which of the following is the correct order of events in the cell cycle?

Which of the following is the correct order of events in the cell cycle?

A. G1, G2, S, mitosis, cytokinesis B. G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesisC. S, G1, G2, cytokinesis, mitosis D. S, G1, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

A. B. C. D.

3% 1%1%

95%

Which of the following is a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor by fixing damaged DNA in cancerous cells?

A. HER2B. Trisomy 21C. P53D. BRCA1

A. B. C. D.

24%

73%

1%1%

Cancer detection and treatment

• Early detection increases odds of survival

• There are different detection methods for different cancers

hange in bowel or bladder habits

sore that does not heal

nusual bleeding or discharge

hickening or lump

bvious change in wart or mole

agging cough or hoarseness

ndigestion or difficulty swallowing

Detecting Cancer

• Blood or urine tests– Cancer cells may be observed under the microscope– Some cancer cells release high levels of cancer markers

that may be detected

• Example : Ca125 marker of produced by ovarian cells

• These tests are not always reliable, as cancer markers can be produced by normal cells, and their levels vary

• Imaging methods– X-rays

– CT scan

– MRI scan:uses radiowaves focused by magnet

– Ultrasound

• Biopsy: surgical removal of cells or fluid for analysis– Needle biopsy – removal is made using a needle

– Laparascope – surgical instrument with a light, camera, and small scalpel

Polyp – an abnormal growth

• Colonoscopy – view colon with camera mounted on snake-like device

• DNA testing– BRCA1 or BRCA2 for breast or ovarian cancer

Cancer cells within which of the following biopsy samples would be the best indicator that the cancer has metastasized?

A. LiverB. PancreasC. OvaryD. Lymph node

A. B. C. D.

15%

58%

14%14%

Cancer Treatment

• Chemotherapy – drugs that selectively kill dividing cells– Combination of different drugs

used (“cocktail”)– Interrupt cell division in different

ways– Normal dividing cells are also

killed, leading to side effects• hair follicles • bone marrow • stomach lining

• Radiation therapy – use of high-energy particles to destroy cancer cells– Damages their DNA so

they can’t continue to divide or grow

– Most effective against small localized tumors that are near the surface.

• Vaccination– Gardasil® - first vaccine against cervical

cancer– Most effective when given prior to infection

by HPV

Cancer Treatment – new biological targets

• Molecularly targeted drugs – Gleevec® - leukemia

CNN Video Clip

Custom cancer treatments for you!

April 2010 : FDA approved the first cancer treatment vaccine, Provenge®

Your questions on cancer???