with a small head, well-developed fronts, rear wings, and
three pairs of feet. A female moth is 8-14mm in length, 5-9mm in width and black in
color, with a longer, round, flat body, a much smaller head. Its three pairs of feet are
black, shorter, non-walkable, and its fronts and rear wings are degraded and non-
flyable. It can only use the body to crawl. Grassland caterpillars grow a generation
every year. The first-instar worms (in female cocoon) overwinter under the grass roots
or in the soil cracks. The Qilian caterpillar area began its activities in the middle and
late April of the following year. In the early May and mid-May, caterpillars are active
in larger area. After five times of peeling (a total of six instars), they make cocoons
and pupate in the late July, under pasture leaves, cow dung, stones or in the bush
branches. They begin to feather in mid-August, but the females still stay in the
cocoons after feathering. Only males fly out of the cocoons to seek mates. The
females lay eggs in cocoons in the middle and late August. In mid-September, the new
first-instar larvae hatch in cocoons, feeding not on herbage but only their egg shells.
Soon after, they hide themselves in grass, cow dung or beneath stones to overwinter,
and when it gets warm next year, they go out.
2.2.1 Pest occurrence
The grassland caterpillar disaster is serious, with an area of 600,000 mu,
including 300,000 mu of serious damage. Due to the harm of grassland caterpillars, it
poses a great threat to the grassland ecological environment and animal husbandry
production. According to the survey, the damage area of grassland caterpillars in the
project area is 600,000 mu, and the average insect population density is 10.3
heads/m2. The main distribution areas are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Grassland caterpillar damage in the selected area of Moler Town
Township
(town), village
Affected Damage area Average Minimum Maximum
pest density (
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area
(10000
mu)
(10000 mu)pest density
( /mu)
pest density
( /mu)/mu)
Vaji
Village 20 12 12 8 19
Caishitu
Village13 8 10 7 15
Laorigen
Village15 10 9 7 13
Calculated by 1.5g of eclipse per day and 90 days of annual herbivore per
hundred grassland caterpillars, 10.3 (head/m2) × 600,000 (mu) × 667 (m2) ÷ 100 (per
hundred heads) × 1.5 (g/ Day) × 90 (days) ÷ 1000 (g) = 5.55 million kg. That is, the
loss of pasture is 5.55 million kilograms, or 5,550 tons. The value of the grass is about
500 yuan per ton, resulting in a direct economic loss of about 2.775 million yuan. It
has brought great harm to the grassland ecological environment and animal husbandry
production, causing serious economic losses.
2.2.2 Prevention methods:
2.2.2.1 Agricultural control technology
The grassland no-tillage reseeding improvement is carried out. On the degraded
alpine meadow, the grassland no-tillage planter is used to work, and during the soil
thawing period before the spring rainy season, the loose soil is ditched, planted,
covered and repressed, and the fine pasture is replenished. Minimize damage to native
vegetation in degraded meadows. The perennial grasses of grass species in the Qilian
Mountains were selected for sowing in the natural grass group. The combination of
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grass species recommended Elymus nutans, Qinghai Chinese fescue, and Qinghai
grass bluegrass 1:1:1. In the year of re-broadcasting, the grazing ban, from the second
year onwards, when the pastures returned to green, the grazing banned from late April
to early June.
2.2.2.2 Biological control technology application
The biological control measures mainly use the grassland caterpillar nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (GrNPV) which belongs to the U class low toxicity grade of the
WHO pesticide classification standard, which is safe for humans and animals and
does not pollute the environment. The standard for controlling grassland caterpillars is
that the density of insects is 30 heads per square meter, a dose of 50-60 grams, adding
10 kilograms of water, adjusting to a suspension, and spraying; The prevention and
control time is from mid-July to early August, and it is good at 8-11 am and 3-6 pm. It
can be applied on sunny, cloudy and light rain days.
2.2.2.3 Chemical control technology application
Using 1.2% nicotine and matrine as insecticides, it belongs to the U class low
toxicity grade of WHO pesticide classification standard, which is safe for humans and
animals and does not pollute the environment. Spraying in hazardous areas by means
of suspended wind-spreading long-range sprayers, motorized sprayers, knapsack hand
sprayers, etc. The preparation ratio of venom is 20g per mu, and the amount of water
added is determined according to the amount of spray of the sprayer. The venom
requirement is used as needed.
The suitable time for prevention and control is from mid-June to mid-July, and
the terrain is gentle and suitable for large-scale mechanical operation during the
prevention and control. It is operated by a large suspended wind-driven long-range
sprayer. Mountain areas that are not suitable for large-scale mechanical operations are
controlled by manual motorized sprayers and backpack-type manual sprays. When
applying the medicine, the interval between each two application personnel is
required to be 5~8m, the nozzle is 1m away from the ground, and every 20~30 people
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is a group, which is lined up and sprayed synchronously. When the wind is greater
than 5m/s, it will stop operation. If it rains within 24 hours after spraying, it must be
re-sprayed. Forbidden animal husbandry for 15 days after spraying.
2.3 Situation of rodent occurrence and control of the natural
grassland
2.3.1 Situation of rodent occurrence
The main rats attacking the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province are plateau
pika and plateau zokor, damaging an area of 34.349 million mu. Rat attack not only
destroys the grassland vegetation and grassland ecological environment, but also
reduces grassland's capacity of feeding stocks and its economic benefits, which
seriously restricts the development of animal husbandry economy in Qilian County.
As surveyed, in the selected area, plateau pikas attack an area of 2.3 million mu in
Moeller Town's five villages, Caishitu, Laorigen, Hailang, Duolong and Zhasha,
causing damage in a total area of 1.9 million mu where averagely one square
hectometer has 278 occupied lairs. The affected area of plateau zokor in the five
villages of Wajiyu, Caishitu, Laorigen, Duolong and Zhasha covers a total area of
500,000 mu, of which 450,000 mu is damaged where averagely one square
hectometer has 210 occupied lairs.
Characteristics of plateau pika and plateau zokor as follows:
(1) Characteristics of plateau pika
The plateau pika, also known as the black-lipped pika, is a specie of mammal in
the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is a small non-hibernating herbivorous mammal.
Without tails, the round-shaped animals are taupe. Plateau pikas are unique to the
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. They are large in number and inhabit the plateau's hillsides of
loose soil and the river valleys. As considered as the culprit responsible for grassland
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degradation, it has always been a target of killing.
(2) Characteristics of plateau zokor
The plateau zokor is a genus of rodents in the family Spalacidae. Their body are
fat and round, lips are short, eyes are small, tails are short, and limbs are also short
and thick. The adult coat themselves with gray- and brown-colored fur from head to
tail, fur in abdomen is darker gray, and fur of babies and semi-adults are blue-gray or
dark gray. Plateau zokors usually live in lightless, closed lairs without hibernation.
They mainly feed on roots of plants and breed 1 time per year, 1 to 6 babies per litter.
They live mainly in alpine meadows and meadow-turned grassland, grassland-turned
meadows, alpine shrubs, plateau farmland, barren slopes and other relatively humid
places of river bank terraces, mountain basins, bottomland and hillsides. They are
only native to China.
