what are the properties of carbohydrates

What Are the Properties of Carbohydrates?Last Updated: Jul 21, 2015 | By Ryan Mac Close up of individual slicing baguette. !oto C"editJac# $ollings%o"t!&!otodisc&'etty ()agesOverviewCa"bo!yd"ates, one of t!e fou" )ac"o)olecules of life, can )a#e up a la"ge pa"t of you" diet on any given day. Ca"bo!yd"ates a"e )ade up of lin#ed suga" )olecules. Ca"bo!yd"ates "ange in si*e f"o) si)ple ca"bo!yd"ates %it! one o" t%o suga" )olecules, to co)ple+ ca"bo!yd"ates %!ic! can !ave !und"eds of )olecules lin#ed toget!e", notes t!e $a"va"d ,c!ool of ublic $ealt!.Energy-!e p"esence of ca"bo!yd"ates in food gives you a ve"y i)po"tant sou"ceof ene"gy. -!e ene"gy co)es f"o) t!e b"ea#do%n of t!e ca"bo!yd"ates into its constituent co)ponents. .+cess ca"bo!yd"ates not i))ediately used fo" ene"gy gets sto"ed as glycogen. /!en glycogen sto"age "eac!es capacity, t!e e+cess ca"bo!yd"ates gets sto"ed as fat. /!ile t!e use of ca"bo!yd"ates as an ene"gy sou"ce in you" body is i)po"tant in its o%n "ig!t, t!e p"esence of ca"bo!yd"ates p"events t!e body f"o) using p"otein in t!e body fo" ene"gy.StructureCa"bo!yd"ates begin as )olecules of suga". .ac! )olecule of suga" consists of a ca"bon bac#bone, %it! !yd"ogen and o+ygen )olecules attac!ed to t!e ca"bon at diffe"ent positions. -!e va"ying position of t!ese ato)s is called ste"eoiso)e"is) and c"eates diffe"ent suga"s %!ile )aintaining an identical )olecula" fo")ula. 0ne e+a)ple, acco"ding to .ncyclopaedia B"itannica, co)es f"o) t!e suga"s f"uctose and glucose %!ic! eac! !ave si+ ca"bon ato)s, 12 !yd"ogen ato)s and si+ o+ygen ato)s. Ca"bo!yd"ates !ave c!ains of diffe"ent lengt!s, but also !ave diffe"ent o"ientation. ,o)e c!ains of suga" a"e st"aig!t and even, %!ile ot!e" c!ains b"anc! off in )any di"ections.You Might Also Like/!ic! 1oods 2 3egetables Contain ,ta"c!45iffe"ences Bet%een ,i)ple ,uga"s 2 ,ta"c!esList of ,ta"c!es to 6void.+a)ples of 0"ganic Co)pound Lipids-ypes of Biological 7ac"o)olecules(s 'lucose 0"ganic o" (no"ganic4-!e 8eco))ended (nta#e of Ca"bo!yd"ates fo" 19:;ea":0lds/!at 6"e 1e")entable Ca"bo!yd"ates4/!at 7a#es Up Ca"bo!yd"ates4/!at (s t!e ()po"tance of Ca"bon in Ca"bo!yd"ates, Lipids, or source of fue for metaboism% being used both as an energy source $gucose being the most important in nature& and in biosynthesis! When monosaccharides are not immediatey needed by many ces they are often converted to more space*efficient forms% often poysaccharides! +n many animas% incuding humans% this storage form is gycogen% especiay in iver and musce ces! +n pants% starch is used for the same purpose! 'he most abundant carbohydrate% ceuose% is a structura component of the ce wa of pants and many forms of agae! Ribose is a component of R7A! ,eo"yribose is a component of ,7A! 1y"ose is a component of y"ofavin found in the human heart!5.86 Ribuose and "yuose occur in the pentose phosphate pathway! 0aactose% a component of mi# sugar actose% is found in gaactoipids in pant ce membranes and in gycoproteins in many tissues! Mannose occurs in human metaboism% especiay in the gycosyation of certain proteins! 2ructose% or fruit sugar% is found in many pants and in humans% it is metaboioined monosaccharides are caed a disaccharide and these are the simpest poysaccharides! E"ampes incude sucrose andactose! 'hey are composed of two monosaccharide units bound together by a covaent bond #nown as a gycosidic in#age formed via a dehydration reaction% resuting in the oss of a hydrogen atom from one monosaccharide and a hydro"y group from the other! 