what is a game ?

WHAT IS A GAME ?

WHAT IS A GAME ?

WHAT IS A GAME ?

A WAY OF LOOKING AT ALMOST ANYTHING: HUIZINGA: CULTURE COMES FROM PLAY

WHAT IS A GAME ?

JESPER JUUL: THERE SEEM TO BE TWO TYPES OF APPROACHES TO THAT QUESTION:

WHAT IS A GAME ?

JESPER JUUL: THERE SEEM TO BE TWO TYPES OF APPROACHES TO THAT QUESTION:

“EVERYTHING IS A GAME”

WHAT IS A GAME ?

JESPER JUUL: THERE SEEM TO BE TWO TYPES OF APPROACHES TO THAT QUESTION:

“EVERYTHING IS A GAME” OR“A GAME IS SOMETHING VERY SPECIFIC”

WHAT IS A GAME ?

JESPER JUUL: THERE SEEM TO BE TWO TYPES OF APPROACHES TO THAT QUESTION:

“EVERYTHING IS A GAME” OR“A GAME IS SOMETHING VERY SPECIFIC”

OTHERWISE PUT:GAME CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AS A WAY OF DOING THINGS (AS A CONCEPT THAN RELATED TO ACTIVITY, PERFORMANCE AND (HUMAN) AGENCY

WHAT IS A GAME ?

JESPER JUUL: THERE SEEM TO BE TWO TYPES OF APPROACHES TO THAT QUESTION:

“EVERYTHING IS A GAME” OR“A GAME IS SOMETHING VERY SPECIFIC”

OTHERWISE PUT:GAME CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AS A WAY OF DOING THINGS (AS A CONCEPT THAN RELATED TO ACTIVITY, PERFORMANCE AND (HUMAN) AGENCY ORGAME CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AS A TYPE OF OPEN SYSTEM

ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED GAMES HAVE AT LEAST 6 ASPECTS IN COMMON. THESE ASPECTS ARE BOTH NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT TO BE A GAME

ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED GAMES HAVE AT LEAST 6 ASPECTS IN COMMON. THESE ASPECTS ARE BOTH NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT TO BE A GAME

1 THERE ARE FIXED RULES

ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED GAMES HAVE AT LEAST 6 ASPECTS IN COMMON. THESE ASPECTS ARE BOTH NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT TO BE A GAME

1 THERE ARE FIXED RULES2 THE OUTCOME IS VARIABLE

ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED GAMES HAVE AT LEAST 6 ASPECTS IN COMMON. THESE ASPECTS ARE BOTH NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT TO BE A GAME

1 THERE ARE FIXED RULES2 THE OUTCOME IS VARIABLE3 THE OUTCOME IS VALORISED

ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED GAMES HAVE AT LEAST 6 ASPECTS IN COMMON. THESE ASPECTS ARE BOTH NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT TO BE A GAME

1 THERE ARE FIXED RULES2 THE OUTCOME IS VARIABLE3 THE OUTCOME IS VALORISED4 PLAYERS / PARTICIPANTS INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME

ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED GAMES HAVE AT LEAST 6 ASPECTS IN COMMON. THESE ASPECTS ARE BOTH NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT TO BE A GAME

1 THERE ARE FIXED RULES2 THE OUTCOME IS VARIABLE3 THE OUTCOME IS VALORISED4 PLAYERS / PARTICIPANTS INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME5 PLAYERS ATTACH MEANING TO THE OUTCOME

ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED GAMES HAVE AT LEAST 6 ASPECTS IN COMMON. THESE ASPECTS ARE BOTH NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT TO BE A GAME

1 THERE ARE FIXED RULES2 THE OUTCOME IS VARIABLE3 THE OUTCOME IS VALORISED4 PLAYERS / PARTICIPANTS INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME5 PLAYERS ATTACH MEANING TO THE OUTCOME6 THE EFFECT OF THE OUTCOME ON THE WORLD IS OPTIONAL

ALL THINGS THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED GAMES HAVE AT LEAST 6 ASPECTS IN COMMON. THESE ASPECTS ARE BOTH NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT TO BE A GAME

1 THERE ARE FIXED RULES (ROLE PLAYING?) 2 THE OUTCOME IS VARIABLE (PUZZLES?)3 THE OUTCOME IS VALORISED (SIMULATIONS ? GAME OF LIFE?) 4 PLAYERS / PARTICIPANTS INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME (ROULETTE?)5 PLAYERS ATTACH MEANING TO THE OUTCOME (AGAIN, SIMULATIONS?) 6 THE EFFECT OF THE OUTCOME ON THE WORLD IS OPTIONAL (TRAFFIC? EVOLUTION?)

WHAT IS PLAY?

WHAT IS PLAY?