The average grassland yield in the rodent-hazardous area is only about 2000
kg/hm2, or 133 kg/mu. In the hazardous area, the vegetation coverage is only 55-65%,
the ratio of fine pasture is reduced, the poisonous grass is breeding, and the quality of
the grassland is degraded, resulting in degradation of natural grassland. The grassland
production in the rodent control area is about 4000 kg/hm2, which is 266 kg/mu. The
amount of grass in the harm zone of the rodent was reduced by 2000 kg/hm2, or 133
kg/mu. It is estimated that the area of rodent damage in Qilian Mountain area of
Qinghai Province is 1.9 million mu, and the loss of pasture (fresh grass) caused by
rodent damage is 252,700 tons per year. The value of grass per ton is about 500 yuan,
which is a direct economic loss of about 126 million yuan. Grassland rodent damage
has brought great harm to grassland ecological environment and animal husbandry
production, causing serious economic losses and restricting the development of local
animal husbandry.
2.3.2 Prevention methods:
2.3.2.1 Agricultural control technology
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The grassland no-tillage reseeding improvement is carried out. On the degraded
alpine meadow, the grassland no-tillage planter is used to work, and during the soil
thawing period before the spring rainy season, the loose soil is ditched, planted,
covered and repressed, and the fine pasture is replenished. Minimize damage to native
vegetation in degraded meadows. The perennial grasses of grass species in the Qilian
Mountains were selected for sowing in the natural grass group. The combination of
grass species recommended Elymus nutans, Qinghai Chinese fescue, and Qinghai
grass bluegrass 1:1:1. In the year of re-broadcasting, the grazing ban, from the second
year onwards, when the pastures returned to green, the grazing banned from late April
to early June. The forage grows vigorously and vigorously, and the rodents are
reduced accordingly.
2.3.2.2 Physical and mechanical control technology
It can be controlled by bow and arrow hunting. When the arrow is thrown, the
bow and arrow must be placed on the straight hole, the hole must be cut, and the
ground at the top of the hole should be leveled. The bow is about 15cm away from the
hole. The arrow should not be exposed to the hole. After the arrow is shot, it should be
in the center of the tunnel. It must extend 100m in the border area, so as not to leave a
dead corner and flatten all the mounds. In order to ensure the control effect, the
project was carried out by the volunteer organization that employs the mouse-trapping
experience.
2.3.2.3 Chemical control technology application
When the rats are harmed and the physical and mechanical control is difficult to
eliminate the rodent damage, the hole feeding method can be used for chemical
control. In this project, the recommended pesticides for plateau pikas are D-type bio-
poisonous toxin which classed U low toxicity grades belonging to the WHO pesticide
classification standard. It is safe for humans and animals and does not pollute the
environment. 10 to 15 poison baits are placed in each hole, and the poison bait is
placed at 7 to 10 cm from the hole, and the rate of hole casting is over 90%. When
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feeding the bait, it is required that the interval between each two bait personnel is 2 m,
every 20~30 people is a group, one word is arranged, the bait is carried out
simultaneously, and a special person is used to signal the flag. In case of special
weather such as strong winds and snowfall, the poison control bait must be applied.
Extend 50 to 100m in the border area.
2.4 Situation of disease, pests and rats in artificial grassland
The disease, pest and rodent damage in artificial grassland mainly refers to the
occurrence of grassland diseases and insect pests in artificial forage grass and forage
varieties. In terms of grass species selection, Qinghai adopted the introduction and
screening test of pasture, and formulated the technical regulations for introduction of
pasture in alpine pastoral area. Based on the experimental research results and the
current status of grass seed industrialization, it is recommended to recommend
Elymus nutans, T. chinensis, and the same De Laomang, Qinghai Chinese Fescue,
Tongde Kochia, Qinghai coldgrass and Qinghai meadow bluegrass are the preferred
grass species for large-scale application in black soil beach management. The
perennial grasses of the excellent forage grasses suitable for the growth of the Qilian
Mountains in this project are Elymus nutans, Qinghai Chinese Fescue and Qinghai
Grass. The recommended forage varieties such as Qingyin 1 oats and Qingyin 2 oats,
Qinghai 444 and other early-maturing oat varieties, and leguminous fine pasture
arrow peas.
2.4.1 Occurrence and control of diseases
The occurrence of grassland pests and diseases of artificially planted forages and
forage species is similar to the natural grassland pests and diseases. The main diseases
are brown spot, powdery mildew and smut, et al. Due to the cold climate in the local
area, the incidence is not serious. For sporadic diseases, artificial removal of diseased
plants and spraying of Trichoderma harzianum biologics for biological control. The T.
harzianum biological preparation belongs to the U class low toxicity grade of the
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WHO pesticide classification standard.
2.4.2 Occurrence and control of pests
Grassland caterpillars that are planted with forage and forage species are
relatively severe. The control method is similar to the natural grassland caterpillar
control method. The grassland caterpillar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (GrNPV) can be
used for biological control, or the chemical control can be carried out with low
toxicity and safe 1.2% nicotine and matrine, and sprayed in the hazardous area by a
motorized sprayer or a knapsack manual sprayer. The GrNPV and 1.2% nicotine and
matrine belong to the U class low toxicity grade of the WHO pesticide classification
standard.
2.4.3 Occurrence and control of rodent damage
Grassland moles and plateau pikas that are planted with forage and forage
species are relatively severe. The control method is similar to the natural grass pest
control method. Mainly using the physical and mechanical control measures of bow
and arrow hunting and the hole feeding method for chemical control, the use of
pesticides is a safe and low-toxic type D meat poison Which belongs to the U-class
low toxicity grade of the WHO pesticide classification standard. It is safe for humans
and animals.
3. China's Policy Standards for Pests and Diseases Management
3.1 Integrated pests management
Integrated pests management (IPM), based on the overall situation of agricultural
production and the whole agro-ecological system, gives priority to preventive
measures, and makes full use of natural factors to establish disadvantageous
conditions for pests and diseases, and coordinates various necessary preventive and
control measures to curb pests and diseases economically, safely and effectively, so as
to achieve stable high yields. The fundamental idea of IPM is to make use of
measures such as agricultural control, biological control, physical control and
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chemical control while maximizing nature's self-balancing capacity, aiming to
establish a disadvantageous ecosystem for pests, so as to push forward the sustainable
development of agriculture and animal husbandry. At the National Plant Protection
Work Conference in 1975, China formulated the guidelines of pests prevention and
control work---“prevention goes first in comprehensive prevention and control”. In
April 2006, the Ministry of Agriculture put forward the concept of “public effort for
plant protection in a green way”, further strengthening the guiding ideology of
continuous nuisanceless control of pests, thus raising China's pests prevention and
control work to a higher level. The lessons drawn from past decades renew our
acknowledgement of pesticides, and teach us to put more emphasis on maintaining
environmental and ecological balance and to use the chemical control as the last
option for comprehensive management of pests and diseases. Comprehensive methods
are needed to enable pests prevention and control work to meet the requirements of
“economy, society and ecology”. The state and local governments have issued and
implemented a series of laws, rules, standards, measures, regulations, and guidelines.
The implementation of these laws and regulations has further promoted and applied
the Integrated Pests Management (IPM).
1) Law of the People's Republic of China on the Quality and Safety of
Agricultural Products (No. 49 of the President of the People's Republic of China, the
Twenty-First Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's
Congress of the People's Republic of China on April 29, 2006 Passed, effective as of
November 1, 2006). This Law is enacted to ensure the quality and safety of
agricultural products, safeguard public health, and promote the development of
agriculture and rural economy. The term "agricultural products" as used in this Law
refers to primary products derived from agriculture, that is, plants, animals,
microorganisms and their products obtained in agricultural activities.
