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WOMEN IN THE UKRAINIAN SECURITY SECTOR: LEGISLATION AND CURRENT
PRACTICES
Philipp Fluri, Maria Berlinska, Valentyn Badrack
ThestudyisperformedbytheexpertsfromtheInstituteofGenderProgramsandtheCenterforArmy,ConversionandDisarmamentStudies(CACDS)withfinancialsupportfromGenevaCenterforDemocraticControloverArmedForces(DCAF).
Kyiv-Geneva,2016
CONTENT
PrefacePhilippFluri………………………………………………………………………………………….…3PrefaceMariaBerlinska…………………………………………………………………………………..….4PrefaceValentynBadrack……………………………………………………………….…………………..6
Introduction……………………………………………………………….………………………….8
Reviewofregulatory-legalactsregimentingserviceintheArmedForcesofUkraine,NationalGuardofUkraineandStateBorderServiceofUkraine………………………………………..…………….11
ConclusionsandRecommendations…………………………………………….………..39
Bibliography………………………………………………………………..........………………….42
PREFACE
PhilippFluriDeputyDirectorDCAF
TheconflictinthesoutheastUkrainehasmadeitclearthatthereareabroadrangeofcitizens–maleandfemale,civilianandenlistedmilitary–determinedtovolunteertheirservicestoassistnotonlyintheATOareabutinthereformofavarietyofdefenceandbroadersecuritystructures.
Ukrainiansocietyhasundergonefundamentalchangesintheapproachtotheperceptionofgenderrelationssince1990–ironicallyaftertheendoftheSovietUnion.Asuccessfulregulationofgenderrelationsinsocietydoes,however,presupposemorethanperceptions.Thevaluesofgenderequalityinsocietyhastobeenshrinedinlaws,institutions,policiesandpractices.
TheArmedForcesatalllevelsarenotexemptfromgenderequalityprinciples,andneitheraretheministriesrepresentingthedefenceandsecuritysectoratgovernmentallevel.Withtheexistenceofavolunteermovementsupporting–orevenbeingthesoleprovidersof-avarietyoftraditionally“military-only”activities,theneedforclearguidanceongenderissuesduringthecurrentreformprocessisclear.
InlinewithotherlegalstudiesanddocumentationspublishedbyDCAF,thisstudypreliminarilyaddressestheUkrainianlegislationregulatinggenderaspectsofthedefenceandsecuritysectorofUkraine.Theapparentdearthofinformationisnotduetothelackofindustriousnessofthecommentatorsbuttothelackofaggregatedpoliciesandlegislationontheissue.Thereisobviouslyalotlefttodo,bothinthelegislativefield,andtheareasofpoliciesandpractices.
Geneva,June2016
3
PREFACE
MariaBerlinskaHeadoftheInstituteofGenderPrograms
Allprogressiveprocesses in societyhavea startingpoint.The surveywhichyouare holding in your hands started with the civic initiative «Invisible Battalion» andlogically continued the previous process of change. Now, Google produces 150000resultsinresponsetotheInvisibleBattalionsearchquery.IwilltrytoexplainwhattheInvisibleBattalionmeansinmoreplainwordsandinmoredetailthanGoogle.
With the beginning of the military campaign in Ukraine I volunteered for airreconnaissance forourarmy. Ineverplannedamilitarycareerbeforeorafterwards,my presence in the military campaign was a forced step to counter the Russianoccupationofmycountry.
However,everytime,comingtoact intheATOarea, InoticedthatwomenwhovolunteeredtodefendtheirMotherland,asIdid,hadahalf-legalstatus.Womenwhoactuallywere snipers, reconnaissance officers, grenade launcher operators – that is,performed combat missions – were officially enrolled as cooks, needlewomen orrecordkeepers.Womenwerealsonotadmittedtokeypositionsinmilitarycommand.
Clear thing, this influenced their pay, the attitude of their commanders, theirsocial status and further military career. In addition to evident discrimination ongender grounds, I saw this situation as impairment of Ukraine’s defence capability.After all, if half of society is not allowed to effectivelydefend its independence, theentiresocietyloses50%ofpotentialproductivityintheendresult.
Therefore, I decided to survey this issue inmoredetail, tounderstandhow theprofessionalcompetenceofwomencouldbebetterusedinwartime.Thisgaverisetothe«InvisibleBattalion»project - the first inUkraine sociological surveyofwomen’sparticipation in the Ukraine-Russian war, as well as a unique photo project withportraitsof50womenwhotookpartincombatoperations.
Theprojectfoundsupportof international institutions–theUkrainianWomen’sFund and UN Women. However, after the presentation of the survey results the«InvisibleBattalion»acquiredsuchpublicitythatitimmediatelyturnedapowerfulciviccampaignpushingforchangesinthelegislation.Forseveralmonths,maleandfemaleactivists spoke about the possibility of full-scale military service of women in mass
4
media, Parliament, international organisations, and once even came with thesedemandstothedooroftheDefenceMinistry.TheMinistryleadershiphasannouncedthatthosechangeswilltakeplacesoon.
To simplify and accelerate the process, DCAF in the person of Philipp FluritogetherwithknownUkrainianmilitaryexpertsLeonidPolyakovandValentynBadrackinvitedmetocoordinatethesurveyofthelegalsideofthequestion.
As the head of the Institute of Gender Programs, I see this initiative asundoubtedly promoting democracy, gender equality and, the main thing,strengtheningUkrainiansocietyinthisdifficulttime.
Ihopethatthroughjointefforts,wewillhaveprofessionalandefficientpowerstructuresintheforeseeablefuture,whichwillbringsecuritytobothUkraineandtheEuropeanUnion.
Kyiv,June2016
5
PREFACE
ValentynBadrackDirectorCACDS
The issue of gender equality in Ukraine’s power structures acquires particularimportance.ItshouldbeadmittedthatmanningoftheArmedForcesofUkraine(AFU),theStateBorderServiceofUkraine (SBSU)andtheNationalGuardofUkraine (NGU)still largely restson the traditionsof theSoviet times,when the roleandabilitiesofwomen in the power structures were strictly limited. In fact, women were onlyengaged for service in certain positions in headquarters, communications centres,pressservicesandmilitarymedicalunits.
Theissueofgenderequalityinthepowerstructuresandtheroleofwomenintheconditionsofaconflictisespeciallytopical,giventhatawariswagedonthecountry’sterritory for more than two years now, and quite many women take part in thedefence of the state as volunteers. This even more requires perfection of theregulatory-legal framework and the very approaches of the authorities to theimplementationofthehumanresourcespolicyinthepowerstructures.
