wireless power transmission from solar power satellite

Welcome all…

Presented by:Anagha S Kumar

Electronics & Communication Department College of Engineering Thalassery

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WPT?

SPS?

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Wireless Power Transmission

Point-to-point power transmission

Efficiency close to 100%

Two types: Ground Based & Space based

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Why WPT?

Reliable Efficient Fast Low maintenance cost Can be used for short and long range

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…PAST1864..

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1864• James C. Maxwell predicted

existence of radio waves.

1884• John H. Poynting realized vital role

of Poynting vector in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.

1888

• Heinrich Hertz succeeded in experimental evidence of radio waves .

• By his Spark-Gap Radio Transmitter

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Start of Wireless Power Transmission

Marchese G. Marconi & Reginald Fessenden who are pioneers of communication

via radio waves.

Nicola Tesla--Idea of Wireless Power Transmission.

Carried out experiment in 1899

of one to a few horse-powers

His vision for “World Wireless System”

19th century…

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• Generating high power microwaves, 1-10GHz radio waves by the invention of magnetrons and klystrons.

• Development of Radar Technology, thus high power and high efficient microwave tubes.

1930

•Microwave Power Transmission research by W.C. Brown

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1963 •W.C.Brown developed retina, rectifying antenna for receiving and rectifying microwaves.

19641968

•MPT experiment in wired helicopter.•MPT experiment in free flied helicopter.

1970 •Tried to increase the efficiency of the rectenna.•DC-DC overall efficiency was only 26.5% at 39WDC in Marshall Space Flight Center.

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1975 •Largest MPT demonstration at the Venus Site of JPL Goldstone Facility.

1987 •SHARP-(Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform)•Fuel free airplane flight experiment with MPT(2.45GHz)

1994-95 •Ground-to-ground MPT experiment with Power Company and universities in Japan

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Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information by the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimeters; these are called microwaves.

Radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of roughly 1.0 gigahertz(GHz) to 30GHz.

Corresponds to wavelength from 30 centimeters down to 1.0cm.

Microwave Transmission

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Transfers high power from one place to another. Two places being in line of sight usually

Steps: ~Electrical energy to microwave energy ~Capturing microwaves using rectenna ~Microwave energy to electrical energy

Microwave Power Transfer

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AC can not be directly converted to microwave energy

AC is converted to DC first

DC is converted to microwaves using magnetron

Transmitted waves are received at rectenna which rectifies, gives DC as the output

DC is converted back to AC

MPT CONT…

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Recent TrendsAntennas

WPT technology for Transmitter

Magnetrons

Semiconductor amplifierTransmitter Issues

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Antennas for MPT

Antennas can be applied for both the MPT & Communication system.

Fixed target of the MPT system we use large parabolic antenna

Moving target we use phased array antenna.

SPS is designed with phased array antenna.

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Parabolic Antenna

Phase Array Antenna

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Phased Array used in Japanese Field MPT experiment

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Magnetrons Semiconductor Amplifier

Microwave generators /amplifiersfor MPT

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Magnetrons

Crossed field tube.

Self oscillatory device.

World war II developed ability to convert energy to microwaves using magnetrons, no method for converting microwaves back to back electricity.

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Generate and amplify high power microwave (over kW) with a high voltage (over kV) imposed.

Higher Efficiency.

Low cost.

Very Economical.

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Semiconductor amplifier

It generate low power microwave with a low voltage

It is easy to control a phase and amplitude

Semiconductor device for microwave circuits are FET,HBT,HEMT.

Material for semiconductor device Si -lower frequency GaAs-higher frequency

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Transmitter Issues

Lightness, to reduce launch cost.

Higher Efficiency, to reduce heat problems.

Weight of microwave tube. COMET TWTA

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COMET

Internal components

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Recent technological trends.

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Retro directive Beam ControlEnvironmental IssuesInteraction with atmosphereInteraction with space plasmas

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Retro directive beam Control

Accurate target detection & high efficient beam forming. Retro directive systems

Corner ReflectorVan Atta ArrayRetro directive array with phase conjugate circuits.

Used for satellite communication, wireless LAN and so on.

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Two sided corner reflector Van Atta Array

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Retro directive array with phase

conjugate circuits

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Environmental Issues Intense microwave, consider MPT safety for human.

Interaction with Atmosphere Effect of atmosphere on microwave is low.

Consider absorption by the oxygen in the microwave frequency.

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Interaction with Space Plasmas Interaction of microwaves and ionospheric plasmas

Refraction, Faraday Rotation, Absorption occur between weak microwaves and plasmas occurs

Influence on MPT system is negligible

Non-linear interaction between intense microwave and plasma

Not effect existent satellite communication

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Recent Trends-WPT

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Recent Technologies of Rectenna

Rectifying circuit and antenna

Receive and rectify a microwave power to DC

Passive element

Ideally 100% of the received microwave power is converted to DC power

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Recent Technologies of Rectenna Array

For high power MPT

Connected in DC phase

Differ from antenna array

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Beam Forming Efficiency Ratio of all radiated power to collected power on receiving antenna

Depends on transmitter and receiver aperture area wavelengths and separation between two antenna

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RF-DC Conversion Efficiency Decline of efficiency caused by:

Array connection loss

Change of optimum operation point of the rectenna array

caused by change of connected load

Trouble of rectenna

Any loss on the system

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Effi

cien

cy (

%)

Efficiency of Rectenna Element

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jUsT wAtCh iT…

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Model Old JAXA Model

JAXA1 Model

JAXA2 Model

NASA/DOE

ModelFrequency 5.8GHz 5.8GHz 5.8GHz 2.45GHz

Diameter of transmitting antenna 2.6km 1km 1.93km 1km

Amplitude taper10dB

Gaussian10dB

Gaussian10dB

Gaussian10dB

Gaussian

Output power(beamed to earth)

1.3GW 1.3GW 1.3GW 6.72GW

Maximum power density at center 63mW/ 420mW/ 114mW/ 2.2mW/

Maximum power density at edge 6.3mW/ 42mW/ 11.4mW/ 0.22mW/

Antenna spacing 0.75λ 0.75λ 0.75λ 0.75λ

Typical parameters of the transmitting antenna of the SPS

Typical parameters of the transmitting antenna of the SPS 09/04/2023Wireless power transmission from solar power satellite

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Model Old JAXA Model

JAXA1 Model

JAXA2 Model

NASA/DOE

ModelPower per one antenna (Number of elements)

Max.0.95W(3.54 billion)

Max 6.1W(540 million)

Max 1.7W(1.950 million)

Max 185W(97 million)

Rectenna Diameter 2.0km 3.4km 2.45km 1km

Maximum Power Density 180mW/ 26mW/ 100mW/ 23mW/

Collection Efficiency 96.5% 86% 87% 89%Typical parameters of the transmitting antenna of the SPS

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Let Us Conclude...

Electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires.

Possibility of constructing power stations on the moon.

Next generation power transmission system.

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REFERENCE[1] N.Tesla, “The Transmission of Electric Energy without Wires”, Electrical World, March 5, 1904. [2] W.C.Brown, “Beamed Microwave Power Transmission and its Application to Space”, IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 40, no. 6, 1992, pp.1239-1250.

[3] www.wikipedia.com

[4] www.youtube.com

[5] T. Hatsuda, K. Ueno, M. Inoue, “Solar Power Satellite Interference Assessment”, IEEE, Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec. 2002, pp.65-70