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When to Pave a Gravel Road
How to EvaluateWhether or Not
to Pave a Gravel Road(When to Pave a Gravel Road)
Rodger Young, P.E.Director of Technical Services
Presented at
30th Annual Asphalt Conference
And Equipment Show
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• What is meant by a “paved” road– Light chip seal ?– Double chip seal ?– 2-in. HMA mat ?– 4-in. HMA mat ?
• Generally HMA mats < 2-in. have little real load-bearing capacity of their own.
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• What is meant by a paved road ?– Asphalt Institute refers to a paved road as one
that has a HMA mat of ≥ 4-in. of full depth asphalt or 3-in. + suitable granular base.
– System that has load bearing capacity.
• Surface-treated road– A roadway with < 2-in. HMA mat.– Protects the base material by shedding water
and providing a smooth riding surface.
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• Decision to paved– Paving helps to seal the surface from moisture and
protects the base and subgrade material,– Eliminates dust problems– Smoothness - Has higher user acceptance– Accommodate many types of vehicles that do not
operate as effectively on unsurfaced roads.– Matter of trade-offs– Maintenance - Properly maintained, a gravel road can
serve general traffic adequately for many years
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• Considerations for paving gravel roads– Local agencies considering paving roadways
• reducing roadway maintenance cost, • providing a smooth riding surface• eliminating environmental (dust) problems.
– Local agencies should have a policy and criteria for paving gravel roads.
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• An approach for determining whether or not a roadway should be paved.– Roadway management program.
• Goal of the management program is to improve all roads by using good management practices
• Common sense system, step-by-step approach to scheduling and budgeting for maintenance work
• Establishes short-term and long-term maintenance goals, prioritizes projects within budget constraints
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• An approach for determining whether or not a roadway should be paved.– Roadway management program.
• Roadway inventory• Roadway condition survey• Determine appropriate treatments• Establishes costs• Sets priorities
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• An approach for determining whether or not a roadway should be paved.– Commitment to effective management
• Matter of making sure taxpayer’s money is well spent
• Planning for 5 or even 10 years instead of putting a band-aid on today’s problem
• Using good management techniques instead of “seat of the pants” methods
• Taking time to do things right the first time and constructing projects to last
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• An approach for determining whether or not a roadway should be paved.– Traffic conditions and usage – life and
maintenance requirements of a roadway is affected by the number of vehicles and their weight
• Establishing traffic volumes and type of traffic for when to pave
• Establishing functional importance of the roadway• Establishing design and construction standards• Establishing maintenance standards• Roadway safety
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• An approach for determining if a roadway should be paved con’t.– Economic evaluation
• Determining when it is more economical to pave than leave the roadway a gravel surface
– Life cycle cost of the options
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost AnalysisBy-Monthly Maintenance Cycle
