why are there still underrepresented groups in engineering
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Why
Are
The
re S
till
Und
erre
pres
ente
d G
roup
s in
Engi
neer
ing?
�..
Und
erst
andi
ng th
e Is
sues
Susa
n St
affin
Met
zS
teve
ns In
stitu
te o
f Tec
hnol
ogy
Cen
ter f
or In
nova
tion
in E
ngin
eerin
g &
Sci
ence
Edu
catio
n**
****
**C
o-Fo
unde
r and
Pas
t Pre
side
ntW
omen
in E
ngin
eerin
g P
rogr
ams
& A
dvoc
ates
Net
wor
k (W
EPA
N)
So W
hy D
o W
e C
are
if W
omen
and
M
inor
ities
Bec
ome
Engi
neer
s?♦
As a
con
sequ
ence
of a
lack
of d
iver
sity
[in
engi
neer
ing]
, w
e pa
y an
opp
ortu
nity
cos
t in
desi
gns n
ot th
ough
t of,
in
solu
tions
not
cre
ated
.D
r. W
illia
m W
ulf,
Pres
iden
t, N
atio
nal A
cade
my
of E
ngin
eeri
ng
♦B
y th
e ye
ar 2
050,
85%
of t
he e
ntra
nts i
nto
the
US
wor
kfor
ce w
ill b
e w
omen
and
und
erre
pres
ente
d m
inor
ities
.Bo
ston
wor
ks.c
om
♦If
we
do n
ot e
ngag
e w
omen
and
min
oriti
es in
the
engi
neer
ing
ente
rpris
e, w
e ar
e ig
norin
g m
ore
than
50%
of
Am
eric
a�s i
ntel
lect
ual t
alen
t.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved
Cal
cula
ted
% o
f 22
Yea
r-O
lds W
ho W
ould
Earn
S&
E B
ache
lor�
s Deg
rees
if S
tatu
s Quo
R
emai
ns
9.8
10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
11.0
11.2
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Sour
ce: E
nsur
ing
A S
tron
g U
S Sc
ient
ific,
Tec
hnic
al a
nd E
ngin
eeri
ng W
orkf
orce
in th
e 21
st
Cen
tury
Nat
iona
l Sci
ence
and
Tec
hnol
ogy
Cou
ncil,
Apr
il 20
00.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Tren
ds in
NA
EP M
ath
Scor
es b
y Se
x an
d R
ace/
Ethn
icity
, Age
17,
197
3-20
04
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
1973
1978
1982
1986
1990
1992
1994
1996
1999
2004
Whi
teAl
l Boy
sTo
tal
All G
irls
His
pani
cAf
rican
Am
eric
an
Sou
rce:
CP
ST,
dat
a de
rived
from
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Sta
tistic
s
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Wha
t Mat
hem
atic
s Cou
rses
Are
U.S
. H
igh
Scho
ol S
tude
nts T
akin
g?
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20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.
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e
Fem
ale
Whi
te, n
on-H
ispa
nic
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ck, n
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nic
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pani
c
Asia
n/P
acific
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nder
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ive
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ican
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ebra
II A
naly
sis/
pre-
calc
ulus
Cal
culu
s
Sou
rce:
CP
ST,
dat
a de
rived
from
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Sta
tistic
s
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Wha
t Sci
ence
Cou
rses
Are
U.S
. H
igh
Scho
ol S
tude
nts T
akin
g?
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.
0
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e
Fem
ale
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te, n
on-H
ispa
nic
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ck, n
on-H
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nic
His
pani
c
Asia
n/P
acifi
c Is
land
er
Nat
ive
Amer
ican
Bio
logy
Che
mis
try P
hysi
cs
Sou
rce:
CP
ST,
dat
a de
rived
from
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Sta
tistic
s
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Mal
es F
ar M
ore
Like
ly to
Pla
n to
M
ajor
in T
echn
ical
Fie
lds T
han
are
Fem
ales
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
199
0 1
992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
199
0 1
992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Com
pute
r Sci
ence
Phy
sica
l Sci
ence
s
Eng
inee
ring
Mal
esFe
mal
es
Sou
rce:
CP
ST,
dat
a de
rived
from
Hig
her E
duca
tion
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Tota
l U.S
. Eng
inee
ring
Enro
llmen
tof
Wom
en �
Gai
ns a
nd L
osse
s
15.7
84.3
18.1
81.9
17.7
82.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.