Speaking about the existence of a “specific” attitude to women, expertsreasonablymentionsomeordersoftheMinistryofDefenceofUkraine,theMinistryofInternal Affairs of Ukraine and the State Border Service of Ukraine that limitengagementofwomenforperformanceofspecifictasks,inparticular,participationofwomenincombatoperationsandabilitytooccupysomepositions.Expertsalsonotethat the prejudiced attitude of servicemen, commanders, society to women in factowes to legislative norms providing for a specific, more uncensorious attitude toservicewomen,comparedtomen.
Meanwhile,theMinistryofDefence,too,believesthatitisimpossibletoentirelydo awaywith thedifferences in the statusofwomenandmen in theArmedForcesduringmilitaryservice.Accordingtothedefenceestablishmentposition,itisnotaboutthediscriminatorypolicyofthebodiesofstatepowerbutaboutUkraine’sobligationsunder the International Maternity Protection Convention and, respectively,effectivenessoftheLawofUkraine“OnLabourProtection”andtheMinistryofPublicHealthOrderdated29December1993№256“OnApprovaloftheListofHardWorksandWorks inHazardousandDangerousConditions,WhereEmploymentofWomen’sLabourisForbidden”.However,therelevantprovisionsoftheUkrainianlegislationalso
6
require revision, since they do not rest on international norms but almost literallyreproduceregulatoryactsoftheSoviettimes.
ItshouldalsobeaddedthattheGeneralStaffoftheArmedForcesofUkraineiscurrently drafting changes to the Regulations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine,providingforequalrightsofservicewomenandservicemenineverydayactivity.
Allthementionedobstaclesforwomeninthenationalpowerstructurespointtotheneedofurgentrevisionofnormsandthelegislativeframework,especiallyinthecontextofthedefencereformandEuro-AtlanticintegrationofUkraine.Ukraineinfactremainsastatethathistoricallyinheritedmanymentalnodes.Theattitudetoservicewomeniscertainlyoneofthem.So,theexistenceofrelevantanalyticalmaterialsandready-to-userecommendationsofconcernedorganisationsmayseriouslypushtheauthoritiestoimplementchanges,concerningengagementofwomenformilitaryservice.
Kyiv,June2016
7
INTRODUCTION
For Ukraine, the issue of gender equality in power structures and the role ofwomenintheconditionsofaconflictisespeciallytopical,giventhewarwagedonthecountry’s territory formorethantwoyearsnowunder theofficialnameofan“anti-terroristoperation”,or“contingency”.Thepracticeprovesthatpowerstructureshavea “specific” attitude to women. Stereotypes about the role of women dominatingUkrainiansocietygrowintheconservativecultureofthesecurityanddefencesector.Underthepretextofprotectionofwomenandmaternity,careaboutwomen’shealthand account of women’s abilities, Ukraine’s legislation abounds in discriminatoryprovisions. In particular, orders of theMinistry ofDefence and theArmed ForcesofUkraine (hereinafter – “MOD”, “AFU”), theNationalGuardofUkraine (hereinafter –“NGU”) and the State Border Service of Ukraine (hereinafter – “SBSU”) restrictengagementofwomenforperformanceofcertaintasks,theirparticipationincombatoperations, ability to occupy some positions. That said, provisions of the legislationcontainnotdispositivebutexpresslyprohibitivenorms.Inotherwords,thelegislationdoesnotgiveservicewomantherighttoescapeparticipation inespeciallydangerousmissions,iftheywish,butimposesadirectbanonsuchparticipation,eveninpresenceof a good will and proper skills. Inability of official participation in some activitiesmakeswomentosearchforalternativeopportunitiestousetheirknowledge,abilitiesandskillsinthetradeofwar.Asaresult,perfectsnipersareofficiallyenrolledascooks,with the corresponding official pay and impossibility to get proper letters ofcommendation,militaryranksandfurthercareergrowthinmilitaryservice.
Meanwhile, the effective legislation restricts the rights not only of women butalso of men, raising the issue of gender equality to an entirely different level. Inparticular,regulatory-legalactsarewrittensothatservicemenactuallycannotactivelyparticipateinthelifeoftheirownfamily,takeachildcareleaveetc.
In addition to a prejudiced attitude, thewomenwho opted for a career in thesecurityanddefencesectoreverydayencounteranumberofregulatoryobstaclesforprofessionalgrowthanddevelopment.Thoseproblemsmaybesummedupasfollows:
1.Althoughthelawprovidesthatduringmilitaryserviceservicewomenenjoythesame rights and freedoms asmen, Ukraine’s regulatory-legal framework stillmakes distinctions between the official positions of servicewomen and servicemen. Forinstance, in accordance with the Law of Ukraine «On Military Duty and MilitaryService»dated25.03.1992№2233-ХІІ, theage limit forservicewomenissetequalto50 years (10 years lower than formen), women cannot be included in the primary
8
operationalreserve,eveniftheyhaveamilitaryoccupationalspecialty(allmen,whendismissedfromservice,areautomaticallyincludedintheprimaryoperationalreserve).
2.Restriction of the ability (right) to occupy certain positions. TheMinister ofDefenceOrderdated27.05.2014№337«OnApprovalofProvisionalListsofMilitaryOccupational and Regular Positions of Privates and Non-Commissioned Officers forServicewomenandPositionWageRates for theAbove-MentionedMilitaryServants»specifiesthelistofpositionsthatcannotbefilledbyservicewomen,e.g.:sniper,fieldengineer,anti-aircraftgunner.AccordingtothesameOrder,womenarenotappointedto officer positions dealing with management of explosives, diving operations,commandandcontrolofbrigadesofsurfaceshipsandnavaloperationcentres,aswellassomepositionsinspecialforces.
3.The prejudiced attitude of servicemen, commanders, society to women infactowes to legislative norms providing for a specific, more uncensorious attitude toservicewomen, compared to men. For instance, servicewomen are not subject toadministrative sanctions, military confinement for commitment of militaryadministrativeoffences.Mitigationofresponsibility,punishmentandestablishmentofanyotherspecialconditionsbasedonsexdonotcontributetointegrationofwomenina male team and furtherance of professional relations resting on the principles ofequality.Similardiscriminatorynorms(LawofUkraine“OnSocialandLegalProtectionofMilitary Servants and Their FamilyMembers”, Article 10-1) regiment the right toleaveandrest(womenhavetherighttochildcareleave,whilemendonothavesuchright,hence,conditionsarecreatedwherebyonlyawomenwillgiveuphercareerforthesakeofparenthood).
4. Absence of infrastructure facilities, specific norms of clothing and medical support for women.Militaryunitsarenotproperly fittedout to letwomenserve inthearmy(therearenotoilets,showers,separatebarracksforwomen),noprocedureof medical examination of women is provided, there are no physicians qualified inwomen’smedicalhealth,women’suniformandotherpersonalitemsarenotprocured.InstructionmanualsandordersoftheMinistryofDefenceofUkraine,theMinistryofInternalAffairsofUkraine,theNationalGuardofUkraineandtheStateBorderServiceof Ukraine have no provisions whatsoever providing infrastructure and otherconditionsfortheserviceofwomeninpowerstructures.
