week 4 basic building construction. objective this chapter discusses basic building construction;...
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Week 4
Basic Building Construction
Objective
• This chapter discusses basic building construction; building components, how they go together, terminology, and the drawings that show them
Introduction• The ability to interpret plumbing or
mechanical systems drawings will enable you to check – If the fixtures and appliances you have
specified have been acknowledged – If all is in place to receive them
• Communication with tradespersons will be facilitated if the designer has a working knowledge of construction vocabulary and building parts
Introduction (cont’d.)• A building consists of
– Substructure: everything below grade, or ground
– Superstructure: everything above grade• Structural engineers
– Design the foundation – Determine the size of and distance between all
structural components needed to support the building’s stresses and loads
The Foundation• The base upon which a building is placed
– Provides a level surface to build on– Forms the basement walls, carries the
building’s loads, or weights, and keeps moisture-sensitive materials off the ground to prevent rot and insect infestation
• Foundation plan: shows walls, footings, grade beams, and pilasters
• Basement plan: shows these elements plus interior
The Foundation (cont’d.)
Figure 7-3 Basement plan. It shows the same information as a foundation plan plus interior spaces.
Foundation Terms
• Concrete: mixture of cement, water, aggregate, and possibly admixtures
• Aggregate: blend of sand, rock, crushed gravel, and cinder ash
• Admixture: chemical that makes concrete stronger or more workable
• Footing: widened bottom of a foundation wall, pier, or column
Foundation Terms (cont’d.)
• Structural member: carries the weight of other components
• Beam: horizontal structural member• Grade beam: portion of a slab that is thicker
than the rest• Pier: short post found under buildings, as in
crawlspaces or porches
Foundation Terms (cont’d.)
• Post: vertical, structural member outside a wall that supports beams
• Column: vertical, structural member outside a wall that supports beams
• Pilaster: post or column attached to a wall– Strengthens the wall where heavy beams
will rest
Foundation Types• Slab-on-grade (monolithic foundation):
concrete slab on the ground• T (spread footing or perimeter foundation):
wall built on top of a footing, which is a wide base
• Piers and columns: vertical structural members on square footings that support beams
• Other types: stepped footings, piles, wood, brick, and stone
Foundation Types (cont’d.)
Figure 7-8 Pictorial showing grade beam, post, pier, column, foundation wall, and footing.
Foundation Materials• Cast or poured concrete and concrete
block are the materials most commonly used to make foundations
• Concrete masonry units (CMU): precast item
• Concrete block: available in different shapes, sizes and weights– Typically manufactured in lengths of 16",
heights of 8" and widths of 4", 6", 8", 10", and 12”
Foundation Materials (cont’d.)
Figure 7-18 A concrete block wall. It is strengthened with reinforcing bar (rebar) and a bond beam, which is a course of bond blocks.
Wood Construction
Figure 7-20 Components of a wood skeleton–framed house
Wood Construction Terms
• Dimensional lumber: wood used for framing
• Engineered wood products (EWP): wood veneers and fibers that have been laminated to produce longer-spanning, load-bearing
• Oriented strand board: wood product made of layers of wood and glue pressed together to create 4' 8' panels
Wood Construction Terms (cont’d.)
• Beam: umbrella term for a horizontal load-bearing member of wood, steel, and/or concrete
• Girder: large beam that supports smaller beams
• Rafter: inclined beam at the roof• Joist: horizontal beam in ceilings and
floors• Lintel: beam over a door or window
Wood Construction Terms (cont’d.)
• Trussed rafter: fabricated member placed at the roof, consisting of an upper chord, a lower chord, and a web
• Trussed joist: fabricated member with parallel upper and lower chords
• Stud: vertical load-bearing member inside a wall
• Cripples: short studs placed above or below a wall opening
Wood Construction Terms (cont’d.)
Figure 7-38 2-D and 3-D views of a wood-framed wall.
Wood Construction Terms (cont’d.)
• Plate: horizontal board– Bottom plates evenly distribute loads
placed on them– Top plates tie studs together
• Sheathing: vertical covering of boards on exterior walls that goes under the final finish
• Decking: horizontal covering of boards on the roof or floor
Wood Frame Types
• Post-and-beam– Timber framing: oldest framing method and
was the method of wood building used throughout the world for 2,000 years
• Skeleton– Balloon– Platform
Masonry
• Bond: arrangement of brick or blocks in a wall
• Mortar: mixture of cement, sand, and water that hardens used as binding agent
• Wythe: continuous vertical section of a masonry wall, one unit in thickness
Masonry
Veneer: non-load bearing, aesthetic masonry facing attached to, and supported by, a structural backingBrick: rectangular mass of clay hardened by heat
Masonry (cont’d.)
Figure 7-64 Brick laid in walls. Cavity walls enable the positioning of header bricks.
Masonry (cont’d.)
• Stone: rock or hard mineral matter• Glass block • Acrylic block • Structural clay tile• Terra-cotta• Four masonry wall construction types
– Solid, cavity, faced, and veneer
Steel Terms• Arch: bent truss• Rigid frame: consists of two columns and a
beam or truss• Prefabricated components: made into units
and assembled at a factory• Two types of steel construction
– Steel skeleton and large-span construction
Construction Drawings
• Title page or cover sheet• Survey• Structural discipline drawings• Architectural discipline drawings• Heating, ventilation, air-conditioning,
ventilation (HVAC) and plumbing discipline drawings
Summary• Buildings are made of wood, steel, and
concrete• Components are made on site or fabricated
in standardized sizes in factories• Techniques and systems have evolved
throughout the years in step with technology advancements
• Understanding buildings’ basic construction is necessary to competently draft drawings that describe them
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