Roadway -- 24 foot width One mile in length
Cost Item - Maintenance Application
Year Done Area
Present Cost
Future Value
Present Worth
Accumulated Present Worth
Gravel Roadway Construction 1100
% $116,864 $116,864 $116,864 $116,864
4" aggregate surface Blade 2100
% $21,120 $22,843 $21,532 $138,396
6" Base Course Blade and Gravel 3100
% $42,381 $47,673 $43,627 $182,024
Subgrade prep Mag Chloride 4100
% $20,416 $23,884 $21,220 $203,244
Blade 5100
% $21,120 $25,696 $22,165 $225,409
Blade 6 times/year Blade and Gravel 6100
% $42,381 $53,625 $44,910 $270,320
Blade & Gravel 1 time/year Mag Chloride 7
100% $20,416 $26,866 $21,845 $292,164
Blade 5 times/year Blade 8100
% $21,120 $28,904 $22,817 $314,982
Mag Chloride 1 time/year Blade and Gravel 9100
% $42,381 $60,321 $46,231 $361,213
Blade 5 times/year Mag Chloride 10100
% $20,416 $30,221 $22,487 $383,700
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost AnalysisBy-Monthly Maintenance Cycle
Roadway -- 24 foot width One mile in length
Cost Item - Maintenance Application
Year Done Area
Present Cost
Future Value
Present Worth
Accumulated Present Worth
Gravel Roadway Blade 11 100% $21,120 $32,513 $23,488 $407,188
4" aggregate surface Blade and Gravel 12 100% $42,381 $67,853 $47,591 $454,779
6" Base Course Mag Chloride 13 100% $20,416 $33,994 $23,148 $477,928
Subgrade prep Blade 14 100% $21,120 $36,573 $24,179 $502,107
Blade and Gravel 15 100% $42,381 $76,326 $48,991 $551,097
Blade 6 times/year Mag Chloride 16 100% $20,416 $38,239 $23,829 $574,926
Blade & Gravel 1 time/year Blade 17 100% $21,120 $41,140 $24,890 $599,817
Blade 5 times/year Blade and Gravel 18 100% $42,381 $85,856 $50,431 $650,248
Mag Chloride 1 time/year Mag Chloride 19 100% $20,416 $43,013 $24,530 $674,778
Blade 5 times/year Blade 20 100% $21,120 $46,277 $25,622 $700,400
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost - HMA vs Gravel RoadwayBy-Monthly Maintenance Cycle
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When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost AnalysisQuarterly Maintenance Cycle
Medium Maintenance
Roadway -- 24 foot width One mile in length
Cost Item - Maintenance Application
Year Done Area
Present Cost
Future Value
Present Worth
Accumulated Present Worth
Gravel Roadway Construction 1 100% $116,864 $ 116,864 $ 116,864 $ 116,864
4" aggregate surface Blade 2 100% $ 10,560 $ 11,422 $ 10,766 $ 127,630
6" Base CourseBlade and Gravel 3 100% $ 31,820 $ 35,793 $ 32,756 $ 160,386
Subgrade prep Mag Chloride 4 100% $ 9,856 $ 11,530 $ 10,244 $ 170,630
Blade 5 100% $ 10,560 $ 12,848 $ 11,083 $ 181,713
Blade 3 times/yearBlade and Gravel 6 100% $ 31,820 $ 40,262 $ 33,719 $ 215,432
Blade & Gravel 1 time/year Mag Chloride 7 100% $ 9,856 $ 12,970 $ 10,546 $ 225,978
Blade 2 times/year Blade 8 100% $ 10,560 $ 14,452 $ 11,409 $ 237,386
Mag Chloride 1 time/yearBlade and Gravel 9 100% $ 31,820 $ 45,290 $ 34,711 $ 272,097
Blade 2 times/year Mag Chloride 10 100% $ 9,856 $ 14,589 $ 10,856 $ 282,953
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost AnalysisQuarterly Maintenance Cycle
Medium Maintenance
Roadway -- 24 foot width One mile in length
Cost Item - Maintenance Application
Year Done Area
Present Cost
Future Value
Present Worth
Accumulated Present Worth
Gravel Roadway Blade 11 100% $ 10,560 $ 16,257 $ 11,744 $ 294,697
4" aggregate surfaceBlade and Gravel 12 100% $ 31,820 $ 50,945 $ 35,732 $ 330,429
6" Base Course Mag Chloride 13 100% $ 9,856 $ 16,411 $ 11,175 $ 341,604
Subgrade prep Blade 14 100% $ 10,560 $ 18,287 $ 12,090 $ 353,693
Blade and Gravel 15 100% $ 31,820 $ 57,306 $ 36,783 $ 390,476
Blade 3 times/year Mag Chloride 16 100% $ 9,856 $ 18,460 $ 11,504 $ 401,980
