what happens to latent heat?. sinks of insolation 1. sensible heat flux. energy used in changing the...

WHAT HAPPENS TO LATENT HEAT?

SINKS OF INSOLATION

• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the air.

SINKS OF INSOLATION

• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the air.

• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the planet’s surface (continents and oceans)

SINKS OF INSOLATION

• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the air.

• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the planet’s surface (continents and oceans).

• 3. LATENT HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the state of Water

WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY

WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY

• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns (ADVECTION)

WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY

• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns (ADVECTION)

• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold surface water currents in oceans (2/3rd of global surface. (ADVECTION)

WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY

• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns (ADVECTION)

• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold surface water currents in oceans (2/3rd of glabal surface. (ADVECTION)

• 3. LATENT HEAT FLUX. Change of state of water - vapor, liquid, solid (Condensation/Evaporation; Freezing/Thawing) …. Precipitation (rain/snow)

TRANSFER OF LATENT HEAT

Formation of rain and snow redistributes latent heat from point where evaporation took place (Input of latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization).

To the place where cloud formation and precipitation occurs (release of latent heat to the environment).

HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM WATER VAPOR.

• Cool the air!

HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM WATER VAPOR.

• Cool the air!• “Warm air can hold more moisture than cold

air.”

HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM WATER VAPOR.

• Cool the air!• “Warm air can hold more moisture than cold

air.”• Clausius-Clapeyron relationship

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HOT FLORIDA AND AIR CONDITIONER!

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HOT FLORIDA AND AIR CONDITIONER!

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Decline in Moisture As Vapor(18 g.km-1)

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ENGLAND!

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ENGLAND!

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TOO COLD TO SNOW?

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TOO COLD TO SNOW?

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Saskatchewan

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PUT ON THE FURNACE!20 below!

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Warm to 70°F inthe furnace

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Can now hold more moisture

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Moisture Deficit(19 g.km-1)

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GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???

GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???

Q. How to make air cooler?

GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???

Q. How to make air cooler?

A. Make it rise in the atmosphere and it willCool at the lapse rate! (Equation of state ofan ideal gas!)

Lapse rate = ~6.4°C/km

WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR RISING (AND COOLING)?

That is where we will get condensation clouds and precipitation.

WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR RISING (AND COOLING)?

That is where we will get condensation clouds and precipitation.

GLOBAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS – WHERE IS AIR RISING IN TROPOSPHERE?

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0°

30°S

30°N

45-60°N

45-60°S

LOW LOW LOW

HIGH HIGH HIGH

HIGH HIGH HIGH

LOW LOW

LOW LOW

HIGH

HIGH

1. Above the migrating equatorial Low pressure.Inter-tropical Convergence Zone

June

December

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0°

30°S

30°N

45-60°N

45-60°S

LOW LOW LOW

HIGH HIGH HIGH

HIGH HIGH HIGH

LOW LOW

LOW LOW

HIGH

HIGH

2. Above the Low pressure zones at 45-60°.Planetary Front

MID-LATITUDE~ PLANETARY FRONT.And Seasonal Migration.

GLOBAL FURNACES???

GLOBAL FURNACES???

Q. How to make air warmer?

GLOBAL FURNACES???

Q. How to make air warmer?

A. Make it descend in the atmosphere and it will cool at the lapse rate! (Equation of state of an ideal gas!)

Lapse rate = ~6.4°C/km

WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR DESCENDING (AND WARMING)?

That is where we will get evaporation, clear skies and deserts.

WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR DESCENDING (AND WARMING)?

That is where we will get condensation clouds and precipitation.

GLOBAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS – WHERE IS AIR DESCENDING IN TROPOSPHERE?

Trop

opau

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0°

30°S

30°N

45-60°N

45-60°S

LOW LOW LOW

HIGH HIGH HIGH

HIGH HIGH HIGH

LOW LOW

LOW LOW

HIGH

HIGH

1. Above the High pressure zones at 30°.Sub-tropical anticyclones

SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE

SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE

Mojave

SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE

Sahara

SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE

Middle East

SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE

Gobi

SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE

Atacama

SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE

Kalahari

SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE

GreatAustralian

Fig. 2 The zonal height structure over ocean of observed climatological annual mean RH from AIRS (2002–2007) (color scale), with model mean projected changes in cloud amount from

the CMIP3 model archive (contour lines, 0.5% intervals, dashed for cloud loss).

J T Fasullo, K E Trenberth Science 2012;338:792-794

Published by AAAS

Trop

oshe

re

Fig. 3 (A) Median change in simulated top-of-atmosphere net shortwave flux as a function of latitude under 21st-century warming in CMIP3 SRES A1B projections.

Trop

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0°

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30°N

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45-60°S

LOW LOW LOW

HIGH HIGH HIGH

HIGH HIGH HIGH

LOW LOW

LOW LOW

HIGH

HIGH

2. Above the Polar High pressure zones.Polar “deserts”

BOREAL POLAR “DESERTS”

Estimate Annual Precipitation Antarctica

mm

2” 8”6”4” 12”10” Gainesville 48”

GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS II ???

Q. How to make air cooler?

GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???

Q. How to make air cooler?

A. Make it rise by putting a barrier across the path that the surface global winds want to travel.

Orographic Precipitation

CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!

CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!

Ocean Continent

CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!

HIGH LOW

Pressure Gradient

CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!

HIGH LOW

Pressure Gradient

SaturatedAir

CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!