2) Regulations on Pesticide Management of the People's Republic of China
(promulgated by the State Council, implemented on May 8, 1997, revised on
November 29, 2001). The regulations are designed to strengthen the supervision and
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management of the production, operation and use of pesticides, ensure the quality of
pesticides, protect agriculture, forestry production and ecological environment, as
well as maintain the safety of humans and animals.
3) Implementation Measures for Pesticide Management Regulations (released by
the Ministry of Agriculture on April 27, 1999, revised and implemented on January 8,
2008). The implementation method is to ensure the implementation of the Regulations
on the Administration of Pesticides (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulations”),
strengthen the supervision and management of the registration, management and use
of pesticides, promote the technological progress of the pesticide industry, ensure the
stable development of agricultural production, protect the ecological environment and
ensure the safety of humans and animals, according to the relevant provisions of the
"Regulations".
4 ) The Ministry of Agriculture together with the General Administration of
Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine issued the Measures for the
Management of Pollution-free Agricultural Products in 2002. The management
method is formulated to strengthen the management of pollution-free agricultural
products, safeguard consumer rights, improve the quality of agricultural products,
protect the agricultural ecological environment, and promote the sustainable
development of agriculture.
5) The Phytosanitary Regulations (promulgated by the State Council on January
3, 1983, revised and released in accordance with the “Decision of the State Council on
the Amendment of the Plant Quarantine Regulations” on May 13, 1992) these
regulations are formulated to prevent the spread of dangerous transmitted diseases,
insects and weeds that harm plants and to protect the safety of agricultural and
forestry production.
6) Premier Li Keqiang signed a State Council order to announce the newly
revised "Pesticide Management Regulations", which will come into force on June 1,
2017. The use of pesticides is directly related to the quality and safety of agricultural
products and the ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen
16
pesticide management. The newly revised “Pesticide Management Regulations” is an
important administrative regulation in China's agricultural sector. The introduction of
the regulations will further strengthen the management of pesticides, and provide a
solid and powerful law to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products and
promote the construction of modern agriculture with resource conservation and
environmental friendliness,provide a solid and strong legal basis.
The Pesticide Management Regulations strictly control the important barriers for
the registration, production and operation of pesticides. It canceled the relatively low
temporary registration of the threshold, and clearly stated that the pesticides produced
and exported to China should be applied for registration; the pesticide production
license system was improved, and the production behaviors such as raw material
procurement, product quality control, and commissioned processing and packaging
were clearly defined. Pesticide manufacturers are responsible for the safety and
effectiveness of the pesticides produced. The production enterprises are required to
strengthen the quality management, strictly follow the product quality standards, and
implement the traceable electronic information code management, so that the whole
process of production can be checked and the quality can be controlled. The
regulations also stipulate the implementation of pesticide business licenses and
restrictions on the use of pesticides in the designated operating system, requiring
pesticide operators to purchase pesticides from legal channels, establish purchase and
sales ledgers, and forbid processing or disposing of pesticides. Once a pesticide is
found to be serious harm or greater risk, the pesticide manufacturer and operator
should recall it in time.
The "Regulations" clearly stipulate that the pesticide users should rationally
apply pesticides according to the scope, methods and dosages marked on the pesticide
labels, and harvest agricultural products at the safe intervals marked by labels. It is
forbidden to use highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides in the production of
vegetables, fruits, tea, fungi and Chinese herbal medicines. Agricultural product
17
manufacturing enterprises, farmers' professional cooperatives and specialized pest
and disease prevention service organizations shall establish records of the pesticide
use. The agricultural sector and related research and teaching units shall provide
technical training and technical services to pesticide users. Pesticides users should
protect the environment and beneficial organisms and rare species. The state gradually
reduced the amount of chemical pesticides by promoting biological control, physical
control and advanced application equipment.
7) Relevant national standards:
a) Standard for the safe use of pesticides GB4285-84;
b) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (1) GB/T8321.1;
c) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (2) GB/T8321.2;
d) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (3) GB/T8321.3;
e) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (4) GB/T8321.4;
f) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (5) GB/T8321.5;
g) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (6) GB/T8321.6;
h) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (7) GB/T8321.7;
i) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (8) GB/T8321.8;
j) Guidelines for the use of green food pesticides NY/T393-2000;
k) Maximum residue limit of pesticides in food GB2763-2012;
l) Anti-virus procedures for the storage, transportation and use of pesticides GB
12475-2006;
3.2 Pests Prevention and Control
After the implementation of the household contract responsibility system in the
countryside in 1981, the pest control system with more than 20 years history was
dissolved, and the prevention and control of pests and diseases was changed from the
unified prevention and control of the social team to the prevention and control of
scattered sprays by farmers. However, in 1983, the No. 1 Document of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China-"Several Issues in Current Rural
Economic Policy" clearly stated that "the social team based on household
management must follow the principle of mutual benefit and meet the requirements of 18
the members in accordance with the principle of mutual benefit. The things that are
unified, such as machine farming, water conservancy, plant protection, epidemic
prevention, seed production, breeding, etc., should be arranged in a unified manner,
unified management, contracting, establishing systems, and serving farmers.”
The“plant protection” mentioned here,“coordinating arrangements, Unified
management, contracting and establishing systems respectively have the prototype of
professional prevention and control. Subsequently, on May 23, 1983, the National
Economic Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries,
the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Chemical
Industry, the Ministry of Machinery Industry, and the Agricultural Bank of China
jointly issued the Joint Notice on Actively Supporting the Development of Plant
Protection Companies. The term "professional prevention" is mentioned. This joint
notice provides a detailed introduction to the organizational form, organizational
development, economic benefits, social benefits, and support policies of professional
prevention and control. Under the government's advocacy and support, specialized
prevention and control organizations have achieved great development in the 1980s.
To fit the modern agricultural development and to improve the systematization
and scale of pest control, the No. 1 Document of the CPC Central Committee in 2008
proposed to “initially establish a specialized prevention and control team to further
comprehensively prevent and control major plant pests and diseases”. This document
marked the initial exploration of specialized prevention and control work. Two years
later, the No. 1 Document of the CPC Central Committee in 2010 clearly stated that
“vigorously promote the specialized comprehensive prevention and control of crop
pests and diseases” which indicated higher requirements for specialized prevention
and control work.
The Agriculture Office under the Ministry of Agriculture issued the No. 31
Document of Agriculture [2010] (Notice on Printing and Distributing “the 2010
Demonstration Work Plan for Specialized Comprehensive Prevention and Control of
Crop Pests and Diseases”), which proposed to follow the Scientific Outlook on
Development in carrying out “prevention goes first in comprehensive prevention and
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control” and "public effort for plant protection in a green way", under the orderly
principle of government-supporting, market-manipulating, farmers-participating, with
an aim to enhance efficiency, reducing costs, minimizing pesticides usage and
ensuring production. Intensive projects, integration efforts, optimized technologies,
innovative services, and standardized management serve as the sally points to
vigorously develop specialized service organizations for pests and diseases,
continuously expand service fields and service ranges, strive to improve the quality
and standard of pests prevention and control, and comprehensively improve the
prevention and control capabilities of major pests and diseases.