NOT THE GAME, BUT THE POSSIBILITY SPACE INSIDE IT, THE LEEWAY, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FREEDOM.

WHAT IS PLAY?

NOT THE GAME, BUT THE POSSIBILITY SPACE INSIDE IT, THE LEEWAY, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FREEDOM.EVOLUTION CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AS PLAY (AS GAME?)

WHAT IS PLAY?

NOT THE GAME, BUT THE POSSIBILITY SPACE INSIDE IT, THE LEEWAY, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FREEDOM.EVOLUTION CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AS PLAY (AS GAME?) LANGUAGE CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AS OPEN-ENDED PLAY (WITTGENSTEIN, WHO MAINTAINED THE PLAY CANNOT BE DEFINED)

WHAT IS PLAY ?

NOT THE GAME, BUT THE POSSIBILITY SPACE INSIDE IT, THE LEEWAY, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FREEDOM.

PLAY IS A TYPE OF RELATION, BETWEEN HUMANS AND NON-HUMANS

http://youtu.be/G0wYaXYwP-w?t=1m

WHAT IS PLAY ?

NOT THE GAME, BUT THE POSSIBILITY SPACE INSIDE IT, THE LEEWAY, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FREEDOM.

PLAY IS A TYPE OF RELATION, BETWEEN HUMANS AND NON-HUMANS

A GAME IS A SPACE FOR PLAY – A 'MAGIC CIRCLE'

WHAT IS PLAY ?

NOT THE GAME, BUT THE POSSIBILITY SPACE INSIDE IT, THE LEEWAY, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FREEDOM.

PLAY IS A TYPE OF RELATION, BETWEEN HUMANS AND NON-HUMANS

A GAME IS A SPACE FOR PLAY – A 'MAGIC CIRCLE', BUT PLAY IS BOTH SMALLER AND BIGGER THAN GAME

CAILLOIS' GAME TYPOLOGIES

Callois organises games in a frame with a division between more game-like games and more play like games (or plays) – see previous slide.

LUDUS (game)PAIDIA (play)

AGON (contest, skill based) race, deathmatchALEA (chance, luck) dice games, rouletteMIMICRY (imitation) theatre, simulationILINX (vertigo, rush) funfair, playgardens

DESIGN DIMENSIONS OF GAMES

DESIGN DIMENSIONS OF GAMES

THE ORGANISATION OF THE DESIGNED SYSTEM - 1st ORDER DESIGNRULES ON 3 LEVELS:

DESIGN DIMENSIONS OF GAMES

THE ORGANISATION OF THE DESIGNED SYSTEM - 1st ORDER DESIGNRULES ON 3 LEVELS:

1 mechanics: how does the game function?2 operational rules: how is it played ? what is allowed ? 3 implicit rules (for instance: one must be able to see and hear, gravity is required)

DESIGN DIMENSIONS OF GAMES

THE ORGANISATION OF THE DESIGNED SYSTEM - 1st ORDER DESIGNRULES ON 3 LEVELS:

1 mechanics: how does the game function?2 operational rules: how is it played ? what is allowed ? 3 implicit rules (for instance: one must be able to see and hear, gravity is required)

SPATIAL, TEMPORAL, MATERIAL ASPECTS (time, moment, timing, rhythm, location, space, playing field, play material, sensory aspects)

DESIGN DIMENSIONS OF GAMES

THE ORGANISATION OF THE DESIGNED SYSTEM - 1st ORDER DESIGNRULES ON 3 LEVELS:

1 mechanics: how does the game function?2 operational rules: how is it played ? what is allowed ? 3 implicit rules (for instance: one must be able to see and hear, gravity is required)

SPATIAL, TEMPORAL, MATERIAL ASPECTS (time, moment, timing, rhythm, location, space, playing field, play material, sensory aspects)

} GAME

DESIGN DIMENSIONS OF GAMES

THE EXPERIENCE OF THIS SYSTEM - 2nd ORDER DESIGN

DESIGN DIMENSIONS OF GAMES

THE EXPERIENCE OF THIS SYSTEM - 2nd ORDER DESIGN (!)

DESIGN DIMENSIONS OF GAMES

THE EXPERIENCE OF THIS SYSTEM - 2nd ORDER DESIGN (!)

- social interactions between players, relations between players, onlookers, and other non-playing actors- interplay between perception, interpretation, feelings,- emergent qualities: potential winning strategies, aesthetics in play patterns

} PLAY

DESIGN DIMENSIONS OF GAMES

THE RELATION OF THE DESIGNED SYSTEM WITH ITS CULTURAL CONTEXT - contextual relations with the world outside the magic circle (applied games, cock fights, soccer)- games (re)present cultural codes, - games apply procedural rethorics (Ian Bogost)