week 4 verb phrase edited

E_English Grammar E_English Grammar

Chapter 4

The verb & its complementation

1. Different classifications of English verbs

2. Grammatical categories of the verb

3. Intensive complementation

4. Monotransitive complementation

5. Ditransitive complementation

6. Complextransitive complementation

IssuesIssues

Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1

VerbVerb

according toclassified

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect

Functions of itemsFunctions of items

ComplementationComplementation

StructureStructure

= words or phrases

indicating an action,

an event, or a state

E.g.: kiss, break out, have

VerbsVerbs

according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items

Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs

See more in 3.3 - 3.22

VerbsVerbs

RegularRegular

IrregularIrregular

E.g.: book, booked, booked

E.g.: teach, taught, taught

VerbsVerbs

PrimaryPrimary

ModalModal

Marginalmodal auxiliary

VerbsVerbs

PrimaryPrimary

ModalModal

• include: do, have, be

• change meaning when becoming a

full verb

E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.

VerbsVerbs

PrimaryPrimary

ModalModal

• include:Can – couldMay – MightShall-shouldWill-wouldMust Ought to

VerbsVerbs

PrimaryPrimary

ModalModal

Marginalmodal auxiliary• include: used to, dare, need

VerbsVerbs

according toclassified ComplementationComplementation

Intensive verbsIntensive verbs Extensive verbsExtensive verbs

VerbsVerbs

Intensive verbsIntensive verbs

Current copular Current copular

Resulting copularResulting copular

E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,

remain, seem

E.g.: become, get, go,

grow, turn, make

• connect S & C

• have the pattern:

SVC or SVA(obli)

E.g.: I feel tired.

He’s in the cab.

Extensive verbsExtensive verbs

VerbsVerbs

IntransitiveIntransitive

TransitiveTransitive

VerbsVerbs

• require no Object

• have the pattern: SV

• make complete sense

themselves

E.g.: He’s singing.

The baby cried.

VerbsVerbs

Mono-transitiveMono-transitive

Di-transitiveDi-transitive

Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive

VerbsVerbs

• require one direct Object (Od)

• have the pattern: SVOd

E.g.: I kissed her.

He caught the ball.

VerbsVerbs

Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive• require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)• have the pattern: SVOiOd E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.

VerbsVerbs

• require Object and Object Complement

(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))

• have the pattern: SVOCo or SVOA(obli)

E.g.: He made me really crazy.

He sent his son to the kindergarten.

VerbsVerbs

according toclassified Possibility of admitting

progressive aspectPossibility of admitting

progressive aspect

Stative verbsStative verbs Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs

See more in 3.35

VerbsVerbs

progressive aspect

Stative verbsStative verbs

Verbs of inert perception & recognition

Relational verbsRelational verbs

= verbs that show the

condition or status

and do not accept the

progressive aspect

E.g.: I am a boy.

It feels thin.

VerbsVerbs

progressive aspect

Relational verbsRelational verbs• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,

impress, know, like, etc.

E.g.: I like you

He said he hated cooking.

VerbsVerbs

progressive aspect

Relational verbsRelational verbs

• apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess, sound, tend, etc. E.g.: She resembles her mother.

VerbsVerbs

progressive aspect

Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs

Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation

Activity verbsActivity verbs

Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs

Momentary verbsMomentary verbs

Process verbsProcess verbs

= verbs that show the action or the change of status E.g.: She learns English. He hit me. She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t dynamic verb because it denotes a permanent status)

VerbsVerbs

progressive aspect

Activities verbsActivities verbs

• ache, hurt, itch, feel, etc.

VerbsVerbs

progressive aspect

• ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write etc.

VerbsVerbs

progressive aspect

• arrive, land, leave, lose, die etc.

VerbsVerbs

progressive aspect

• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.

VerbsVerbs

progressive aspect

• change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.