4 Integrated Pests Management Plan
4.1 Objectives
(1) Integrating and demonstrating IPM technologies;
(2) Improving farmers' awareness and ability to use IPM knowledge;
(3) Qualifying farmers to reasonably use pesticides and establish a specialized
prevention and control team.
4.2 Key tasks
(1) Carefully monitoring and evaluating pests and diseases in the selected area,
precisely forecasting and reporting the information of pests, accurately judging the
information on pests and diseases, and guiding farmers to comprehensively,
reasonably and effectively perform integrated pests prevention and control task.
(2) According to the actual agricultural production in the project area, during the
project implementation, the prevention and control of agricultural technical measures
(Grassland no-tillage reseeding improvement), biological control (Trichoderma
harzianum fungicides control disease, nuclear polyhedrosis virus control grassland
caterpillar. It belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide
classification standard.), physical and mechanical control (Bow and arrow hunting
and killing rodents), chemical control (Using 1.2% nicotine and matrine to control
20
grassland caterpillars and D-type bio-bolus toxins to control Rodent. It belongs to the
U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide classification standard) and
integrated pest and disease control of grassland pests and diseases will be carried out
to control the degree of pests and diseases and reduce the harm of pests and diseases
to grassland and animal husbandry. Actively promote the application of integrated
pest management techniques and specialized prevention and control.
(3) Demonstrating and promoting new types of high-efficiency pesticides and
new technologies in the selected area. For the control of grassland caterpillars in this
project, the recommended pesticides are: 1.2% nicotine and matrine insecticides,
composition of 0.7% nicotine and 1.5% matrine, and the chemical components are
C10H14N2 and C15H24N2O, which are extracted from the alkaloid in plant, awhite
powder, and the commonly used agent is 1.2% nicotine/matrine emulsifiable
concentrate. Safe for animals and fish. It belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade
according to WHO pesticide classification standard.
In this project, the recommended pesticides for plateau pikas are: D-type bio-
poisonous toxin. The D-type bio-poisonous toxin has been registered in Chinese
Pesticide Information Network, named as D-type Clostridium botulinum toxin, is a
rodenticide, which is divided into two types: water agent and concentrated bait.
Commonly used products are formulated into 0.1 ~ 0.2% bait, and the bait is 35 ~ 50
g. Type D biobotulinum toxin belongs to biological pesticides and is used as a
rodenticide. It is a low-toxic pesticide and is especially safe for cattle and sheep. It
belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide classification
standard. (4) Appealing socialized services for specialized preventive plants
protection in the selected area while following the principle of “prevention goes first
in comprehensive prevention and control”. Approving service organizations that are
lawful and boast professional technology for plant protection to do the work and
encouraging them to adopt advanced equipment and technology to deal with grassland
pests and diseases prevention and control work in a safe, effective and comprehensive
manner.
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4.3 Agency for performing tasks
4.3.1 Managerial organization
Figure 1 Diagram of pests and diseases management organization
4.3.2 Organizational structure and responsibilities
The National Project Management Office hires national and local experts to set
up a plant protection expert consultation team.
The national expert group is mainly responsible for: formulating pest
management plans and technical solutions for pesticides cut, guiding project
construction units of cities and counties to implement pests and diseases prevention
and control plans, helping arrange activities of visiting and learning, engaging in
international projects of pests and diseases management plan, writing field operation
instruction manuals and doing other work related to the project.
The Local Expert Group is mainly responsible for: assisting in formulating
technical solutions for pesticides cut, providing technical support for pests and
diseases management plans, and participating in the training of project personnel.
22
Task-performing Units at County Level: Municipal and county-level plant
protection stations are responsible for organizing specific implementation. County-
level agricultural technology promotion centers are responsible for technical training
for township (town) technicians and adopting effective methods and measures to
ensure the implementation of local pests and diseases management plans.
The Township (Town) Agricultural Technology Promotion Stations are
responsible for assisting the professional personnel of the national expert group to
complete the monitoring and investigation of local diseases, insect pests and weeds,
and assisting the national project office to provide technical guidance and training to
farmers in the project area.
Agricultural Cooperatives and Farmers' Associations: performing the tasks of
preventing and controlling local crop pests and diseases.
4.4 Implementation content
4.4.1 Pest monitoring and evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation of diseases and pests shall be carried out in the selected
area. The forecast for information of harmful organisms shall be strengthened.
Relevant information of pests shall be accurately diagnosed and obtained. Farmers
shall be guided to carry out comprehensive management and unifying control of pests
in a timely, reasonable and effective manner.
4.4.2 Agricultural control and physical control technology application
The prevention and control of agricultural technical measures is to grasp the key
points in the process of planting and managing grassland and in the complex
relationship between pests, pasture plants and environmental conditions, and
purposefully improve the cultivation and management measures to create adverse
effects on the development of pests. It is a method of directly or indirectly destroying
23
or inhibiting the harm of a pest. In this project, the grassland no-tillage reseeding
improvement is carried out. On the degraded alpine meadow, the grassland no-tillage
planter is used to work, and during the soil thawing period before the spring rainy
season, the loose soil is ditched, planted, covered and repressed, and the fine pasture
is replenished. Minimize damage to native vegetation in degraded meadows. Physical
and mechanical control is the use of various physical factors, mechanical equipment
to control pests.
In this project, the method of bow and arrow hunting is mainly used to control
grassland rats. When the arrow is thrown, the bow and arrow must be placed on the
straight hole, the hole must be cut, and the ground at the top of the hole should be
leveled. The bow is about 15 cm away from the hole. The arrow should not be
exposed to the hole. After the arrow is shot, it should be in the center of the tunnel. It
must extend 100 m in the border area, so as not to leave a dead corner and flatten all
the mounds. In order to ensure the control effect, the project was carried out by the
volunteer organization that employs the mouse-trapping experience.
4.4.3 Application of Biological Control Technology
Biological control is a method of using beneficial organisms or biological
metabolites to control grassland pests. Its advantages are safety to human, animals and
plants, and low environmental pollution. In this project, the biological preparations of
spore bacterium and Trichoderma harzianum (It belongs to the U-class low toxicity
grade according to WHO pesticide classification standard) are used for prevention and
control of the possible pasture diseases, and it is safe for humans, animals and plants,
and has no pollution to the environment. The grassland caterpillar nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (It belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO
pesticide classification standard) is used to control grassland caterpillars, which is safe
for humans and animals and does not pollute the environment.
4.4.4 Application of Chemical Control Technology
For the control of grassland caterpillars in this project, the recommended
24
pesticides are: 1.2% nicotine and matrine insecticides, composition of 0.7% nicotine
and 1.5% matrine, and the chemical components are C10H14N2 and C15H24N2O, which
are extracted from the alkaloid in plant, a white powder, and the commonly used agent
is 1.2% nicotine/matrine emulsifiable concentrate. Safe for animals and fish. It
belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide classification
standard. In this project, the recommended pesticides for plateau pikas are: D-type
bio-poisonous toxin. The D-type bio-poisonous toxin has been registered in Chinese
Pesticide Information Network, named as D-type Clostridium botulinum toxin, is a
rodenticide, which is divided into two types: water agent and concentrated bait.
Commonly used products are formulated into 0.1 ~ 0.2% bait, and the bait is 35 ~ 50
g. Type D biobotulinum toxin belongs to biological pesticides and is used as a
rodenticide. It is a low-toxic pesticide and is especially safe for cattle and sheep. It
belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide classification
standard.