0
1984
1994
2004
Wom
enM
en
Sou
rce:
CP
ST,
dat
a de
rived
from
Eng
inee
ring
Wor
kfor
ce C
omm
issi
on
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
U.S
. Und
ergr
adua
te E
ngin
eerin
g En
rollm
ent b
y G
ende
r/Rac
e/Et
hnic
ity
02468101214161820
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Fem
ale
Afr
ic A
mA
sian
His
pani
cN
ativ
e A
m
Sour
ce: C
PST,
dat
a de
rived
from
Eng
inee
ring
and
Tech
nolo
gy E
nrol
lmen
ts: E
ngin
eerin
g W
orkf
orce
Com
mis
sion
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Bac
helo
r�s D
egre
es G
rant
ed b
y En
gine
erin
g D
isci
plin
e 20
04
0510152025303540
Mec
hCh
emCi
vil
Com
pIn
dust
Elec
All
Fem
ale
Afri
c. A
mH
ispan
ics
Asia
n Am
Sour
ce: C
PST,
dat
a de
rived
from
Eng
inee
ring
and
Tech
nolo
gy E
nrol
lmen
ts: E
ngin
eerin
g W
orkf
orce
C
omm
issi
on N
OTE
: N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s le
ss th
an 1
% in
all
cate
gorie
s.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Why
Are
The
re U
nder
repr
esen
ted
Gro
ups i
n En
gine
erin
g?
♦St
ereo
type
s♦
Lack
of a
war
enes
s♦
Pres
ence
of i
nacc
urat
e in
form
atio
n♦
Lack
of i
nteg
ratio
n in
to K
-12
educ
atio
n♦
Lack
of r
ole
mod
els
♦M
edia
influ
ence
♦Pe
er p
ress
ure
♦R
igid
and
nar
row
col
lege
cur
ricul
um♦
Poor
col
lege
leve
l ins
truct
ion
♦�C
hilly
� ac
adem
ic c
limat
e♦
Com
petin
g in
tere
sts:
law
, med
icin
e, b
usin
ess
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Wha
t is E
ngin
eerin
g?
Wha
t Do
Engi
neer
s Do?
♦42
% A
mer
ican
s fee
l the
y ar
e �n
ot v
ery
wel
lin
form
ed a
bout
eng
inee
ring
and
engi
neer
s�.
♦24
% A
mer
ican
s fee
l the
y ar
e �n
ot a
t all
wel
l inf
orm
ed a
bout
eng
inee
ring
and
engi
neer
s�.
Sour
ce:
Har
ris P
oll C
omm
issi
oned
by
Am
eric
an A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Eng
inee
ring
Soc
ietie
s, A
AE
S 20
03
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Chr
onic
le o
f Hig
her
Edu
catio
nFe
brua
ry 1
7, 2
006
Full
Page
Ad:
CD
W-G
The
Rig
ht T
echn
olog
y R
ight
Aw
ay
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Tim
e M
agaz
ine
Feb.
06,
200
6Lo
okin
g fo
r a L
ab-C
oat I
dol
♦In
the
U.S
., ab
out 5
0,00
0 ta
ke p
art i
n th
e fa
irs. S
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity p
resi
dent
John
H
enne
ssy
is w
orrie
d ab
out a
lack
of r
ole
mod
els,
amon
g ot
her t
hing
s. "W
e ha
ve [T
V]
show
s abo
ut d
octo
rs, l
awye
rs, p
oliti
cian
s. W
here
are
our
role
mod
els o
f sci
entif
ic
inno
vatio
n?" a
sks H
enne
ssy.
"W
e ne
ed
Eddi
e th
e En
gine
er o
r Sam
the
Scie
ntis
t."