Although the description of the above-mentioned problems mainly containsreferencestolawsregimentingserviceintheArmedForces,thesituationwithwomenserving in theunitsof theNationalGuardand theStateBorderService is absolutelythesame.Thethingisthatserviceindifferentpowerstructuresislargelyregimentedby common legislative acts describing general principles and approaches. Bylaws ofeveryseparateagency furtherdescribe theproceduresof implementationofspecificlegislativenormsinmoredetail.
9
For identification of the possible ways of solution of the problems describedabove, it is proposed to perform a review of the key legislative acts and bylawsregimentingtheproceduresofserviceinAFU,NGUandSBSUfortheircompliancetothe principle of gender equality. The survey is presented in the format of a tablecontainingthetitleoftheregulatory-legalact,aquotationoftheprovisioncontainingadiscriminatoryorgender-relatedwording,andalegalopinionofcomplianceofthatprovisiontotheprincipleofgenderequality.Thefirstpartofthetablebearsanalysisof regulatory-legal acts regimenting the activity of all the three power structurescovered by this review; the following three parts review regulatory-legal actsregimenting the procedures of service in theArmed Forces ofUkraine, theNationalGuard of Ukraine and the State Border Service of Ukraine. The table is followed byconclusionsandrecommendationsadvisingonpossiblewaysofsolutionofthegenderissueinthestatepowerstructures.
10
REVIEW
OFREGU
LATO
RY-LEGALACTSREGIMENTINGSERVICEINTHEAR
MEDFORCESOFUKRA
INE,
NATIONALGUAR
DOFUKRA
INEAN
DSTATEBORD
ERSERVICEOFUKRA
INE
№Titleoftheregulatory-
legalact
Provision
Legalanalysis
І.Regulatory-legalactsregimentingmilitaryservice(com
monforAFU,NGU
andSBSU)
LawsofUkraine
1OnMilitaryDutyand
MilitaryService
Article20.TheContractualBasisforEnlistmentinMilitary
Service
1.Citizenswhopasstheprofessionalandpsychological
selectionandmeettherequirem
entsofm
ilitaryservicecanbe
enlistedinmilitaryserviceonacontractualbasis:
Enlistedservicem
eninregularmilitaryservice,whoserve
underconscriptionorunderm
obilisationduringthespecial
period,citizensofcall-upagewhohaveundertakenhigher,
vocationalorcompletedsecondaryeducationandhavenotyet
passedregularm
ilitaryservice,personsliableformilitary
serviceaswellaswom
enwhodonothavemilitaryranksas
officers,
havea
relevanteducation,undertakenspecial
preparationandarebetween18-40yearsofage–formilitary
serviceonacontractualbasisasprivates,sergeantsand
sergeant-majors;
…
2.Formilitaryserviceonacontractualbasisasofficersinthe
SecurityServiceofUkraine,intelligenceservicesofUkraineand
theDepartmentoftheStateProtectionofUkraineareenlisted
citizensofUkrainewhohavecompletedahigherlevelof
educationnolow
erthanabachelor’sdegreeandspecialisedin
afieldthatcorrespondstothetypeofserviceconcernedand
whohavenotreachedtheagelimitrequiredforofficerservice,
Pursuanttoitems1and2,part1,Article20ofthe
Law,awom
anmaysignacontractofm
ilitaryservice
intheageof18to40years.Meanw
hile,thereisno
suchrestrictionform
en.
Furthermore,giventhattheagelim
itforreserve
serviceofwom
enliabletoduty(irrespectiveofthe
militaryranksconferredtothem
)is50years,
wom
enintheageof40to50years(bycontrastto
men)cannotm
akeacontractofm
ilitaryservice.
Itisproposedtoequatetheagelim
itforconclusion
ofcontractsofm
ilitaryserviceforwom
enwiththe
agelim
itofreserveservice.
11
servicem
eninregularm
ilitaryservicewhohaveservedforno
lessthansixmonths,privates,sergeantsandsergeant-majors
incontractualmilitaryservice,personsliableforserviceand
wom
enunder40yearsofage.
Article28.ReserveClassesandServiceAgeLimitsforPersons
LiableforM
ilitaryServiceintheReserve
1.Personsliableform
ilitaryserviceinthereservearedivided
intotw
oclasses,whichareestablishedinaccordancewiththeir
age.
2.Personsliableform
ilitaryserviceinthereservewhohave
theranksofprivates,sergeantsandsergeant-majorsare
dividedintothefollowingageclasses:
1)firstclass-upto35years;
2)secondclass-upto60years;
3.Officersinthereservearedividedintothefollowingage
classes:
1)firstclass:
• juniorofficers-upto45years;
• rankofseniorofficers:
• major(captainofthe3rd rank),lieutenantcolonel
(captainofthe2n
d rank)-upto50years;
• colonel(thecaptainof1strank)-upto55years;
• superiorofficers-upto60years;
2)secondclass:
• juniorandseniorofficers-upto60years;
• superiorofficers-upto65years;
4.Theagelimitforthesecondcategoryinthereserveis
equivalenttotheagelimitforthemilitaryreserve.
5.Irrespectiveoftheirrank,wom
enliableform
ilitaryservice
aretransferredtothereserveofthesecondclass.Theservice
agelim
itinthereserveforw
omenis–50years.
Part5ofarticle28providesthatwom
enliableto
militaryservicearerelegatedtothesecondary
reservewiththeagelim
itofreserveserviceequalto
50years.Thatsaid(bycontrasttomen),themilitary
rankconferredtothem
isnottakenintoaccount.
This
provision
effectively
offsets
wom
en’s
achievem
entsduringmilitaryservice.Irrespectiveof
theobtainedm
ilitaryrank(fromaprivatetoan
ArmyGeneralofUkraine),allwom
enliableto
militaryservicemustretireinthesameage.
Inaddition,thisprovisionputsmenandwom
enon
unequalfooting.Ononehand,formenliableto
militaryservicewhostayinthereserveandhave
militaryranksofprivatesandnon-com
missioned
officersandbelongtotheprimarygrade,theage
limitofreserveserviceissetequalto35years,for
men–juniorofficers–45years.Therefore,som
ecategoriesofm
enmayretireearlierthanwom
en.
Ontheotherhand,theagelim
itofreserveservicefor
menis65years(forsuperiorofficers).Hence,m
en
mayserveinthereserve15yearslongerthan
wom
en,w
hichseriouslyunderminestherightand
abilityofwom
enliabletom
ilitaryservicetoget
12
higherm
ilitaryranks(article31oftheLawof
Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»
allowsconfermentofhighermilitaryranksduring
reserveservice).TheLawofUkraine«OnPensions
forPersonsDismissedfrom
MilitaryServiceand
SomeOtherPersons»providesthatthecalculationof
thepensiontakesintoaccountthem
ilitaryrank.