4.4.5 Integrated management of pests and diseases and unified defense technology
Integrated pest management is a strategy of disease, pest and weed management.
From the perspective of the whole ecosystem , and based on the interrelationship
between pests and the environment, coordinately apply various measures such as
physical, biological and chemical controls to keep pests development below the
permitted level of economic loss, by the role of natural control factors in the
ecosystem. Prevention is only carried out when the harm of the pest may cause
economic loss, that is, a certain number of germs or pests are allowed, as long as their
population is insufficient to reach the level of economic harm.
Carry out special protection of plant protection in the project area, implement
social protection services for plant protection, follow the policy of “prevention first,
comprehensive prevention” in the project area, and use legal equipment and
technology to provide legal services to the grassland. Pests and diseases are
implemented in a safe and efficient unified prevention and treatment.
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5 Use and Management of Pesticides in the Project Area
5.1 Recommended pesticides in the project area
During the implementation of the project, the use of pesticides is combined with
agricultural, physical and biological measures, and their use must follow the
principles of economy, safety and effectiveness. Select and use pesticides according to
the following criteria:
1) Harmless to human health;
2) High biological activity against control targets;
3) Less impact on non-control targets and the environment;
4) Do not reuse the same drug so that the drug resistance of pests can be avoided;
5) It is a high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue or residue-free biopesticide.
The pesticides planned to be purchased and used in this project are to comply with
the World Bank's reference to the WHO Recommendations for Classification of
Pesticides Based on Hazard and Classification Guidelines (Geneva, WHO, 2009).
This project only recommends the use of U and III pesticides, and will not procure
prohibited use, no registration, and WHO Class I and II pesticides.
Pesticide toxicity classification:
The toxicity classification of pesticide products determines the scope of use of
pesticide products, the production and sales of pesticide and the degree of attention
of users., thus affecting their safety. The classification criteria for pesticide hazards
recommended by the World Health Organization were adopted at the World Health
26
Legislative Assembly in 1975. The hazards of pesticide products were classified
mainly based on the acute oral and percutaneous LD50 values of pesticides.
Table 2 World Health Organization's pesticide hazard grading standards
Toxicity level Level symbol LD50 rat oral
(mg/kg)
LD50 Rat
percutaneous
(mg/kg)
Ia Very toxic <5 <50
Ib High toxicity 5-50 50-200
II Middle toxicity 50-2000 200-2000
III Low toxicity >2000 >2000
U
No acute toxicity
≥5000
Note: The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard,2009
For the pasture diseases that may occur in natural grassland and artificial
grassland in this project, it is recommended to use the biological preparations of spore
bacterium and Trichoderma harzianum (both U class low toxicity grades of WHO
pesticide classification standard) for prevention and control, safe for humans, animals
and plants and friendly for envirenment. In the project to control grassland
caterpillars, biological control measures are recommended to use the biological agent
grassland caterpillar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (U class low toxicity grade belonging
to the WHO pesticide classification standard) to control grassland caterpillars, safe for
humans and animals, and not pollute the environment.
In addition, the recommended pesticides for chemical control measures are: 1.2%
nicotine and matrine are insecticides, the composition is 0.7% nicotine and 1.5%
matrine, and the chemical components are C10H14N2 and C15H24N2O, which are
extracted from the alkaloid in the plant is pure white powder, and the commonly used
agent is 1.2% nicotine/matrine emulsifiable concentrate. Safe for animals and fish. It
belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade. In this project, the recommended pesticides
for plateau pikas are: D-type bio-poisonous toxin. The D-type bio-poisonous toxin is
27
registered in the Chinese Pesticide Information Network as the D-type Clostridium
botulinum toxin, and the pesticide category is rodenticide, which is divided into two
types: water agent and concentrated bait. Commonly used products are formulated
into 0.1-0.2% bait, and the bait is 35-50g. Type D biobotulinum toxin belongs to
biological pesticides and is used as a rodenticide. It is a low-toxic pesticide and is
especially safe for cattle and sheep. It belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade.
It is recommended to strengthen the safety protection measures when applying
the medicine, pay attention to the following points: (1) choose the medicine without
wind or breeze, it is not suitable for spraying when it is windy, rainy or rainy, so as to
avoid the loss of medicine and rain washing, reduce the efficacy. (2) The application
time is generally around 10 am and 4 pm. It is not suitable for application under
strong sunlight or high temperature. (3) The application personnel should wear
protective clothing, use the application equipment correctly, and pay attention to the
safe storage and transportation of the medicine. (4) Place a warning sign in the area
where the medicine has been applied to prevent other people and livestock from
entering the area.
5.2 Rational use of pesticides
The rational use of pesticides is based on a comprehensive understanding and
scientific analysis of pesticide properties, dosage forms, biological characteristics of
prevention and protection objects, and environmental conditions. It is realized by
selecting appropriate pesticide varieties, dosage forms, dose, and determining
reasonable application methods and periods.
5.2.1 Select the right pesticides
Accurately identify the types of pests and diseases, and select the most
economical, effective and safe pesticide varieties and dosage forms according to the
key targets of prevention and control, so as to scientifically use drugs and choose the
right agent based on symptoms. The control effect of the same pesticide species can
28
be obviously different due to different dosage forms. Generally speaking, emulsifiable
concentrate is the best, wettable powder is the second, and powder is the worst.
5.2.2 Use pesticides at appropriate times
In the key control period, the pest and disease damages should be controlled
before causing economic losses by applying pesticide according to the control index.
In general, the prevention and control of pests should be carried out in the young
larval stage. Prevention and treatment of diseases should follow the principle of
protection first and treatment second.
5.2.3 Use appropriate amount of pesticides
On the premise of ensuring the prevention and control effect, low dose should be
selected as far as possible for prevention and control within the effective dose range
of the pesticide. The application times shall be determined according to the
occurrence period, occurrence amount of the pests and diseases and effective period
of the pesticides, so as to effectively control the pest and disease damages without
causing pesticide hazard and polluting the environment.
5.2.4 Appropriate application
First of all, different application methods should be adopted according to the
formulation of pesticide. Generally, emulsion and wettable powder are mainly sprayed
and poured. Dust powder is mainly by dusting. Granules are mainly by broadcast or
groove fertilization. Systemic strong pesticides can be applied by dusting, spraying,
pouring and smearing. In addition, different application methods are selected,
according to the location of the disease, the activity rhythm of pests and different
pesticide formulations.
29
5.2.5 Alternative application
Pesticides with the same action mechanism should be avoided in continuous and
repeated use, for pests can develop drug resistance, thus reducing the control effect.
Instead, alternative application should be adopted to delay and overcome the drug
resistance and improve the service life of pesticide. Systemic fungicide is extremely
susceptible to drug resistance and should be alternatively used with protective
fungicide. Since organophosphorus pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides, carbamate
pesticides and organic nitrogen pesticides differ in mechanism of action, alternative
use of them is effective in killing insects.
5.2.6 Mixture application
The occurrence of crop pests and diseases is often caused by multiple pests or
diseases at the same time or at a certain stage of growth. Reasonable mixture
application can achieve treatment with increased efficacy. However, pesticides should
not be mixed randomly. Generally, agents unstable in alkaline substances cannot be
mixed with alkaline substances, especially when the mixing can produce such
chemical reactions as flocculation, precipitation, stratification.