'he formua of unmodified disaccharides is C.4(44O..! Athough there are numerous #inds of disaccharides% a handfu of disaccharides are particuary notabe!Sucrose% pictured to the right% is the most abundant disaccharide% and the main form in which carbohydrates are transported in pants! +t is composed of one ,*gucose moecue and one ,*fructose moecue! 'he systematic name for sucrose% /*F*,*gucopyranosy*$.K4&*,*fructofuranoside% indicates four things- +ts monosaccharides- gucose and fructose 'heir ring types- gucose is a pyranose and fructose is a furanose (ow they are in#ed together- the o"ygen on carbon number . $C.& of F*,*gucose is in#ed to the C4 of ,*fructose! 'he 0oside suffi" indicates that the anomeric carbon of both monosaccharides participates in the gycosidic bond!1actose% a disaccharide composed of one ,*gaactose moecue and one ,*gucose moecue% occurs naturay in mammaian mi#! 'he systematic name for actose is /*G*,*gaactopyranosy*$.K3&*,*gucopyranose! Other notabe disaccharides incude matose $two ,*gucoses in#ed F*.%3& and ceuobiose $two ,*gucoses in#ed G*.%3&! ,isaccharides can be cassified into two types!'hey are reducing and non*reducing disaccharides! +f the functiona group is present in bonding with another sugar unit% it is caed a reducing disaccharide or biose!Nutrition5edit6-!is a"ticle )ay lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. lease !elp to c"eate a )o"e balanced p"esentation. 5iscuss and "esolve t!is issue befo"e "e)oving t!is )essage. (June 2015)0rain products- rich sources of carbohydratesCarbohydrate consumed in food yieds 9!@= caories of energy per gram for simpe sugars%5.:6 and 9!8= to 3!.4 caories per gram for compe" carbohydrate in most other foods!5.=6 (igh eves of carbohydrate are often associated with highy processed foods or refined foods made from pants% incuding sweets% coo#ies and candy% tabe sugar% honey% soft drin#s% breads and crac#ers% >ams and fruit products% pastas and brea#fast cereas! 1ower amounts of carbohydrate are usuay associated with unrefined foods% incuding beans% tubers% rice% and unrefined fruit!5.@6 2oods from anima carcass have the owest carbohydrate% but mi# does contain actose!Carbohydrates are a common source of energy in iving organisms) however% no carbohydrate is an essentia nutrient in humans!5.A6(umans are abe to obtain most of their energy reJuirement from protein and fats% though the potentia for some negative heath effects of e"treme carbohydrate restriction remains% as the issue has not been studied e"tensivey so far!5.A6 (owever% in the case of dietary fiber L indigestibe carbohydrates which are not a source of energy L inadeJuate inta#e can ead to significant increases in mortaity!54/62oowing a diet consisting of very ow amounts of daiy carbohydrate for severa days wi usuay resut in higher eves of bood #etone bodies than an isocaoric diet with simiar protein content!54.6 'his reativey high eve of #etone bodies is commony #nown as #etosis and is very often confused with the potentiay fata condition often seen in type . diabetics #nown as diabetic #etoacidosis! Somebody suffering #etoacidosis wi have much higher eves of bood #etonebodies aong with high bood sugar% dehydration and eectroyte imbaance!1ong*chain fatty acids cannot cross the boodLbrain barrier% but the iver can brea# these down to produce #etones! (owever the medium*chain fatty acids octanoic and heptanoic acids can cross thebarrier and be used by the brain% which normay reies upon gucose for its energy!544654965436 0uconeogenesis aows humans to synthesi