Therefore,wom
enliable
tomilitaryservice
potentiallymayhavealowerpension.
Itisproposedtodoawaywiththedistinctionof
wom
eninaseparatecategoryandtoequatethem
to
men.
Article27.TransfertotheReserve.CategoriesofServicemenin
theReserve
1.CitizensofUkrainefitformilitaryserviceforhealthreasons
inpeaceandwartim
eandwhohavenotreachedtheserviceage
limitaretransferredtothereserveoftheArmedForcesof
Ukraineandotherm
ilitaryformations.Theyareregisteredwith
enlistmentofficesinregional(city)m
ilitarycom
missariatsand
therelevantbodiesofothermilitaryformations.
2.Personsliableform
ilitaryserviceinthereservearedivided
intotwocategories.3.Personsliableform
ilitaryservicewho
havecarriedoutmilitaryserviceandhaveacquiredamilitary
specialitywhileintheservicebelongtothereserveofthe
firstcategory.
4.Personsliableform
ilitaryservicewhohavenotacquireda
militaryspecialityduringmilitaryservice,personswhohavenot
carriedoutm
ilitaryservice,asw
ellasw
omenliablefor
militaryservicebelongtothereserveofthesecondcategory.
5.Ifpersonsliableform
ilitaryservicewhobelongtothe
reserveofthesecondcategoryacquireamilitaryspeciality
Maleconscriptsarerelegatedtotheprimarymilitary
reserve,iftheygotamilitaryoccupationalspecialty.
Meanw
hile,wom
enliable
tomilitaryservice,
irrespectiveoftheobtainedmilitaryoccupational
specialty,arerelegatedtothesecondaryreserve.
Suchprovision
downplaysachievem
entsofa
servicewom
anand
lowers
her
value
asa
professional.
Itisproposedtodoawaywiththedistinctionof
wom
eninaseparatecategoryandtoequatethem
to
men.
13
whileonthelistofreserveorservinginthemilitaryreserve,
theyaretransferredtothereserveofthefirstcategory
(exceptforwom
enliableform
ilitaryservice).
Article26.Dischargefrom
militaryservice
…
2)forallofficers:
…
d)inconnectionwiththestartofthespecialperiodandabsence
ofintentiontocontinuethem
ilitaryserviceonthepartof
wom
anmilitaryserviceman,w
hohasachild(children)under
theageof18.
…
6.Contractshallbepostponed
(cancelled)and
military
servicem
enshallbedischargedfrom
militaryservice:
…
k))inconnectionwiththestartofthespecialperiodand
absenceofintentiontocontinuethemilitaryserviceonthepart
ofwom
anmilitaryserviceman,whohasachild(children)under
theageof18;
…
7. Forcadreserviceofficers:
…
j)inconnectionwiththestartofthespecialperiodandabsence
ofintentiontocontinuethem
ilitaryserviceonthepartof
wom
anmilitaryserviceman,w
hohasachild(children)under
theageof18.
8.Duringthespecialperiod,thefollowingmilitary
servicem
enshallbedischarged:
1)from
thetim
eofannouncem
entofm
obilizationuntilthe
timestipulatedbyclauses2and3ofthisPart:
a)wom
en,w
hohaveachild(children)undertheageof18,in
Duringacontingency,aservicewom
anwhohasa
childagedunder18yearsmaybedismissed,ifsheis
unwillingtocontinuemilitaryservice.M
endonot
enjoysucharight.Thisresultsinasituationwhere
inthefam
iliesofmilitaryservantsitisthewom
an
whohastoresignfrommilitaryservice,sacrificing
hercareer,sinceshealoneisgivenanopportunityto
lookafterthechild.
Itisproposedtosupplem
enttheseprovisionswith
therighttodismissalgrantedtoonespouseattheir
choice,ifbothspousesserveinthemilitary.
However,evenwithaccountoftheaboveproposal,
article26willstillgrantspecialrightssolelyto
wom
en–ifawom
anistheonlyfam
ilym
ember
servinginthearmy,shemayresignfrom
military
service,butifonlyamanservesinthearmyina
family,hecannotresign.So,itisproposedto
supplementthisprovisionandtogiveservicemen
whobringupachildontheirowntherighttoresign
from
servicetobringupachild.
Menandw
omencanbefullyequated,ifthese
provisionsarerem
ovedorbothwom
enandmenget
therighttoresigniftheyhaveachildunder18years.
Theseprovisionsprotectchildrenincaseofa
14
casetheydidnotindicatetheirintentiontocontinuethe
militaryservice;
possibledeathofthemotherincombatoperations(if
thewom
anherselfdoesnotwanttocontinue
service).Hence,iftheseprovisionsarecancelled,
suchguaranteewilldisappear,andthegenderstatus
ofwom
enwillnotim
prove.Apparently,thebestw
ay
toresolvetheissuewillbetogivebothwom
enand
mentherighttoresignfrom
serviceforchildcare.
Article30.Exem
ptionfrom
TrainingSessions
1.Thefollowingpersons(exceptforthoseservinginthe
reserve)areexemptfromregulartrainingsessions:
….
7)wom
enliableformilitaryserviceexceptforcontroltraining
sessions;
Item7ofpart1,article30,releaseswom
enliableto
militaryservicefrom
militarytrainingforreservists
(exceptcontroltrainingsessions).Suchprovision
unreasonablyunderminesmilitarypreparednessofa
wom
anincaseofhermobilisationinacontingency.
Inthecontextoftheequationoftheagelimitfor
retirem
entfrom
thereserveform
enandwom
en
proposedabove,it
isproposedtocancelthis
provision.
2OntheBarracks
Regulationsofthe
ArmedForcesof
Ukraine
131.
…
Servicewom
enareaccommodatedinseparateservice
residentialpremises.
Thelegislationprovidesthatservicewom
enare
accommodatedinseparatepremises.Thisnormis
consistentwithgenderrequirem
entsandtheforeign
practice(inparticular,asimilarrequirementisfound
intheUSlegislation).1
However,inreality,thisnormisnotim
plem
ented.2
Wom
enhavetolivetogetherwithmen.3This
1 10USC431
9:Racialand
ethniciss
ues;gen
derissue
s:su
rveys,accessed5June
,201
6,availableat:
http://uscod
e.ho
use.go
v/view
.xhtml?pa
th=/prelim
@title10
/sub
titleB/pa
rt3&
edition
=prelim
2 W
eareno
tcoo
ksbutre
alfighters,The
warhasnotawom
an’sfa
ce?[electronicresource]/NataliaPlokhotniuk//
VechirniyKyiv–24
.01.20
16.–Accessm
ode:
http://vechirniykiev.com
.ua/ne
ws/my-ne
-kukha
rky-a-po
vnotsin
ni-biytsi-u
-viyny-ne-zhinoche
-oblychchya(accessed:04.06
.201
6;inUkrainian
).3 W
hatd
oesa
wom
andointh
earmy?[e
lectronicresource]/NataliaPlokhotniuk//
Insid
er–11.02
.201
6.–Accessm
ode:http://www.th
einsider.ua/lifestyle/569
3d03
401fe8
/(accessed:04.06
.201
6;inUkrainian
).