5.2.7 Application according to weather
Pesticides are generally applied in windless or breezy days, and are not suitable
for application in windy and rainy days or when it is going to rain, for wind and rain
can cause liquid loss, thus reducing efficacy. Within a certain temperature range, the
drug effect increases as the temperature rises. Whether the pesticide is applied in open
field or protected cultivation, the application time should generally be controlled at
about 10: 00 a.m. and 4: 00 p.m. Pesticide injury increases when pesticide is applied
in such conditions as strong sunlight or high temperature.
30
5.2.8 Safe application
In accordance with the national regulations on pesticide management, the use of
highly toxic pesticides is controlled, pesticides with high residues and "triple effects"
(carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity) are banned, and the regulations on
safe use of pesticides and safety intervals for crops are implemented, so as to ensure
safe use of pesticides, avoid environmental pollution and prevent human and animal
poisoning.
5.3 Recommended technologies and equipment for pesticide
application
Pest control shall be carried out with pesticide application equipment
conforming to FAO’s, ISO’s or China's national standards. Manual sprayers include
China-made WS-16P, WS-16, WS-20, Malaysia-made PB-16 and Spain-made
MATABI series. Power-operated knapsack sprayers include 3WFB-18AC, 3WF-2.6;
Power-operated jet sprayers include WSJ-36A, 3WZ-34, and so on. In addition to the
conventional pesticide spraying equipment mentioned above, there are also other
application technologies widely used in pest control.
5.3.1 Boom sprayers
Boom sprayer is an efficient equipment for the prevention and control of pest
diseases and weeds in large-scale planting plots. Its main function is to spray
insecticide and foliar fertilizer, which can be used for the prevention and control of
crop and forage grass diseases and for soil treatment before sowing. Wide-width boom
sprayer possesses good mechanical properties. It meets the demands of modern
agricultural production, as it ensures high degree of medicament atomization, saves
water, oil, and medicament and is safe to use with high efficiency and convenient
31
operation. As this equipment becomes widely applied, it will play a vital role in
promoting the unified control of crop diseases. The successful demonstration of
efficient plant protection equipment can provide momentum for agricultural and
animal husbandry industries, for the productions can be standardized, mechanized and
modernized in large scale.
5.3.2 Electrostatic spray technology
Electrostatic spray technology is able to spray droplets charged by a high-
voltage electrostatic generator, in a way to increase the amount of liquid pesticide
deposited on the surface of plant leaves. This technology can increase the pesticide
efficiency to 90%. Electrostatic spray technology uses high-voltage static electricity to
establish an electrostatic field between the nozzle and the spray target. After the
pesticide liquid flows through the nozzle and is atomized, it is charged by different
charging methods to form group charged droplets. Then under the combined action of
electrostatic field force and other external forces, the droplets make directional
movement and are adsorbed on various parts of the target. In this way, good
performances are achieved such as high deposition efficiency, less droplet loss, and
improvement of ecological environment. Electrostatic sprayers include China-made
"Mistystar" electrostatic prayers and US-made ESS electrostatic sprayers.
5.3.3 ULV and Low volume spray technology
ULV spray is a new technology vigorously promoted in plant protection in
recent years. Only 330mL or less of emulsion pesticide needs to be sprayed per mu
(0.0667 hectares). Due to the small droplet diameter, the spraying is both labor and
time saving, and there is no need for water. So it is especially suitable for
mountainous areas and water-deficient areas. For low-volume spray (i.e. mist
spraying), the diameter of mist particles is smaller than that of constant spray but
larger than that of ULV spray. A large number of research results have proved that
low-volume spray, compared with high-volume spray, can save labor and pesticide,
32
improve pest control effect, and make more ecological, economic and social benefits.
5.3.4 UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) low-attitude pesticide application technology
Aerial spray features as an important prevention and control technology for the
area that suffers from large scale of diseases and pests. Its working efficiency can
reach 200 hectares per hour. Especially for large-scale outbreaks of diseases and pests,
aerial spray stands out as a timely and effective method of application. Moreover,
UAV low-attitude pesticide application is a new technology that meets the demand of
modern agricultural industry and plant protection. Compared to the traditional
spraying methods, UAV has high efficiency, lower cost, and also highly spray
uniformity. Manual spraying of pesticides can only spray about 1 mu of land per hour
per person. This labor intensive spraying cannot apply for intensive crop farming.
UAV spraying can save 50% of pesticide use and 90% water consumption. This low
cost spraying has high working efficiency, which is 5 times that of ground machinery
and over 60 times that of conventional manual spraying.
5.3.5 Drift reduction technology
The drift and sedimentation loss of the droplets are unavoidable in the spraying
process, and the pesticide waste caused by drift and sedimentation can reach 70% to
80% of the application amount. It is common in foreign countries to install drifting
nozzles on sprayers to reduce the pesticide loss caused by the drift of droplets. There
are fewer droplets with medium and small diameters in the nozzles, which can reduce
the drift loss of droplets by 33% ~ 60%. In addition, spray shields attached to the
spray bar on the sprayer can reduce the interference of natural wind on droplets
effectively. There are two types of spray shields: mechanical and pneumatic. Tests
have shown that the use of spray shields can reduce drift loss of conventional spray
bars by 65% ~ 81%.
33
5.4 Pesticide waste disposal
There are two main types of pesticide wastes that have the greatest impact on the
agricultural environment in agricultural production. One is pesticide waste liquid
(remaining liquid or container rinse) produced during spraying application, and the
other is pesticide packaging (packing bottles or bags). The packaging of remaining
pesticides are discarded in the field, and the pesticides are diluted and released in case
of rain or watering: the pesticide in the package scattered in the river will pollute
waters after being diluted. Pesticide wastes is a main source of agricultural diffused
pollution. Pesticide waste liquid and pesticide packaging including glass bottles, metal
cans, metal barrels, plastic containers, paper packaging and recycling should receive
centralized harmless treatment.
The disposal of pesticide waste liquid can be strictly controlled during using
pesticides, including the principle of using pesticide of appropriate amount to reduce
the amount of pesticide waste liquid. Pesticide distributors recycle the pesticide
packaging and give bonuses to farmers who actively recycle pesticide packaging.
6. Project Monitoring and Evaluation
During the implementation of the project, on-site monitoring and benefit
evaluation shall be carried out on the implementation of the integrated pest
management plan, the use mode of pesticides. After the implementation, the quality
and yield of crops, the dynamic impact of major pests and natural enemies shall also
be monitored and evaluated.
6.1 Implementation of the monitoring plan
Monitoring should be carried out in all villages and towns where implement the
34
project by municipal and district (county) agro-tech extension and service center,
project office panels and growers. Once pests and diseases are found, they must be
reported and dealt with in a timely manner. The members of the project office panels
should help establish appropriate monitoring systems and sampling procedures as
early as possible, and provide training for the implementation and analysis of the
monitoring system.
6.2 Monitoring point settings
According to the condition of pests and diseases in the demonstration villages
and towns of the project, the following monitoring points shall be set up in the
project: (1) disease monitoring points, with emphasis on monitoring the types, area,
severity of diseases and control measures. (2) Pest monitoring points, with emphasis
on the types, area, severity of occurrence and control measures. (3) Monitoring points
for rat damage, with emphasis on the occurrence, area, severity of rat damage and
control measures.