VerbsVerbs

according toclassified StructureStructure

One-word verbsOne-word verbs Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs

Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs

VerbsVerbs

One-word verbsOne-word verbs

• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE

E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.

VerbsVerbs

Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs

Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs

Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs

Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs

See more in 12.2 - 12.6

VerbsVerbs

• turn on (the light), bring up (the child), hand in

(the paper), give up, take of, etc.

VerbsVerbs

Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs• look at (the girl), take after (somebody), look

after (somebody), etc.

VerbsVerbs

• come up with, make up for, stand in for, put up with, etc.

Let's checkLet's check

Do exercise 156 (handout)

Answers1. fooling around2. settled down3. dropped out4. cried off5. gives up6. come on7. fell through

8. ringing up9. wait up10. taking off11. touched down12. own up13. went ahead14. beat up15. wear off

16. Hold on17. look back18. stands out19. come about20. caught on21. give in22. pass away

Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2

Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs

TenseTense AspectAspect MoodMood VoiceVoice

PresentPresent

PastPast

IndicativeIndicative

ImperativeImperative

SubjunctiveSubjunctive

ActiveActive

PassivePassive

ProgressiveProgressive

PerfectivePerfective

Perfective-progressivePerfective-progressive

SimpleSimple

See more in 3.26 - 3.46

TenseTense = the correspondence between the form of the verb and

our concept of time• language specific (while TIME: universal, non-linguistic)• includes PAST and PRESENT• no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form

corresponding to future time.

AspectAspect • the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded

with respect to time• progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress• perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed

E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect)

I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect)• Tense & aspect are intermingled.

Grammatical categories of verbs Grammatical categories of verbs 2

AspectAspectTenseTense &

Aspect

Simple Complex

Progressive Perfective Perfect progressive

Present Present simple

Present progressive

Presentperfect

Present perfect progressive

Past Past simple

Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect progressive

MoodMood = a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such

conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility

IndicativeIndicative

ImperativeImperative

SubjunctiveSubjunctive

= statement of the fact

= command, request

= non-fact, unreal

E.g.: She’s nice to me.

(fact - indicative)

Be nice to me.

(command - imperative)

I suggest she be nice to me.

(non-fact - subjunctive)

Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood

MandativeMandative

FormulaicFormulaic

Subjunctive “were”

MandativeMandative

FormulaicFormulaic

• Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend,

demand,

request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)• Form: the base• Aim: to be formal E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his chicken. It is necessary that every student pay the tuition fee.

MandativeMandative

FormulaicFormulaic

• Found in clause in certain set expressions• Form: the base

E.g.: May god bless you.

Long live the King.

God save the Queen.

Come what may, we’ll go ahead.

MandativeMandative

FormulaicFormulaic

• Found in conditional & concessive clauses,

subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose • Form: WERE• Meaning: hypothetical/unreal

E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.

Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.

VoiceVoice = a grammatical category that makes it possible to view

the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without

change in the facts reported• include: passive and active voice

E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)

The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)

Intensive complementationIntensive complementation3

Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)

C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)

See more in 12.8 - 12.13

Adjective phraseAdjective phrase

Nominal clauseNominal clause

Noun phraseNoun phrase

E.g.: She is so crazy.

That is ridiculous!

Noun phraseNoun phraseE.g.: She isn’t a good student.

It appears the only solution.

Noun phraseNoun phrasefinite clausefinite clause

non-finite clausenon-finite clause

• “that clause”

E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.• “wh-interrogative clause”

E.g.: The problem is not who will go. • “nominal relative clause”

E.g.: Quality is what counts most.

Nominal phraseNominal phrase

• “bare-infinitive clause”

E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.• “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)

E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)

The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)

• “-ing clause”

E.g.: Seeing is believing.non-finite clausenon-finite clause

Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

Adverbial

Prepositional phrase

Finite clause

She is in the garden.The program is at night.Home is where your family is.