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Eval
uate
you
r pot
entia
l fut
ure
as a
m
echa
nica
l eng
inee
ring
maj
or b
y as
king
yo
urse
lf th
ese
ques
tions
:(Wor
ldW
ideL
earn
.com
)
♦H
ow a
re y
our g
rade
s in
mat
h an
d sc
ienc
e? If
you
st
rugg
le, c
hoos
e an
othe
r spe
cial
ty. I
f you
do
wel
l and
as
k fo
r mor
e, m
echa
nica
l eng
inee
ring
mig
ht b
e th
e rig
ht c
hoic
e.
♦D
o yo
u ha
ve a
cur
iosi
ty a
bout
how
thin
gs w
ork?
H
ave
you
foun
d yo
urse
lf ta
king
thin
gs a
part
and
putti
ng th
em b
ack
toge
ther
? Th
is c
urio
sity
is a
nat
ural
at
tribu
te o
f the
mec
hani
cal e
ngin
eer.
♦If
you
live
to d
isco
ver n
ew o
r bet
ter w
ays t
o do
th
ings
, you
are
def
inite
ly in
the
right
trac
k.C
opyr
ight
© 2
006
by S
usan
Met
z. A
ll R
ight
s Res
erve
d.
Eval
uate
you
r pot
entia
l fut
ure
as a
m
echa
nica
l eng
inee
ring
maj
or b
y as
king
yo
urse
lf th
ese
ques
tions
:(Wor
ldW
ideL
earn
.com
)
♦A
re c
ompu
ter g
ames
, maz
es, a
nd ji
gsaw
puz
zles
fu
n fo
r you
? W
hat c
ould
be
bette
r tha
n do
ing
wor
k yo
u en
joy?
♦D
o pe
ople
turn
to y
ou fo
r adv
ice
or tr
ust y
our
deci
sion
s? T
hat m
eans
you
thin
k cl
early
and
hav
e de
mon
stra
ted
deci
sion
-mak
ing
abili
ties i
n th
e pa
st. I
t is
an
impo
rtant
requ
irem
ent f
or a
mec
hani
cal
engi
neer
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
CO
LLEG
E B
OA
RD
WEB
SITE
Se
arch
for M
ajor
s:El
ectri
cal E
ngin
eerin
g
♦A
s an
elec
trica
l eng
inee
ring
maj
or, y
ou�ll
st
udy
elec
trici
ty: h
ow it
wor
ks, h
ow it
�s
gene
rate
d, a
nd h
ow it
�s u
sed
to p
ower
ev
eryt
hing
from
ligh
t bul
bs a
nd ra
dios
to
cell
phon
es a
nd ro
bots
. You
�ll a
lso
lear
n ho
w to
des
ign
your
ow
n el
ectri
c-po
wer
ed
proj
ects
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Sour
ce:
http
://w
ww
.col
lege
boar
d.co
m/c
sear
ch/m
ajor
s_ca
reer
s/pr
ofile
s/
CO
LLEG
E B
OA
RD
WEB
SITE
Se
arch
for M
ajor
s:El
ectri
cal E
ngin
eerin
g
Are
You
Rea
dy T
o...?
�Ju
ggle
pro
ject
s, la
b ex
erci
ses,
and
read
ing
assi
gnm
ents
�
Spen
d ho
urs b
uild
ing
deta
iled,
com
plic
ated
syst
ems
�D
esig
n yo
ur o
wn
gadg
ets o
r sof
twar
e �
Try,
try,
and
try
agai
n w
hen
at fi
rst a
pro
ject
doe
sn�t
succ
eed
�W
ork
as p
art o
f a te
am
�W
rite
repo
rts a
nd g
ive
oral
pre
sent
atio
ns
�D
o an
inte
rnsh
ipin
whi
chyo
u�ll
have
real
job
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Sour
ce:
http
://w
ww
.col
lege
boar
d.co
m/c
sear
ch/m
ajor
s_ca
reer
s/pr
ofile
s/
Dra
w-a
n-En
gine
er, a
dapt
ed fr
om D
raw
-A
-Sci
entis
t Tes
t (D
AST
) firs
t dev
elop
ed
by D
.W.C
ham
bers
, 198
3.