15
problemisespeciallyacuteinthecontextofactual
participationofwom
enincom
batoperationsinthe
EastofUkraine.
269.Asarule,servicewom
enarenotassignedforday
duty.Dependentonthem
ilitaryrankandposition,if
necessary,servicewom
enmaybeappointedinlinewith
thelegislationasthedutyparam
edic(medicalinstructor),
staffdutyofficer,dining-roomorderly,headquarters
orderly,dutypersonororderlyofaw
omen’shostel.
Servicewom
enarealsoassignedfordutyinaccordance
withtheirspecialty.
Thisprovisionprovidesaspecialprocedureofassignment
ofservicewomenfordayduty.Suchspecialregimentation
createsanatmosphereofinequalityinthearmy,which
entailsanegativeattitudeofmentowomen.Furthermore,
Article269unreasonablypresumesthatawomancannot
fulfiltasksofdayduty.
Inviewoftheabove,itisproposedtodeletethis
article.
Annex6totheBarracksRegulations
Procedureofquestioningmilitaryservants
Annex6specifiestheprocedureofquestioning
militaryservants.Questioningisperformedinorder
tocollectfromm
ilitaryservantsappealsand/or
complaintsaboutmilitaryservice.
Itisproposedtointroduceaspecialquestioningform
similartotheArmedForcesWorkplaceandGender
RelationsSurveysheldintheUSArmedForces4.The
suggestedpurposeofsuchquestioningistoidentifyand
resolvethekeyproblemsofgenderequalityinthearmy.
3OntheGarrisonand
PatrolService
Regulationsofthe
ArmedForcesof
8.Inthegarrisonsthathaveseveralm
ilitaryunitsofthe
ArmedForcesofUkraine,thegarrisoncommanderbyhis
orderappointsseniorofficersintherelevantpositionsas:
• deputygarrisoncommander;
Article8containsthelistofthegarrisonofficials.
Noneofthelistedofficialsaredirectlyresponsible
forgenderequalityandgendereducation,w
hich
runscontrarytoNATOstandards.5
4 10USC481
:Racialand
ethniciss
ues;gen
derissue
s:su
rveys,accessed1June
201
6,availableat:
http://uscod
e.ho
use.go
v/view
.xhtml?req=
military+w
omen
&f=treesort&fq=true&
num=1
3&hl=true&
edition
=prelim
&gran
uleId=
USC-prelim
-title1
0-section4
81
5 See:Co
mmitteeonWom
enin
the
NAT
OForces(CWINF),C
WINFguidan
cefo
rNAT
OGen
derMainstreaming,app
rovedatthe
ann
ualm
eetin
ginJun
e20
07,a
ccessed31
May
2016
,availableat:h
ttp://www.nato.int/iss
ues/wom
en_n
ato/cw
inf_guidan
ce.pdf
16
Ukraine
• deputygarrisoncommanderformoraleand
welfare;
• deputygarrisoncommanderforlogistics;
• assistanttothegarrisoncommanderforlegal
issues;
• chiefsignalofficerofthegarrison;
• headofthegarrisonApartmentM
anagem
entUnit;
• headofthegarrisonfinancial-economicservice;
• headofthegarrisonmedicalservice;
• headofthegarrisonveterinaryservice;
• chiefABCofficer-headofthegarrison
environm
entalsafetyservice;
• headofthegarrisonfiresafetyservice;
• thegarrisonbandm
aster.
Itisproposedtointroducethepositionofadeputy
garrisoncom
mander–advisorongenderissues,in
linewithCWINFrecommendations.6
5.Militaryservantsarrestedordetainedbythemilitary
policeorotherlaw-enforcementbodiesaresenttothe
detentionbarracksunderescort.
…
Toescortmilitaryservantssentencedtoarrestwhoare
officersandwarrantofficers,theofficerorwarrantofficer
escortisassigned,respectively.Toescortservicewom
ento
theplaceofpunishm
ent,escortisassigned,m
adeupof
servicewom
enfrom
thedetentionbarracksmilitarypolice
bypriorrequestofthegeneralstaffsofarmsoftheArmed
ForcesofUkraine,staffsofoperationalcommands,
departmentsofthecentralstaffoftheMinistryofDefence
ofUkraine,theGeneralStaffoftheArmedForcesof
Ukraineandheadquartersofothermilitaryformations.
ThisprovisionoftheGarrisonandPatrolService
Regulationsprovidesthatofficersand
warrant
officerscannotbeescortedbymilitaryservantsofa
lowerrank.Thisprovisionisintendedtopreserve
theauthorityofsuperiorm
ilitaryservantsversus
inferiorones.
Meanw
hile,servicewom
enmaybeescortedsolelyby
servicewom
en.Thisprovisiondefendstheauthority
ofservicewom
enversusservicem
en.However,there
isnolim
itationofthemilitaryrankoffem
aleescorts.
Therefore,afem
aleofficerm
aybeescortedbya
femalesoldier,
whichputswom
enonunequal
footingwithmen.
6 Ibid.
17
46.Physicalcoercion,specialmeansandarmsareused
againstsentencedmilitaryservantsbythedutyshift
personnelandmilitaryofficialsofthegarrisonmilitary
policecommandandcontrolbody,thedutyshiftpersonnel
andmilitaryofficialsofthegarrisonmilitarypolice
commandandcontrolbodyimmediatelyreportthereofto
thegarrisonm
ilitarypolicecommanderandnotifythe
concernedprosecutor.Armsarenotusedagainstescaping
servicewom
en.
Article46providesthatarmsareusedagainst
sentenced
servicem
eninaccordancewiththe
legislation.M
eanw
hile,armsarenotusedagainst
escapingservicewom
en.
Thisprovisionsetsunequalconditionsfordifferent
sexesandcreatesprerequisitesforbreachofmilitary
discipline.
4OntheDisciplinary
Regulationsofthe
ArmedForcesof
Ukraine
46.Forpublicinfluenceonperpetuatorsofthemilitary
disciplineandpublicorder,priortotheimpositionof
punishmentforoffences,militaryservantsmaybe
reviewed,onadecisionofthecommander:
• privates(seamen)—
atpersonnelassem
blies;
• non-commissionedofficers—atassem
bliesofnon-
commissionedofficers;
• warrantofficers—atassembliesofwarrant
officers;
• servicewom
en—atassem
bliesofservicewom
enin
themilitaryranks(withpositions)notbelowthan
themilitaryrank(position)oftheservicewom
an
whoseoffenceisbeingreviewed;
• officers—atassembliesofofficersw
hohave
militaryranks(occupypositions)notbelowthan
themilitaryrank(position)oftheofficerwhose
offenceisbeingreviewed.