3 Intensive complementationIntensive complementation

Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4

Mono-transitive verb complementation(SVO)

Noun phraseNoun phrase Non-finite clauseNon-finite clauseFinite clauseFinite clause

See more in 12.14 - 12.19

Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O

With passiveWith passive

one-word verbsone-word verbs

phrasal verbsphrasal verbs

Without passiveWithout passive

Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs

E.g.: Tom caught the ball.

The ball was caught by Tom.

Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbsE.g.: They passed over the question.

The question was passed over.

E.g.: She has a nice house.

A house is had by her.

E.g.: The management paid for his

air fares.

E.g.: He looked down on them.

Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clauseThat- clause Wh- clauseWh- clause

Extraposed subject that-clause

Extraposed object that-clause

That- clauseas object

E.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.

Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.

I wondered who did make the bed for me.

Can you confirm which flight we are taking?

I realized what a fool I had been.

I know how busy you are.

That- clauseThat- clause

That- clause as object That- clause as object

Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs

Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs

Major Major

Minor Minor

Factual Factual

SuasiveSuasive

EmotiveEmotive

HypothesisHypothesis

Major Major

Minor Minor

Factual Factual

SuasiveSuasive

EmotiveEmotive

• introduce what one might generally describe

as factual or propositional information

E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was

misled.

Major Major

Minor Minor

Factual Factual

SuasiveSuasive

EmotiveEmotive

• imply intentions to bring about some change

in the future, whether or not these are

verbally

formulated as commands, suggestions, etc

E.g.: The are demanding that she leave.

Major Major

Minor Minor

Factual Factual

SuasiveSuasive

EmotiveEmotive

E.g.: I regret that we didn’t come.

Major Major

Minor Minor

Factual Factual

SuasiveSuasive

EmotiveEmotive

E.g.: I wish that he were here.

Subjunctive verbs Subjunctive verbs

Putative “should” Putative “should”

Indicative verbs Indicative verbs

Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs E.g.: She admitted that she was wrong.

E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.

E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.

Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause

Infinitive clauseInfinitive clause

Participle clauseParticiple clause

Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject

To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause

Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause

Infinitive clauseInfinitive clause

Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clauseE.g.: I don’t like the house to be left empty.

I saw them cry.

E.g.: I dislike him driving my car.

I found the floor polished.

Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clauseE.g.: Mary longed to leave home.

E.g.: Mary loves listening to music.

E.g.: He learned how to sail a boat as a small child.

You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.

I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy.

Di-transitive complementationDi-transitive complementation5

Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP

Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause

Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs

See more in 12.28 - 12.32

E.g.: He gave the girl a doll.

E.g.: He persuaded me to give up smoking.

E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.

• verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions two passive forms of the sentence• these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take account of, give way to, etc. E.g.: They make best use of the garage. The garage is made best use of. Best use is made of the garage.

• Od introduced by a preposition• one passive form with Oi only• these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to, rob of, refer to, etc. E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement. I am reminded of the agreement.• Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc. E.g.: He explained it to me. It was explained to me. I was explained about it.

Complex-transitive complementationComplex-transitive complementation6

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal CoNominal Co

AdverbialsAdverbials

To-infinitiveTo-infinitive

Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive

Ing-clauseIng-clause

Ed-clauseEd-clause

See more in 12.20 - 12.27

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Ed-clauseEd-clause

E.g.: He drives me crazy.

Ed-clauseEd-clause

E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.

Ed-clauseEd-clause

• Adverbials are obligatory.

E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.

Ed-clauseEd-clause

E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.

Ed-clauseEd-clause

E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.

Ed-clauseEd-clause

E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.

Ed-clauseEd-clause

E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.

ed-clauseed-clause

Do exercise 165 (handout)Answers:

HomeworkHomework

Exercises 211-218, 225-230, 233-244 Workbook

Further reading: The use of modal auxiliaries (3.47-3.55)

week 4 verb phrase edited

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