Blade & Gravel 1 time/year Blade 17 100% $ 10,560 $ 20,570 $ 12,445 $ 414,425
Blade 2 times/yearBlade and Gravel 18 100% $ 31,820 $ 64,461 $ 37,864 $ 452,289
Mag Chloride 1 time/year Mag Chloride 19 100% $ 9,856 $ 20,765 $ 11,842 $ 464,131
Blade 2 times/year Blade 20 100% $ 10,560 $ 23,138 $ 12,811 $ 476,942
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost - HMA vs Gravel RoadwayQuarterly Maintenance Cycle
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Gravel - High Gravel - Medium
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost AnalysisAnnual Maintenance Cycle
Low Maintenance
Roadway -- 24 foot width One Mile in length
Cost Item - Maintenance Application
Year Done Area
Present Cost
Future Value
Present Worth
Accumulated Present Worth
Construction 1 100% $ 116,864 $ 116,864 $116,864 $ 116,864
Gravel Roadway Blade 2 100% $ 3,520 $ 3,807 $ 3,589 $ 120,453
4" aggregate surfaceBlade and Gravel 3 100% $ 24,780 $ 27,874 $ 25,509 $ 145,961
6" Base Course Mag Chloride 4 100% $ 2,816 $ 3,294 $ 2,927 $ 148,888
Subgrade prep Blade 5 100% $ 3,520 $ 4,283 $ 3,694 $ 152,583
Blade and Gravel 6 100% $ 24,780 $ 31,355 $ 26,259 $ 178,842
Blade 1 time/year Mag Chloride 7 100% $ 2,816 $ 3,706 $ 3,013 $ 181,855
Blade & Gravel 1 time/year Blade 8 100% $ 3,520 $ 4,817 $ 3,803 $ 185,658
Blade and Gravel 9 100% $ 24,780 $ 35,270 $ 27,031 $ 212,689
Mag Chloride 1 time/year Mag Chloride 10 100% $ 2,816 $ 4,168 $ 3,102 $ 215,790
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost AnalysisAnnual Maintenance Cycle
Low Maintenance
Roadway -- 24 foot width One Mile in length
Cost Item - Maintenance Application
Year Done Area
Present Cost
Future Value
Present Worth
Accumulated Present Worth
Gravel Roadway Blade 11 100% $ 3,520 $ 5,419 $ 3,915 $ 219,705
4" aggregate surfaceBlade and Gravel 12 100% $ 24,780 $ 39,674 $ 27,826 $ 247,531
6" Base Course Mag Chloride 13 100% $ 2,816 $ 4,689 $ 3,193 $ 250,724
Subgrade prep Blade 14 100% $ 3,520 $ 6,096 $ 4,030 $ 254,754
Blade and Gravel 15 100% $ 24,780 $ 44,627 $ 28,645 $ 283,399
Blade 1 time/year Mag Chloride 16 100% $ 2,816 $ 5,274 $ 3,287 $ 286,686
Blade & Gravel 1 time/year Blade 17 100% $ 3,520 $ 6,857 $ 4,148 $ 290,834
Blade and Gravel 18 100% $ 24,780 $ 50,200 $ 29,487 $ 320,321
Mag Chloride 1 time/year Mag Chloride 19 100% $ 2,816 $ 5,933 $ 3,383 $ 323,704
Blade 20 100% $ 3,520 $ 7,713 $ 4,270 $ 327,975
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost - HMA vs Gravel Roadway
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Gravel - High Gravel - Medium Gravel - Low
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Paved Road Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Roadway -- 24 foot width One mile in length
Cost Item - Maintenance Application
Year Done Area
Present Cost
Future Value
Present Worth
Accumulated Present Worth
Hot Mix Asphalt Roadway Construction 1 100% $201,334 $201,334 $201,334 $201,334
4" HMA mat Crack Sealing 7 10% $352 $463 $377 $201,711
6" Base course Chip Seal 8 100% $14,080 $19,269 $15,211 $216,922
Subgrade prep Pot Hole repair 10 5% $3,520 $5,210 $3,877 $220,799
Chip Seal 15 100% $352 $634 $407 $221,206
Pot Hole repair 18 10% $7,040 $14,262 $8,377 $229,583
Overlay - 2" 20 100% $56,320 $123,404 $68,326 $297,909
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Life Cycle Cost - HMA vs Gravel Roadway
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HMA Roadway Gravel - High Gravel - Medium Gravel - Low
When to Pave a Gravel Road
• An approach for determining if a roadway should be paved con’t.– Public opinion
When to Pave a Gravel Road
Questions ??????
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