Article46providesthatdisciplinary
offences
committedbyservicewom
enarereviewedsolelyby
servicewom
en.Meanw
hile,disciplinary
offences
committedbyservicem
enare
reviewedwith
involvem
entofwom
en.
Thisprovisionham
persteambuildinginthearmy,
madeupofmenandwom
enalike.Therefore,itis
proposedtoremovesuchrestrictions.
5OnSocialandLegal
ProtectionofMilitary
ServantsandTheir
FamilyMem
bers
Article10-1.Therightofservicementovacations.The
procedureforgrantingavacationtoservicem
enandrecall
from
it
….
14…Whendischargedfrom
serviceunderthefirstand
secondparagraphofthisClause,servicem
enhavetheright
Article10-1regimentstherightofm
ilitaryservants
toleave.Therighttochildcareleaveisgrantedsolely
towom
en,w
hilethisrightisnotprovidedtomen.
Respectively,conditionsarise,wherebyawom
anhas
togiveuphercareerforthesakeofparenthood.
18
toreceivemonetarycompensationforunuseddaysof
annualbasicleaveintheyearofdischargeandfordaysof
additionalleave,particularlyfemaleservicem
enwith
children.
…
19.Providingservicem
enwithothertypesofleavesduring
theperiodsindicatedinArticles17and18shallbehalted,
exceptform
aternityleavestofemaleservicem
en,child
careleavetillchildbecom
esthreeyearsoldorlongerin
accordancewithmedicalrecommendationincaseachild
needshom
ecare,butnotexceedingsixyearsold,asw
ell
asleavesfordiseasetreatmentorleavesforrecovering
afterheavywoundincompliancewithmilitarymedical
commission’srecommendation.
Itisproposedtoequateservicewom
enand
servicem
enintherighttochildcareleave.
Article14.Privilegesofservicemenandmem
bersoftheir
families
…
12.Aservicem
aninconscriptmilitaryservice,acontract
servicem
an,acadreofficer,anofficercalledupform
ilitary
service,andaservicem
ancalledupform
ilitaryserviceduring
mobilisationforthespecialperiod(exceptforwom
enliablefor
militaryservice),ifsentencedtoaconfinem
entinthe
disciplinarybattalionofservicem
en,heandhisfam
ilymem
bers
donotlosetherighttoprivileges.
Thisnormguaranteespreservationofsocialbenefits
formilitaryservantsandtheirfamilymem
berseven
ifamilitaryservantissentencedtoaterminapenal
battalion.Thisguaranteedoesnotapplytowom
en,
becauseaterminapenalbattalionasakindof
punishmentisnotappliedtowom
en.
Asnotedbelow,it
isproposedtocancelthe
restriction
onwom
en’s
sentencingtoapenal
battalion.Hence,theexceptionforwom
enmadein
part12ofarticle14shouldalsoberemoved.
Article15.Pensionsandhelp
…
2.Servicemen,exceptforservicemenofconscriptservice,
dischargedfrom
militaryserviceforhealthreasons,
receiveaone-tim
eallowanceequalto50percentof
monthlysalaryforeverycompletecalendaryearof
service.Incaseofhavingbeendischargedfrommilitary
serviceforreasonsofage,inconnectionwithstaff
Part2ofarticle15providesthatone-timepecuniary
assistanceispaidupondismissalfromservicetoa
wom
anwhohasachild(children)agedunder18
years,afterserving10andmoreyears.
Thisnormisconsistentw
itharticle26oftheLawof
Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»,
providingthatonlyawom
anhastherighttobe
19
reductions,inconnectionwithdirectsubordinationto
closerelative,withasystematicfailureofcom
mandersto
fulfilcontractterms,
aswellasinconnectionwith
introductionofthespecialperiodandrefusaltocontinue
militaryservicebyfemaleservicem
anwhohasachild
(children)undertheageof18aftertheexpirationofa
contractservicemenreceiveaone-tim
eallowanceequalto
50percentofm
onthlysalaryforeverycompletecalendar
yearofserviceontheconditiontheirtermofserviceisin
excessof10years.
…
dismissedinacontingency,ifshehasachildaged
under18years.Inviewoftheamendm
entstothat
articleproposedabove,weconsideritnecessaryto
maketherelevantamendm
entsinpart2ofarticle15
oftheLawofUkraine«On
Socialand
Legal
ProtectionofM
ilitaryServantsandTheirFamily
Mem
bers».
6OnPensionsforPersons
Dismissedfrom
Military
ServiceandSomeOther
Persons
Article9.Paymentofthegrant
…upondismissalfromserviceforthereasonofhealthare
paidanallowanceattherateof50percentofamonthly
monetaryallowanceforeachfullcalendaryearofservice.
Incaseofdischargefrom
serviceforthereasonsofage,in
connectionwithstaffreductionororganisationalactivities,
inconnectionwithdirectsubordinationtocloserelative,
system
icviolationofthetermsofcontractbycommanders,
aswellasinconnectionwithintroductionofthespecial
periodandrefusaltocontinuemilitaryservicebyfemale
servicem
anwhohasachild(children)undertheageof16
arepaidanallowanceattherateof50percentofa
monthlymonetaryallowanceforeachfullcalendaryearof
servicewhentermofserviceis10yearsorhigher.
…
Thisnormissimilartopart2,article15oftheLawof
Ukraine«OnSocialandLegalProtectionofMilitary
ServantsandTheirFam
ilyMem
bers»(excepttheage
ofthechild,setequalto16years),reviewedabove.
Similarproposalsandcommentsapplytothisnorm,
accordingly.
7CriminalCodeof
Ukraine
Article62.Custodyofmilitaryservantsinapenal
battalion
1.Punishm
entintheformofcustodyinapenalbattalionis
imposedonconscripts,militaryservantsservingundera
contract,careerofficers,draftedofficers,militaryservants
calledupform
ilitaryserviceduringmobilisationina
contingency(exceptservicewom
en),foraperiodfrom6
Article62ofthe
CriminalCodeofUkraine
(hereinafter—“CCU”)providesthatcustodyof
militaryservantsinapenalbattalioncannotbe
applied
to
servicewom
en.
Such
restriction
underminestheestablishm
entofpropermilitary
discipline,doesnotcontributetointegrationof
20
monthsto2yearsincasesprovidedbythisCode,andifthe
court,takingintoaccountthecircum
stancesofthecase
andthepersonoftheconvict,deemsitpossibletoreplace
imprisonmentfornotmorethan2yearswithcustodyina
penalbattalionforthesameterm.
wom
enina
male
team
and
furtherance
of
professionalrelationsrestingontheprinciplesof
equality.
