wh chapter 8 section 1 notes
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Chapter 8Section 1 Notes
Around 600 AD, waves of invaders were sweeping across Europe
Trade slowed to a trickle, towns emptied, and learning virtually ceased
The period from about 500-1450 AD is known today as the Middle Ages because it came between the fall of Rome and the start of the modern era
During the Middle Ages, Europe was a backward region cut off from advanced civilizations
Medieval civilization---blended Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions
Setting the Scene
Europe is relatively small---the second smallest in land area of the seven continents
It lies on the western edge of Eurasia, the giant land mass that stretches from present-day Portugal in the west all the way to China in the east
Despite Europe’s size, its impact on the modern world has been enormous
Geography of Western Europe
Medieval Europe Map
From about 500-1000 AD, this region was a frontier land---sparsely populated and undeveloped area
Resources---dense forests, rich earth, minerals, seas, rivers and streams
Geography of Western Europe
The Germanic tribes had a culture that differed greatly from that of the Romans
Differences---they were farmers and herders, lived in small communities instead of cities, had no written laws
They elected kings to lead them in war Warrior nobles swore loyalty to the king in
exchange for weapons or loot
The Germanic Kingdoms
Tribes in Europe
Between 400 and 700 AD, Germanic tribes carved Western Europe into small kingdoms
The strongest kingdom to emerge was that of the Franks
In 486 AD, Clovis, king of the Franks, conquered the former Roman province of Gaul
He ruled his new lands according to Frankish custom but also preserved Roman legacy in Gaul
Clovis took an important step when he converted to Christianity
He gained a powerful ally in the Christian Church of Rome by doing so
The Germanic Kingdoms
Clovis---King of the Franks
As the Franks and other Germanic peoples carved up Europe, a new power was emerging across the Mediterranean
The religion of Islam appeared in Arabia in 632 AD
From there, Muslims built a huge empire and created a civilization
European Christians were stunned when Muslim armies overran Christian lands from Palestine to North Africa to Spain
The Germanic Kingdoms
When a Muslim army crossed into France, Charles “The Hammer” Martel rallied Frankish warriors
At the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, Christian warriors triumphed over the Muslim armies
This was supposedly a sign that God was on their side
The Battle of Tours was important because it stopped the Muslim advance into Western Europe, although the Muslims continued to rule Spain
The Germanic Kingdoms
Charles “The Hammer” Martel
Battle of Tours
Battle of Tours
Around 800 AD, Western Europe had a moment of unity when
The Hammer’s grandson built an empire reaching across France, Germany, and part of Italy
This emperor was known as Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
He loved battle and spent much of his 46-year reign fighting Muslims in Spain, Saxons in the north, Avars and Slavs in the east, and Lombards in Italy
His conquests united reunited much of the Old Roman empire
The Age of Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s Empire
Charlemagne
In 800 AD, Pope Leo III called on Charlemagne for help against rebellious nobles in Rome
Frankish armies marched south and crushed the rebellion
On Christmas Day, the pope showed his gratitude by crowning Charlemagne and proclaiming him Emperor of the Romans
This was a significant event because a Christian pope had crowned a German king successor to the Roman emperors
In the long run, the crowning of Charlemagne helped widen the split between the eastern and western Christian worlds
The Age of Charlemagne
Charlemagne tried to exercise control over his many lands and create a united Christian Empire
Working closely with the Church, he helped spread Christianity to the conquered peoples on the fringes of his empire
Missionaries converted many Saxons and Slavs
The Age of Charlemagne
Charlemagne appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions
He gave them land so that they could offer support and supply soldiers for his armies
To keep control of these provincial rulers, he sent out officials called “missi dominici”
Their job was to check on roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice was done
The Age of Charlemagne
Charlemagne wanted to make his court at Aachen a “second Rome”
He set out to revive Latin learning in his empire
Education had declined so much that even educated clergy were often ignorant
Charlemagne himself could read but not write
The Age of Charlemagne
Aachen
Charlemagne founded a school at Aachen under the direction of a respected scholar, Alcuin of York
Alcuin created a curriculum based on Latin learning
The curriculum included grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy
Alcuin also hired scholars to copy ancient manuscripts, including the Bible and Latin works of history and science
Alcuin’s model would become the educational model for medieval Europe
The Age of Charlemagne
Alcuin of York
After Charlemagne died in 814 AD, his empire soon fell apart
He heirs battled for power for nearly 30 years
Finally in 843 AD, Charlemagne’s grandsons drew up the Treaty of Verdun which split the empire into three regions
After Charlemagne
Charlemagne left a lasting legacy He extended Christian civilization into
northern Europe and furthered the blending of German, Roman, and Christian traditions
He also set up strong, efficient governments Later medieval rulers look to his example
when they tried to strengthen their own kingdoms
Legacy of Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s heirs faced new waves of invasions
Despite the victory at Tours, Muslim forces still posed a threat to Europe
About 896 AD, the Magyars settled in what is today Hungary
From there, they overran eastern Europe and moved on to plunder Germany, parts of France, and Italy
Finally, after 50 years, they were pushed back into Hungary
A New Wave of Invasions
The Vikings snapped the last threats of unity in Charlemagne’s empire
These expert sailors burst out of Scandinavia, a northern region that now includes Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
Starting in the 900s AD, they looted and burned communities along the coasts and rivers of Europe
The Vikings
Vikings
Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia
The Vikings were not just destructive raiders They were also traders and explorers who
sailed around the Mediterranean Sea and across the Atlantic Ocean
Vikings opened trade routes that linked northern Europe to Mediterranean lands
Vikings also settled in England, Ireland, northern France, and parts of Russia
Around the year 1000, Leif Erikson set up a short-lived Viking colony on North America
The Vikings
Viking Boats
Viking Discovery
Erik the Red
Leif Erikson
According to Viking mythology, Valhalla was a great hall in the grandest palace of Odin, king of the gods
The walls of Valhalla were gold, and its roof was made of battle shields
Vikings believed that if they died heroically in battle, they would spend eternity fighting and feasting in Valhalla with Odin
To make the voyage to Valhalla, a Viking hero needed a proper funeral
This included being buried with is weapons, his clothing, and a ship
Servants of Viking warriors were buried with them to serve their masters on the journey and beyond
Sometimes, instead of being buried, the fully stocked ship was cast adrift and burned
Valhalla
Valhalla
Viking Funeral
Let’s listen to the Immigrant Song by Led Zeppelin and interpret the lyrics to see how they relate to the Vikings!!!
Vikings and Led Zeppelin
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