westward expansion & manifest destiny will a growing nation lead to greater nationalism or...
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WESTWARD EXPANSION & MANIFEST DESTINYWill a growing nation lead to greater Nationalism or increased Sectionalism?
What is Manifest Destiny?
Definition: belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. Thought of as “God’s will”
Back under President Monroe… John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State)
made national security & expansion top priorities Remember the Monroe Doctrine! Rush-Bagot Treaty : limited ships in Great
Lakes Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
Spain gives Florida to the United States
Establishes new border between U.S. and Spanish Territory
As we expand…
As the United States continues to grow and new states / territories are added slavery will become a major issue & conflict
Why? Balance of power
Until 1818, the U.S. had been equally divided as 10 free states and 10 slave states
Illinois admitted as free state in 1818
The Issue of Missouri
After Illinois becomes is admitted as free state, most expect Missouri to follow as a slave state Original statehood bill proposed that
Missouri be a slave state but must gradually free it’s slaves Passes the House, but fails Senate
What now? Henry Clay and others work to resolve the
issue Reach a compromise
Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free state Dividing line created for the rest of
Louisiana Territory 36°30’ N Parallel line
“Missouri Compromise Line” States north of line = free States south of line = slave
Missouri is an exception
Major Trails
The settlers needed routes to travel Many of these were formed along traditional Native
American trade routes and trails Oregon Trail
Made well-known after missionaries traveled all the way to Oregon
Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon Santa Fe Trail
Stretched from Independence, Missouri to Sante Fe, New Mexico
780 miles Much of the stretch was dangerous (Native
American attacks, weather, drought, terrain)
Western Settlers
Even before government action created new territories & states, many Americans left their homes and headed west
Why might they want to settle the west? Seemed adventurous! New opportunities Exploration Avoid creditors or the law Religious persecution
The Mormon Migration
Migrated along the Oregon Trail First established in New York by Joseph
Smith Faced persecution in New York,
Illinois, & Missouri Smith eventually murdered by angry mobs
New leader Brigham Young Moves followers out of U.S. territory and
settle in Salt Lake City, Utah
Speaking of Oregon…
The Oregon Territory (not a state yet) was a point of conflict for U.S. and Britain Britain also claimed parts of Maine and
Minnesota in the 1840s Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) takes care of
Maine and Minnesota Continued a “joint occupation” of Oregon
James Polk during 1844 election adopts slogan “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” Wanted to annex all of Oregon
Nations eventually agree to new boundaries
Mission System
Before Mexican independence in 1821, Native Americans & settlers often encountered “Mexican” populations as a result of Spanish Missions Missions were locations/churches set up
by the Spanish crown in order to convert people to Catholicism
Missions decline after Mexico’s independence
Impact of Independence
After Mexican independence: Many Native Americans forced in to labor or
they fled Trade opportunities between Mexico and
United States Northern provinces (present day Arizona, New
Mexico, California, Texas) Mexico found that it was hard to control
and protect such a large, spread out piece of land Native American attacks
Mexico invited U.S. settlers
Land Grants
Mexico’s government offered land grants (give them land!) to empesarios Empesarios then would attract other
American settlers to the land American (Anglo) population soon
outnumbered the tejano population Tejano = Mexicans living in Texas
Stephen F. Austin
Stephen F. Austin would become one of the most well known empesarios Offered land to over 300 families, each receiving
177 acres of farmland OR 4,000 acres of ranchland Given this success, Presidents John Quincy Adams
and Andrew Jackson both tried to purchase Texas By 1936, Texas population was
3,500 Tejanos 12,000 Native Americans 45,000 Anglo Americans 5,000 African Americans
So what exactly “is” Texas now?
Calls for Independence
Austin had been advocating for greater self-government in Texas Imprisoned on return home from Mexican
capital by Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Several rebellions erupted Santa Anna marches troops to San
Antonio in an effort to force Texas back under Mexican control
In 1835, Texans attack Mexican troops at the Alamo
“Remember the Alamo”
In response to his forces being driven from the Alamo, Santa Anna attacks Americans at the Alamo and kills many
Sam Houston, an American “Texan,” leads the Texans in their eventual defeat of Mexico in the Battle of San Jacinto Shouts of “Remember the Alamo”
September 1836, Sam Houston becomes president of Republic of Texas Becomes a state in 1845
Polk Pushes War
President Polk comes to office in 1844 Believes that only way to settle continued
tension with Mexico is through war Annexation of Texas made tensions worse
Sectionalism meant different views of war Abolitionists and many northerners
opposed expansion and the war Southerners favored expansion in order
to expand slavery
War Begins
Mexican American War begins when General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops to the Rio Grande river Mexico views as violation of their rights and
sends troops across the river 9 Americans killed
Polk then uses this to convince Congress of the need for war Who “started” it?
Not Just Texas!
Polk has plans to capture more than just Texas during this war Kearny marches to New Mexico, falls
without a single shot fired Republic of California
Polk once again offers to buy California Instead, group of American settlers led by
John C. Fremont take control of town of Sonoma Declare independence from Mexico
California Gold Rush
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Sets the Rio Grande as border between U.S. – Mexico
Still today U.S. agrees to pay $15 for land that will include
Texas California Nevada New Mexico Utah Arizona Parts of Colorado and Wyoming
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
5 years later, United States “completes the set” and acquires remaining land of present-day Southwest
Gadsden Purchase Establishes current borders
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