8CodeofAdm
inistrative
Offences
Article32-1.Militaryconfinem
ent
Militaryconfinem
ent
isimposed
and
applied
in
exceptionalcasesonly,forspecificmilitaryadm
inistrative
offences,forthetermofuptoten
days.Military
confinem
entisim
posedbyadistrict,citydistrict,cityor
city-districtcourt(judge).
Militaryconfinem
entcannotbeappliedtoservicewom
en.
Article32-1providesthatmilitaryconfinem
ent
cannotbeappliedtoservicewom
en.Similartoarticle
62ofCCU,thisarticleprovidesaspecialprocedureof
bringingwom
entoresponsibility,whichdoesnot
contributetotheprom
otionofgenderequalityinthe
military.Furthermore,com
binedwitharticle62of
CCU,article32-1oftheCodeofAdm
inistrative
Offencessubstantiallylim
itsthe
possibilityof
bringingservicewom
antoresponsibility.The
experienceofforeign
countrieswithadvanced
armiesshowsthatthereshouldbenoexceptionsfor
wom
eninpunishmentforillegalactivities.In
particular,intheUSA,servicewom
enservetheir
sentenceintheNavalConsolidatedBrig,Miram
ar.7
Bylaws
9RegulationsofM
ilitary
ServiceofOfficers,
WarrantOfficersofthe
ArmedForcesof
Ukraineapprovedby
thePresidentofUkraine
Decree«OnRegulations
ofMilitaryServicefor
5.TheArmedForcesofUkrainearestaffedwithofficersand
ensigns(warrantofficers):
a.Onacontractualbasis:
…
Thereserveofficersw
hohavenotattainedthemilitary
serviceagelim
it,includingwom
enunder30yearsofage;
…
Item5oftheRegulationsimposesspecificage
limitationsonwom
enwillingtomakeacontractof
militaryserviceforofficers.Forwom
en,theage
limitforconclusionofthecontractis30years.
Meanw
hile,theagelim
itforconclusionofthe
contractform
encoincideswiththeagelimitof
militaryservice.Theagelimitofmilitaryservicefor
wom
enis50years(part5,Article28Lawof
7 Rod
Pow
ers,“Insid
eaMilitaryPrison
,”Abo
utCareers,accessedJune
5,201
6,http://usmilitary.abo
ut.com
/od/justicelaw
legisla
tion/a/na
vprison
.htm
21
SpecificCategoriesof
MilitaryServants»
8 Servicem
en,andalsoreservistsandwom
en19upto30
yearsofage,awardedthemilitaryrankofensign(warrant
officer)accordingtoitem
15oftheseRegulations;
…
Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»).
Therefore,wom
enaredeprivedoftherighttoenter
intoacontractofservice20yearsbeforethe
expirationoftheagelim
itofmilitaryservice,while
menarenotsubjecttothislimitation.
Furthermore,thisprovisionrunscontrarytoarticle
20oftheLaw«OnM
ilitaryDutyandMilitary
Service»(EnlistmentforMilitaryServiceundera
Contract),thatdoesnothavesuchrestrictions.
13.
…
Theperiodofvalidityofthecontractoffem
aleservicem
en
onmaternityleaveisprolongeduntilthechildreaches
threeyearsofage.
Item13guaranteesextensionofthecontractterm
bythetimeofthewom
an’schildcareleavetillthe
achievem
entoftheageof3.Inconnectionwiththe
proposaltograntservicementherighttochildcare
leave,it
isproposedtointroduce
relevant
amendm
entstothisitem
.34.Atappointmentofservicementomilitarypostsand
theirservicetransfers,thefollowingrequirem
entsare
observed:
…
d)Fem
aleservicem
enareappointedtothepostsofthe
officerandensigns
(warrantofficers)determinedbytheMinisterofDefenceof
Ukraine;
…
Sub-item«г»ofitem34providesthatservicewomenmay
beappointedtoalimitednumberofpositions,specifiedby
theDefenceMinistry.Suchprovisionsubstantiallyimpairs
therightofservicewomentowork,creatingunequal
conditionswithmen.
(Formoredetailonrestrictionsforwomenfillingmilitary
positions,seethecommenttotheMinisterofDefence
Order«OnApprovaloftheProvisionalListsofMilitary
OccupationalandRegularPositionsofPrivatesandNon-
8 Note:thisprovision
app
liesno
ton
lytoAF
Ubutalso
toNGUand
SBS
,sinceitem
2ofthe
Decreeprovides:«
Regulatio
nsofm
ilitaryserviceofo
fficers,w
arrantofficersofthe
Armed
ForcesofU
kraine
,Re
gulatio
nsofMilitaryServiceofPrivates(Seam
en),Non
-Com
miss
ione
dOfficersoftheArmed
ForcesofU
kraine
,Re
gulatio
nsofMilitaryService
(Training)und
eraCon
tractinthe
Arm
edForcesofUkraine
ofC
adets(Stude
nts)ofH
ighe
rMilitaryEdu
catio
nalE
stab
lishm
ents,M
ilitaryTrainingDivisio
nsofH
ighe
rEd
ucationa
lEstablish
men
ts,a
pprovedbysaidDe
cree,a
ppliestom
ilitaryfo
rmations,e
xcep
tthe
Arm
edForcesofUkraine
,the
Nationa
lGua
rdofU
kraine
,the
Security
ServiceofU
kraine
,the
ForeignIntelligenceServiceofUkraine
,the
StateBorde
rServiceofUkraine
,the
StateServiceofS
pecialCom
mun
icationsand
ProtectionofIn
form
ationofUkraine
and
theState
Gua
rdDep
artm
ento
fUkraine
.»
22
CommissionedOfficersforServicewomenandPosition
WageRatesfortheAbove-MentionedMilitaryServants»
incolumn14ofthetable)
57.
…
Uponterminationofmaternityleavebyrequestofthe
servicem
an-wom
ansheisgrantedchildcareleave(before
thechildreachesthreeyearsofage).
Thisprovisiongrantswom
entorighttochildcare
leave.Com
mentstotheprovisionarethesameasto
item13(seeabove).
10RegulationsofM
ilitary
ServiceofPrivates
(Seamen),Non-
CommissionedOfficers
oftheArmedForcesof
Ukraineapprovedbythe
PresidentofUkraine
Decree«OnRegulations
ofMilitaryServicefor
SpecificCategoriesof
MilitaryServants»
9
18.
…
Femaleservicem
enonmaternityandchildcareleavetill
theirchildisthreeyearsoldhavethetermoftheircontract
prolongedfortheperiodoftheirspecifiedleave.
