what is it that makes up an atom? essential question 10.8.2007 biochemistry

What is it that makes up an atom?

Essential Question

10.8.2007

Biochemistry

Matter• Properties

– physical property• description of shape, mass, volume• melting point, boiling point

– chemical property• structure of molecules which make up

substance• how substance reacts with another

Biochemistry

Matter• Elements

– element • a substance that can not be broken

down into a simpler substance– 25 elements are essential to life

• CHNOPS – 6 greatest

Biochemistry

Matter• atom

– smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element

Biochemistry

Atoms• atom structure

– nucleus• center, contains neutrons & protons

– neutrons mass (1.009u)• carries no charge,

neutral = n0

– protons (1.007u)• carries a positive charge

= p+

Biochemistry

Atoms• atom structure

– electron (5.486 x 10-4u) • electrons carry

a negative

charge = e-

Biochemistry

Atoms• atom structure

– electron • electrons orbit nucleus in separate

energy levels or clouds

Biochemistry

AtomsBiochemistry

Atoms• periodic table

– atomic number• number of protons

– atomic mass• total mass of protons, neutrons, &

electrons– atomic symbol

• 1or 2 letter symbol for element

Biochemistry

symbol

How are

covalent and ionic bonds

different?

What is an example of each?

Essential Question

10.9.2007

Biochemistry

chemical bonds• chemical bond

– two or more atoms chemically bonded togetherex: oxygen gas, water, glucose

• molecular formula– uses atomic symbols to represent atoms

bound together in a compound

ex: O2,

H2O,

C6H12O6

Biochemistry

chemical bonds• covalent bond

– atoms share electrons

ex: water, sugars, proteins• ionic bond

– attractive force between ions of opposite charge

Biochemistry

chemical bonds

covalent bond

ionic bond

Biochemistry

What ions are released by

an acid in water? By a base?

Essential Question

10.10.2007

Biochemistry

Mixtures and solutions• mixture

– combination of substances in which individuals retain individual propertiesex: mixed sugar and sand,

oil and water• solution

– mixture of one or more solutes are evenly distributed in a solvent

ex: salt in water

Biochemistry

Mixtures and solutions• solution

– solute• substance which dissolves ex: sugar

– solvent• holds dissolved substance ex: water

– the greater the solute = greater the concentration

Biochemistry

Acids and bases• pH

– measure of how acidic or basic a solution is• acid

– forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water– pH below 7

• base– forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water– pH above 7

Biochemistry

Acids and basesBiochemistry

Water • polar molecule

– molecule with uneven distribution of charge

– water is polar, O atom pulls e-’s from H atoms

Biochemistry

Water • hydrogen bond

– weak attraction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in different molecules

Biochemistry

Water • properties of water

– water resists temperature change– water expands when it freezes – cohesion

• water molecules attracted to each other– adhesion

• water molecules attracted to sides of container

Biochemistry

Water • properties of water

– water resists temperature change

Biochemistry

Water • properties of water

– water expands when it freezes

Biochemistry

Water – cohesion

• Water molecules attracted to each other

Biochemistry

Water – adhesion

• Water molecules attracted to sides of container

Biochemistry

More compounds– isomer

• compounds with same number elements but different structure

Biochemistry

More compounds– monomer

• Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers

– polymer• larger molecule formed from smaller

subunits

Biochemistry

More compounds– monomer

• Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers

– polymer• larger molecule formed from smaller

subunits

Biochemistry

More compounds– polymer

• larger molecule formed from smaller subunits

Biochemistry

More compounds– polymer

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– carbohydrates

• used by cells to store and release energy

• 1:2:1C:H:O

ex: glucose C6H12O6

Biochemistry

Macromolecules – carbohydrates

• monomer → polymer

Biochemistry

monosaccharide glucose, fructose

disaccharide sucrose

polysaccharide cellulose, glycogen

Macromolecules– carbohydrates

• monomer → polymer

monomer polymer

Biochemistry

monosaccharide glucose, fructose

disaccharide sucrose

polysaccharide cellulose, glycogen

Macromolecules– carbohydrates

• monosaccharides

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– carbohydrates

• disaccharides

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– carbohydrates

• polysaccharides

Biochemistry

verbascose

What are the components of a

lipid and of a protein?

Essential Question

10.17.2007

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– lipids

• used for energy storage, insulation, protection

ex fats, waxes and oils• nonpolar, does not dissolve in water• contains CHO

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– lipids

• glycerol head• 3 fatty acid tails

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– lipids

• glycerol

head• 3

fatty acid

tails

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– lipids

• large proportion of C–H bonds– saturated fats

» C atoms in tail all have single (C–C) bonds

– unsaturated fats» C at least 1 double bond (C=C)

in tail

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– lipids

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– Proteins

• used for growth, maintenance, and repair

• used as structure for tissues and organs

• contain CHON

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– proteins

• polymer of amino acids– formed using peptide bonds

(covalent bond)

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– proteins

• amino acids (monomer)

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– proteins

• peptide bonds– bond between

amino acids

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– proteins

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– proteins

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– proteins

• enzyme– increase rate of metabolic

reactions– induced fit (lock and key)

mechanism

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– proteins

• enzyme– induced fit (lock and key)

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– nucleic acids

• stores cellular information• polymer of nucleotides• contains CHONP

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– nucleic acids

• DNA– genetic information for whole cell

• RNA– copies DNA to form protein

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– nucleic acids

• polymer of nucleotides

Biochemistry

Macromolecules– nucleic

acids

Biochemistry

Reactions– chemical equations

• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Biochemistry

Reactions– chemical equations

• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

products

reactantants

Biochemistry

Reactions– chemical equations

• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

• # of atoms on each side of reaction must be balanced

• coefficients must be balanced

__ C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O

Biochemistry

Reactions– chemical equations

• dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)– two subunits make polymer – water is released

2C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O

Biochemistry

Reactions– chemical equations

• dehydration synthesis

Biochemistry

Reactions– chemical equations

• hydrolysis– H2O splits bond

– two subunits created– C12H22O11 + H2O → 2C6H12O6

Biochemistry

Reactions– chemical equations

• hydrolysis

Biochemistry

Reactions– enzymes

• lowers activation energy• acts as catalysts, speeds up rate of

reaction• induced fit model (lock and key)

Biochemistry

Reactions– enzymes

• substrate– changed after released by enzyme

• enzyme– active site

» where substrate binds to enzyme

» can be used over and over

Biochemistry

Reactions– enzymes

Biochemistry

Reactions– enzymes

Biochemistry