when the atomic bomb was dropped at hiroshima and then nagasaki, i was immediately asked... to give...

"When the atomic bomb was dropped at Hiroshima and then Nagasaki, I was immediately asked... to give a talk... about atomic bombs. My talk, as I recall, was entirely on what the atom is, what nuclear fission is... But I kept giving these talks, and I realized that more and more I was saying, it seems to me that we have come to the time when war ought to be given up. It no longer makes sense to kill 20 million or 40 million people because of a dispute between two nations ... It no longer makes sense. Nobody wins. Nobody benefits from destructive war of this sort and there is all of this human suffering."

Joseph Rotblat – Nobel Peace prize 1995 (together with Pugwash conferences)Russel-Einstein Manifesto, 1995:“Above all, rememebr your humanity”

It's the psychology of war,' said Joseph Rotblat. 'Once we enter war, our moral values are thrown overboard. We are encouraged to kill people. Even people who in the past had been friends became, in our minds, our mortal enemies.'

DNA Double Helix-Held Together with

H-Bonds

base: thymine(pyrimidine)

sugar: 2’-deoxyribose

monophosphate

no 2’-hydroxyl

(5’ to 3’)

5’

3’

base:adenine(purine)

1’2’

4’

3’ linkage

5’ linkage

Three Components of DNA Structure

Pyrimidines used in Base Pairs, DNA

6-membered rings only

Purines used in Base Pairs, DNA

Fused 5 and 6 member rings

DNA Base Pairing

A-T pairing

2 H-Bonds

G-C pairing

3 H-bonds

A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together

Base Pairs Double Helix

Hydrogen-Bonding’s Role in DNA Structure