Arti
st:
4thgr
ade
girl,
200
2
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Hig
h Sc
hool
Girl
s�
Perc
eptio
n of
Eng
inee
ring
Acc
ordi
ng to
a r
ecen
t stu
dy c
ondu
cted
by
WG
BH
in
Bos
ton
for
the
Am
eric
an S
ocie
ty o
f Civ
il E
ngin
eers
��
♦H
igh
scho
ol g
irls b
elie
ve th
at e
ngin
eerin
g is
for
peop
le w
ho lo
ve m
ath
and
scie
nce.
The
y do
n�t h
ave
an u
nder
stan
ding
of e
ngin
eerin
g, sh
ow a
n in
tere
st o
r th
ink
it is
for t
hem
. The
y pe
rcei
ve e
ngin
eerin
g as
a
prof
essi
on fo
r men
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Sour
ce:
Ext
raor
dina
ry W
omen
Eng
inee
rs F
inal
Rep
ort,
2005
Key
Car
eer I
nflu
ence
rs
of H
igh
Scho
ol G
irls
♦Pa
rent
s♦
Peer
s♦
Educ
ator
s (te
ache
rs a
nd g
uida
nce
coun
selo
rs)
♦M
edia
Find
ing:
Key
car
eer i
nflu
ence
rs a
re n
ot fa
mili
ar
with
how
to g
uide
stud
ents
tow
ard
engi
neer
ing.
Po
sitiv
e st
orie
s abo
ut e
ngin
eeri
ng a
re n
ot b
eing
co
nvey
ed.
Sour
ce:
Ext
raor
dina
ry W
omen
Eng
inee
rs F
inal
Rep
ort,
2005
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Hig
h Sc
hool
Girl
s and
Eng
inee
ring
Key
Issu
es a
nd F
indi
ngs
♦En
gine
erin
g is
por
traye
d as
ver
y ch
alle
ngin
g an
d st
ress
im
porta
nce
of su
perio
r mat
h an
d sc
ienc
e sk
ills.
Mes
sage
s do
not
incl
ude
bene
fits a
nd re
war
ds o
f bei
ng a
n en
gine
er.
♦Pr
ofes
sion
al in
tere
sts f
or g
irls h
inge
on
rele
vanc
e -t
he jo
b is
rew
ardi
ng a
nd th
e pr
ofes
sion
is fo
r som
eone
�lik
e m
e.�
♦C
aree
r mot
ivat
ors f
or h
igh
scho
ol g
irls:
enj
oy th
eir j
ob,
have
a g
ood
wor
k en
viro
nmen
t, m
ake
a di
ffer
ence
, ear
n a
good
sala
ry, a
nd h
ave
flexi
bilit
y.
♦H
igh
scho
ol g
irls r
eact
pos
itive
ly to
per
sona
l and
in
form
atio
nal s
torie
s. H
ow d
oes e
ngin
eerin
g al
ign
with
th
eir c
aree
r mot
ivat
ors?
Sour
ce:
Ext
raor
dina
ry W
omen
Eng
inee
rs F
inal
Rep
ort,
2005
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Key
Mes
sage
s to
Con
vey
Hig
h Sc
hool
Gir
ls T
ell U
s To:
♦
Shar
e m
ore
stor
ies o
f how
peo
ple�
s liv
es h
ave
been
af
fect
ed b
y en
gine
ers.
♦H
ow e
ngin
eerin
g is
not
just
abo
ut d
rafti
ng a
nd c
ars..
it ca
n be
abo
ut so
cial
issu
es, a
nd th
ird-w
orld
cou
ntrie
s bec
omin
g be
tter a
nd c
itize
ns h
appi
er.
♦Ta
lk a
bout
han
ds-o
n fu
n, th
at it
�s n
ot si
tting
in a
cub
icle
al
l day
, but
it�s
trav
elin
g th
e w
orld
, mak
ing
a di
ffer
ence
, se
eing
you
r cre
atio
ns c
ome
to li
fe.
♦Te
ll us
that
eng
inee
rs n
ot o
nly
mak
e go
od m
oney
, but
co
ntrib
ute
to th
e w
ell-b
eing
of t
he h
uman
race
.