Monitoring objects: 10 demonstration households and 4 control households (5
demonstration households with natural grassland, 5 demonstration households with
artificial grassland, 2 control households with natural grassland and 2 control
households with artificial grassland, for a total of 14 households) .The average
grassland area per household is about 1 mu.
Monitoring period: 1 monitoring per year, for a total of 5 times.
Monitoring content: the condition of diseases, pests and rats in natural grassland
and artificial grassland of demonstration households; the condition of diseases, pests
and rats in natural grassland and artificial grassland of control households.
Monitoring method: 5 points per household for sampling of diseases, pests and
rats. A total of 70 sampling points.
Significance of the monitoring: through monitoring and early warning of
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diseases, pests and rats in natural grassland and artificial grassland, one can timely
know the condition and regularity of local diseases, pests and rats, select fast and
effective prevention measures, thus timely preventing the spread of diseases, pests and
rats, and ensuring the healthy and sustainable development of pastoral areas.
6.3 Monitoring content
The monitoring of the occurrence of pests and diseases of natural grassland and
artificial grassland in the project area mainly includes:
1) Monitoring the diseases species, occurrence area, severity and control effect of
natural grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.
2) Monitoring the pests species, occurrence area, severity and control effect of natural
grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.
3) Monitoring of the Rodent occurrence, occurrence area, severity and control effect
of rodents in natural grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.
6.4 Content of inspection
1) Check the registration of pesticides in using;
2) Right use of pesticides;
3) Implementation of the monitoring plan;
4) Problems arising during the implementation of the pest and disease management
plan.
6.5 Monitoring and inspection plan
1) Pest management and monitoring: farmers and all levels of project offices shall
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cooperate to report and deal with pests and diseases in a timely manner;
2) Inspection plan: project offices at all levels shall be responsible for the inspection
at ordinary times, and Plant Protection and Plant Inspection Stations shall be
responsible for inspection and prevention during the peak period of pests and
diseases;
3) Responsibility: Plant Protection and Planting Inspection Stations at all levels are
responsible for guiding and training staff to implement the pest and disease
management plan and are also responsible for inspecting and monitoring the
implementation of the plan; Plant Protection and Planting Inspection Stations at all
levels and project implementers are liable and responsible for the timely discovery
and report of pests, and the implementation of the pest and disease management plan;
4) Required Professional Technology: Plant Protection and Plant Inspection Stations
at all levels provide plant protection experts and the pest and disease management
plan and methods.
5) Budget: The pest and disease management of the project shall be included in the
daily management of the project offices at all levels, and the required funds shall be
included in the monitoring and evaluation budget.
6.6 Assessment content and submitting reports
1) Monitoring the diseases species, occurrence area, severity and control effect of
natural grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.
2) Monitoring the pests species, occurrence area, severity and control effect of natural
grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.
3) Monitoring of the Rodent occurrence, occurrence area, severity and control effect
of rodents in natural grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.
4) Submit a comprehensive assessment report on pest and disease investigation and
monitoring before December 31 of each year, one in both Chinese and English. The
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content includes the area of pests and diseases, the assessment of the degree of
damage; the evaluation of pest control effects after the implementation of the pest
management plan and the impact assessment of natural enemies; the evaluation of
new pesticides, new technology demonstration effects and the impact on the
population of natural enemies.
5) Submit the mid-term progress report as required, one each in both Chinese and
English. The content includes a comprehensive progress report on monitoring and
evaluation of pests and diseases in the middle of project implementation.
6) Submit the final summary report as required, one in both Chinese and English. The
content includes a comprehensive summary report on the monitoring and evaluation
of pests and diseases at the end of the project implementation.
7. Pest Management Training Program
7.1 Training objectives
Farmers are the main body of project implementation. Farmers' training is an
important part of pest and disease management. Through training, IPM knowledge
and plant protection skills of trained farmers will be enhanced, and their sense of
ownership in protecting the environment and participating in IPM activities will be
enhanced.
Annual objectives and tasks of project area training:
Farmers' professional technical training: 200 person/year;
Farmers' universal training: 1,000 person/year;
7.2 Training methods
The training includes professional technical training for farmers and universal
training for farmers. Agricultural professional technical training, organized and
implemented by the national expert group. The main training is agricultural
38
technology demonstration model science and technology demonstration households,
agricultural technicians, etc., and the national expert group organizes the writing of
training materials; the general training of farmers is organized and implemented by
the county-level implementation units: the main training and demonstration areas of
farmers and radiation drive neighboring farmers. The national expert group organizes
experts and county-level implementation units to jointly write training materials.
Pest management training activities should do the following:
First, do a good job in the centralized training of agricultural technicians, and
adopt various forms such as centralized teaching by experts and professors, and
questions and answers from experts to improve the comprehensive quality and
demonstration driving ability of agricultural technicians.
Second, each farmer accompanied the demonstration to drive 20 farmer model
households, and through the form of technical demonstration and technical
consultation, give full play to the role of demonstration and lead to improve the
management level of IPM.
The third is to take experts and technicians into the village to give lectures at the
scene, print technical materials and use radio, television stations, newspapers and
other forms to increase the training of farmers to ensure the quality of training.
7.3 Training plan and content
(1) Integrated pest management
(2) Identification, occurrence and prevention methods of common pests and
diseases
(3) Modern pest and disease monitoring technology and prevention methods
(4) Common agricultural control, physical control, biological control and other
technologies
(5) Reasonable use of chemical control technology
The training work plan and contents are detailed in Table 3.
Table 3 Training Work Schedule
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Pest monitoring and management technology training and services
Activities Specific activity content Activity output
1). Preparation of agricultural technicians and farmers training materials
1) Preparation of training materials for pest and disease monitoring;2) Prepare commonly used plant protection technology training materials;3) Compilation of training materials for good agricultural practices;
1) Completion of 3 training materials;2) Complete 3 training materials and revisions;
2). Organize agricultural technicians and farmers training activities
1) Preparation of training materials for pest and disease monitoring;2) Prepare commonly used plant protection technology training materials;3) Compilation of training materials for good agricultural practices;
1) 1,000 copies of training materials;2) Training 200 agricultural technicians;3) Training 2,000 farmers;
3). Pest and disease database, poster production
1) Database, information reporting and release system for pests and diseases in the project area;2) Production of common pest and disease maps;3) Pest management technology poster production;
1) Establish a database of pests and diseases in the project area, information reporting and release system;2) Make 500 copies of common pest and disease maps;3) 500 copies of pest and disease management technology posters.
8. Public participation
8.1 The purpose and role of public participation
Public participation is a two-way exchange between the project construction unit
and the evaluation unit and the public at the location of the construction project.
Through public investigation of the surrounding areas of the project, the project can
be fully informed by the public, and the public's suggestions on the environmental 40
protection work of the project construction and requirements. Since public
participation is conducive to the project to maximize the environmental and economic
benefits, help the public to understand the project content in detail. Therefore, by
solving the focus problems of public attention, the project planning and design can be
further improved and rationalized, so that the construction project can minimize the
impact on the local environment and gain more understanding and support from the
local people. At the same time, the implementation of public participation in the
process of environmental impact assessment can improve the effectiveness of
evaluation, raise public awareness of environmental protection, promote the
improvement of environmental impact assessment system, improve environmental
quality, and ensure the implementation of sustainable development strategies. Public
participation is an indispensable part of the project evaluation. It is required to fully
consider the opinions, suggestions and requirements of the groups, community
members and local non-governmental organizations (NGO) of the proposed project in
the project construction.