HIGH LOW

Pressure Gradient

Forced to riseand cool over

mountain chain

CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!

HIGH LOW

Pressure Gradient

AIR CONDITIONER!Clouds and heavy

precipitation.May be snow

CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!

HIGH LOW

Pressure Gradient

Descending air,warming, able to

hold more moisture

AIR CONDITIONER!Clouds and heavy

precipitation.May be snow

FURNACE!Dry, evaporation,

clear skies

CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!

HIGH LOW

Pressure Gradient

W. WashingtonTemperateRainforest

E. WashingtonNear desert

Irrigation

WASHINGTON STATE

HIGH30°N

LOW45-60°N

49°N49°NOlympiaRange

CascadeMountains

OlympiaRange

CascadeMountains

WASHINGTON STATE

HIGH30°N

LOW45-60°N

49°N49°N

WASHINGTON STATE

HIGH30°N

LOW45-60°N

49°N49°N

WASHINGTON STATE

HIGH30°N

LOW45-60°N

49°N49°NWINDWARD LEEWARD

RAINSHADOW

PERU

ANDES

PERU

HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S

LOW 0° LOW 0°

ANDES

PERU

HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S

LOW 0° LOW 0°

PERU

HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S

LOW 0° LOW 0°

Southeast Trades

PERU

HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S

LOW 0° LOW 0°

Sechura Desert“Furnace”Leeward

Rainshdow

PERU

HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S

LOW 0° LOW 0°

Sechura Desert“Furnace”

Eastern Andes“Air Conditioner”

WindwardAmazon headwaters

AnnualPrecipitation Topography Annual

Sunshine

2.5 hrs/day

4.7 hrs/day

WHAT ABOUT FLORIDA?

20 – 30° GLOBAL DESERTS! HELLO!

30°N

North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr

North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr

HColdCurrent(Canary)

WarmCurrent(Gulf Stream)

North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr

HCoolerAir

WarmerMoistAir

FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

WARM MOISTTROPICAL AIR

WARM MOISTTROPICAL AIR

FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

WARM MOISTTROPICAL AIR

WARM MOISTTROPICAL AIR

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FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

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FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

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80°F30 pptH2O

90°F

80°F30 pptH2O

FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

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90°F

WarmerAir

(90°F)Rises

80°F30 pptH2O

80°F30 pptH2O

FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

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90°F

WarmerAir

(90°F)Rises

Moist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze

80°F30 pptH2O

80°F30 pptH2O

FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

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90°FMoist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze

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Temps decline as air rises – Lapse Rate

80°F30 pptH2O

80°F30 pptH2O

FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

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90°FMoist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze

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Max Moisture ContentDeclines - Condensation

80°F30 pptH2O

80°F30 pptH2O

50°F10 pptH2O5km up

FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

Temperature (°C), Tc

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Sat

urat

ion

Vap

or P

ress

ure

(k.P

a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature (°F)

50

40

30

20

10

0

Max

imum

Spe

cific

Hum

idity

(g.

Kg

-1)

Temperature (°C), Tc

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Sat

urat

ion

Vap

or P

ress

ure

(k.P

a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature (°F)

50

40

30

20

10

0

Max

imum

Spe

cific

Hum

idity

(g.

Kg

-1)

90°FMoist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze

Temperature (°C), Tc

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Sat

urat

ion

Vap

or P

ress

ure

(k.P

a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature (°F)

50

40

30

20

10

0

Max

imum

Spe

cific

Hum

idity

(g.

Kg

-1)

Condensation releases latent heat vaporization. Warms air – Rises even more, etc. etc.

80°F30 pptH2O

80°F30 pptH2O

50°F10 pptH2O5km up

FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic

ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

Temperature (°C), Tc

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Sat

urat

ion

Vap

or P

ress

ure

(k.P

a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature (°F)

50

40

30

20

10

0

Max

imum

Spe

cific

Hum

idity

(g.

Kg

-1)

Temperature (°C), Tc

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Sat

urat

ion

Vap

or P

ress

ure

(k.P

a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature (°F)

50

40

30

20

10

0

Max

imum

Spe

cific

Hum

idity

(g.

Kg

-1)

90°FMoist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze

80°F30 pptH2O

80°F30 pptH2O

CONVECTION

FLORIDA AND S.E. NOT UNIQUE

Gulf Stream

KuroSiwo

BrazilCurrent

MozambiqueCurrent

E. AustralianCurrent

SAME PRINCIPLE – DIFFERENT LATITUDE!

Gulf Stream

AlaskaCurrent

?

WHY NOT CALIFORNIA?

CALIFORNIANorth Pacific

ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

Temperature (°C), Tc

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Sat

urat

ion

Vap

or P

ress

ure

(k.P

a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature (°F)

50

40

30

20

10

0

Max

imum

Spe

cific

Hum

idity

(g.

Kg

-1)

60°F15 pptH2

Sea Breeze

Temperature (°C), Tc

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Sat

urat

ion

Vap

or P

ress

ure

(k.P

a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature (°F)

50

40

30

20

10

0

Max

imum

Spe

cific

Hum

idity

(g.

Kg

-1)50°F

10 pptH2O5km up

Cold California Current

COLD CURRENT + ANTICYCLONE = DESERT (Big time!)

CaliforniaCurrent

HumboldtCurrent

W. AustralianCurrent

CanaryCurrent

BenguelaCurrent