Sour
ce:
Ext
raor
dina
ry W
omen
Eng
inee
rs F
inal
Rep
ort,
2005
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Cha
lleng
e: T
o En
gage
Stu
dent
s C
onve
rt P
erce
ptio
n of
Eng
inee
ring
FRO
M T
HIS
��
.♦
Ner
d♦
Mat
h an
d sc
ienc
e ge
ek♦
Mus
t be
brill
iant
♦W
hite
mal
e♦
Prim
arily
wor
ks w
ith
mac
hine
s♦
Com
mun
icat
es p
oorly
♦B
orin
g♦
Rig
id
TO T
HIS
��
♦C
reat
ive
♦En
joys
and
doe
s wel
l in
mat
h an
d sc
ienc
e♦
Like
s to
solv
e pr
oble
ms
♦W
orks
in te
ams
♦H
elps
peo
ple
♦Im
prov
es th
e qu
ality
of
life
♦C
urio
us
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Wom
en a
nd M
en o
n th
e En
gine
erin
g Pa
th(A
delm
an, 1
998)
♦N
eith
er w
omen
nor
men
will
cho
ose
engi
neer
ing
for t
he ri
ght r
easo
ns u
nles
s bot
h th
e pr
ofes
sion
an
d en
gine
erin
g ed
ucat
ors c
an re
ach
out t
o a
broa
d po
pula
tion
with
a fu
ll po
rtra
it of
the
rich
ness
of c
ultu
re a
nd p
ract
ice�
. ♦
[Stu
dent
s nee
d to
exp
erie
nce]
pro
ject
des
igns
that
ha
ve c
ultu
ral,
econ
omic
, and
pol
itica
l dim
ensi
ons
in a
dditi
on to
eng
inee
ring
task
s and
cal
cula
tions
an
d sc
ient
ific
know
ledg
e.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Educ
atio
nal P
athw
ay fo
r Eng
inee
ring
Engi
neer
ing-
Rea
dy H
.S.
Seni
ors
Fres
hman
En
gine
erin
g St
uden
ts
Engi
neer
ing
Bac
cala
urea
tes
Engi
neer
ing
PhD
s61%
of M
ales
57%
of F
emal
es
84%
Mal
e16
%
Fem
ale
80%
Mal
e20
%
Fem
ale
83%
M
ale
17%
Fe
mal
e
Sour
ce: C
PST
deriv
ed fr
om N
atio
nal C
ente
r for
Edu
catio
n St
atist
ics
Cop
yrig
ht ©
200
6 by
Sus
an M
etz.
All
Rig
hts R
eser
ved.
Teac
hers
M
ake
a B
ig D
iffer
ence
!!♦
My
lab
part
ner n
ever
let m
e do
thin
gs w
ith th
e eq
uipm
ent.
H
e to
ld m
e I w
as b
ette
r at w
ritin
g th
an h
e w
as w
hich
was
tr
ue.
But,
my
teac
her m
ade
us sw
itch
(rol
es).
That
was
goo
d be
caus
e I w
ould
n�t h
ave
aske
d ev
en th
ough
I w
ante
d to
.10
thgr
ade
fem
ale
♦I w
ould
hav
e ne
ver t
houg
ht a
bout
maj
orin
g in
eng
inee
ring
if
my
teac
her d
idn�
t giv
e m
e th
is b
roch
ure
abou
t a sp
ecia
l su
mm
er p
rogr
am. M
y pa
rent
s can
�t be
lieve
it, b
ut I�
m g
oing
to
maj
or in
eng
inee
ring
in c
olle
ge. 11
thgr
ade
fem
ale
♦I a
lway
s wor
ked
hard
and
did
pre
tty w
ell i
n m
ath
and
scie
nce
but n
ever
thou
ght I
was
smar
t eno
ugh
to b
e an
en
gine
er. I
�m a
n en
gine
erin
g m
ajor
bec
ause
my
scie
nce
teac
her t
old
me
that
he
thou
ght I
cou
ld d
o it
and
I�m
doi
ng
amaz
ingl
y w
ell!
colle
ge fe
mal
e so
phom
ore
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