8.2 Public participation methods and content
(1) Project feasibility study preparation stage
In the project feasibility study preparation stage, the first public participation was
carried out, and the experts and the local department heads of the symposium and the
field survey of the farmer representatives in the project area were widely adopted. The
symposium will be introduced by the project office and expert group of the Ministry
of Agriculture to the project area to introduce the main implementation contents of the
project to the responsible persons of relevant departments of the local government and
answer the principles of the specific content, allocation and use of funds in the
project. The leaders of the project area very much welcome the project establishment
and implementation. The responsible persons of relevant departments have expressed
their active cooperation with the material preparation and implementation of the
project design. The symposium mainly talked about the feasibility of the project
implementation content and solicited suggestions from relevant departments. The
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relevant departments mainly consulted on the use of funds. The experts introduced the
principles of the use of the Bank's funds, and entrusted the project area to arrange for
the project area and the materials needed for feasibility study in the project area to be
collected and organized. The environmental assessment and social evaluation experts
held discussions with the village heads and village representatives in the project area.
The village heads and village representatives in the project area actively participated
in the discussion. In addition to the main labor force, some women and the elderly
actively participated. Actually understand the problems and related needs in the
production practices of local farmers and herdsmen. After the experts introduced the
implementation content of the project, the villagers said that this is a good thing, and
they expressed their willingness to participate in the project.
The time, places and personnel of public participation are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Summary of public participation forms
Date Place The
form
of
Public
partici
pation
Participants submit
questions
solutions
2018.7.13 Xining
Agriculture
and Animal
Husbandry
forum Expert group, leader of the
Agriculture and Animal
Husbandry
Grassland
caterpillars and
rodents have
serious
problems, lack
of control
personnel, lack
of protective
articles, lack of
technical
The relevant departments
concerned will focus on solving
grassland caterpillars and rodent
problems, increase prevention and
control personnel and protective
articles, and strengthen technical
training. For the control of
grassland caterpillars, biological
control measures are
recommended to use biological
2018.7.14 Qilian
County
Government
forum Expert group, county
government leaders and
related staff
2018.7.14 Arou
Township,
Qilian
Site
investi
gation
Member of the expert
group, village secretary,
Qingyanggou Village,
42
County Baishiya Village herdsmen personnel and
related training.
agents, grassland caterpillar
nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The
recommended pesticides for
chemical control measures are:
1.2% nicotine and matrine are
insecticides. For the prevention
and control of plateau pika, the
recommended pesticide is: D-type
bio-poisonous toxin. The
recommended agents are all Class
U low toxicity grades of the WHO
pesticide classification standard.
2018.7.15 Ye Niugou
Township,
Qilian
County
Site
investi
gation
Expert group and farmers in
Dalang Village and Daquan
Village, the “black soil
beach” management
personnel in Salon Beach
2018.7.16 Moller
Town,
Qilian
County
Site
investi
gation
Members of the expert
group, town government
staff, village secretary, Kash
beach management
personnel, villagers in
Wagiri Village and Caishitu
Village
(2) Project feasibility study stage
In the project feasibility study stage, two forms of public participation were
conducted.
Field Farmer Survey: The project team conducted a field survey in Moler, Qinghai
Province on July 13-25, 2018, and November 19-24, 2018.
Visiting Survey: In the first four months of 2019, Moler Town investigated the
farmers in the project area according to the requirements of the experts. On May 9-11,
2019, a survey of farmers in the project area was conducted. The survey contents are
summarized in Table 5.
Table 5 Summary of survey contents
village Society(a)
Group(a)
Herder(household)
cooperative(a)
Cooperative
pastoral (househol
d)
Pastoral opinion
solutions
Wave 6 29 408 - - The
grassland is
seriously
It is recommended
to carry out no-
tillage remediation Duolong 4 16 260 1 44Variga 4 20 216 - -
43
degraded;
the
caterpillar
and rodent
problems
are serious;
the
protective
materials
and
professional
technicians
are lacking.
improvement;
formulate pest and
disease monitoring
and management
plans, use
recommended
biological and
chemical control
measures to
strengthen pest
control; and
strengthen
technical training.
Caishitu 4 16 193 - -Laorigen 5 25 265 1 42Zhasha 4 10 165 - -Total 27 116 1507 2 86
(3) Project publicity
Project area publicity: May 14-22, 2019, the project will be posted in the town of
Mole, Qinghai Province.
The villages to be implemented in the Moerle Town Project in Qilian County, Qinghai
Province: Zhasha Village, Caishitu Village, Duolong Village, Laorigen Village,
Wariga Village, and Hailang Village. The public photos are as follows:
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Zhasha Village
Caishitu Village
Wariga Village Duolong Village
Laorigen Village Hailang Village
9. Budget
The implementation of diseases and pest management plan includes monitoring,
assessment of diseases and pest and the pesticide use and Pest Management Training
Program, with a total budget of 171100 USD. The detailed budget sees Table 6.
Table 6 Budget table
ActivitiesActivity content
Budget (USD)
GEFSupporting fund
Budget details
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Monitoring and assessment of the pests and diseases
Monitoring and assessment of diseases, pests and rodent damage
76800 0
Monitoring and assessment of diseases, pests and rodent damage: 76,800. Specifically includes: travel expenses: 900 USD/time/person * 2 people * 1 time / year * 5 years = 9000; labor costs: 60 USD/time/person/day * 4 people * 4 days * 5 times =4800; relevant material costs: 500 USD/time/household*5 times*14 households=35000; relevant testing costs: 400 USD/time/household*5 times*14 Household = 28000.
Monitoring and assessment of pesticide use
11800 0
Monitoring and assessment of pesticide use: 11800 Specifically includes: labor costs: 60 USD/time/person/day * 4 people * 4 days * 5 times = 4800; relevant materials costs: 100 USD / time / household * 5 times * 14 households =7000.
Monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of integrated diseases and pests management
Monitoring and assessment of demonstration of new pesticides and new technologies;
39800 0
Monitoring and assessment of demonstration of new pesticides and new technologies: 39800. Specifically includes: labor costs: 60 USD / time / person / day * 4 people * 4 days * 5 times = 4800; relevant materials costs: 300 USD/ time / household * 5 times * 14 households = 21000; relevant testing costs: 200 USD/time/household * 5 times * 14 households=14000.
The cost of training agricultural technicians and farmers
Training agricultural technicians and farmers
40000 0 The cost of preparing and printing training materials and training agricultural technicians and farmers is USD 40,000.Specifically: expert lecture fee: 500 USD / time / person / day * 2 people * 1 day *
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3 times = 3000yuan; expert travel expenses: 900 US dollars / time / person * 2 people * 1 time / year * 3 years = 5400yuan; material preparation costs: 1000 USD / volume * 3 volumes = 3000yuan; material printing costs: 5.72 USD / book * 5000 books = 28600yuan
Other
Travel expenses for meetings involving project researches, mid-term progress, and final reports
2700 0
Travel expenses for meetings involving project research, mid-term progress, and final reports: 2700 Specifically includes: travel expenses for participating in relevant conferences: 900 USD/time/person*1 person*3 times=2700
Total 171100
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