...
Criticalcom
mentsaresimilartothosetoitem
13of
theRegulationsofMilitaryServiceofOfficers,
WarrantOfficersoftheArmedForcesofUkraine
(seecolumn9ofthetable).
41.
…
Itisforbiddentotransferfemaleservicem
entolower-paid
postsinconnectionwithpregnancy,iftheyhavechildren
undertheageofthree,andalsosinglemothers–ifthey
havechildrenundertheageof14orahandicappedchild.
Itisprohibitedtoshiftwom
entopositionswitha
lowerpayiftheyhavechildrenagedunder3years
oriftheyontheirownbringupchildrenagedunder
14yearsordisabledchildren.M
eanw
hile,men
(evensingle)donotenjoysuchguarantee.
43.
…
Itisnotallowedtoorderpregnantfem
aleservicem
enand
femaleservicem
enhavingchildrenunderfourteenyearsof
agetogoonbusinesstripswithouttheirconsent.
Wom
enwhohavechildrenagedunder14years
cannotbesentTDYw
ithouttheirconsent.Men
(evensingle)donotenjoysuchguarantee.
63.
…
Uponterminationofmaternityleavebyrequestofthe
servicem
an-wom
ansheisgrantedchildcareleave(before
thechildreachesthreeyearsofage).
Criticalcom
mentssimilartothosetoitem
13ofthe
RegulationsofM
ilitaryServiceofOfficers,W
arrant
OfficersoftheArmedForcesofUkraine(seecolumn
9ofthetable).
9 Note:th
isprovision
app
liesn
otonlytoAFU
butalso
toNGUand
SBS
(seefo
otno
te4)
23
…
64.Totemporarilyfillthepostsoccupiedbyfemale
servicem
enfortheperiodofmaternityleaveorleavefor
careofchildrenundertheageofthree,thecommandersof
militaryunitscantemporarilyemployemployeeshaving
therelevantspecialisations,concludingalabourcontract
forthisperiod.
81.
…
Privates,sergeantsandsergeants-majorincaseof
announcementofm
obilizationcontinuetodomilitary
service,exceptforfemaleservicem
en,whohavechildren
undertheageof16iftheyhavenotexpressedadesireto
continueservice.
…
Thisprovisionisconsistentwitharticle26ofthe
LawofUkraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitary
Service»(althoughtheLawgivestherightto
dismissalonlytowom
enwhohavechildrenaged
under
18,not
16years).Respectively,the
commentstobothprovisionsaresimilar.
91.Thedischargeofpregnantw
omenandwom
enhaving
childrenunderthreeyearsofage,singlemotherswith
childrenundertheageoffourteenorahandicappedchildis
notallowed,exceptforcasesoffailurebythem
tomeetthe
conditionsofthecontract.Ifaunitiscom
pletelydisbanded
orincaseofreorganisation,suchfemaleservicem
enare
givenpostsintheiror,uponthedecisionofthesenior
commanderothermilitaryunits.
Thefemaleservicem
enonchildcareleave,whoseposts
aresubjecttoreductionduetoorganisationalactivitiesand
thereisnoopportunitytotransfersuchwom
entovacant
posts,arekeptoutofthestaffofaunit.Uponterminationof
childcareleavethecommanderofm
ilitaryunitdismisses
them
from
militaryserviceaccordingtothesubitem“d”of
item85oftheseRegulations.
Item91giveswom
enwhoareonchildcareleave
somerightstoretaintheirpositions.Inconnection
withtheproposaltograntmentherightto
childcareleave,relevantamendm
entsshouldbe
introducedtothisprovision.
24
11RegulationsofM
ilitary
Service(Training)
underaContractinthe
ArmedForcesof
UkraineofCadets
(Students)ofHigher
MilitaryEducational
Establishm
ents,Military
TrainingDivisionsof
HigherEducational
Establishm
ents
approvedbythe
PresidentofUkraine
Decree«OnRegulations
ofMilitaryServicefor
SpecificCategoriesof
MilitaryServants»
10
3.
…
Service-wom
enareadm
ittedtohigherm
ilitaryeducational
establishm
entsandunitsontherelevantspecialisationsof
trainingaccordingtothelistofpostsoftheofficer
personnelwom
encanbeappointedto,whichareapproved
byordersoftheMinisterofDefenceofUkraine.
Thisprovisionisconsistentw
ithsub-item
«г»,item
34oftheRegulationsofM
ilitaryServiceofOfficers,
WarrantOfficersoftheArmedForcesofUkraine,
reviewedabove.Thisprovisionnotonlyprovides
thatwom
enmayoccupyalim
itednumberof
positionsbutalsoprovidesthattheymaybetrained
onlyintherelevantspecialties,whichsubstantially
restrictstherightofwom
entomilitaryeducation
andcareer.
(Formoredetailonrestrictionsonwom
enfilling
militarypositionsseecommentstotheMinisterof
DefenceOrder«OnApprovaloftheProvisionalLists
ofMilitaryOccupationalandRegularPositionsof
Privatesand
Non-Com
missionedOfficers
for
Servicewom
enandPositionW
ageRatesforthe
Above-MentionedMilitaryServants»incolum
n14
ofthetable)
13.
…
Femalecadets(students),asarule,donotperformdaily
orders,exceptforthecasesdeterminedbyMilitary
RegulationsoftheArmedForcesofUkraine.
Item13providesthatwom
eninmilitary
educationalestablishm
ents,asarule,arenot
assignedforduty.Thisprovisionisconsistentw
ith
item269oftheBarracksRegulationsoftheArmed
ForcesofUkraine,reviewedabove.Inconnection
withtheproposaltoallowassignm
entofw
omenon
dutyinthearmy,itisproposedtoallowwom
ento
goonday
dutyalsoinmilitaryeducational
establishm
ents.
69.
…
Forfem
alecadetsirrespectiveofcurriculum
individual
hostels(sleepingpremises)areequipped.
Femalecadetsaretobeaccommodatedinseparate
hostelsordormitories.Thisnormm
eetsgender
requirem
ents.
10Note:th
isprovision
app
liesn
otonlytoAFU
butalso
toNGUand
SBS
(seefo
otno
te4)
25
Aswasnotedabove,thisnormisnoteffectively
implem
ented(seecolumn2ofthetable).
12RegulationsofM
ilitary
ServiceofUkrainian
CitizensintheArmed
ForcesofUkraine
approvedbythe
PresidentofUkraine
Decree«OnRegulations
ofMilitaryServiceof
UkrainianCitizensinthe
ArmedForcesof
Ukraine»
11
14.W
omenmaybeenlistedunderacontractinpresenceof
vacantmilitarypositionsthatmaybefilled
by
servicewom
en.
Thelistofmilitarypositionsthatmaybefilledby
servicewom
en,withtheexceptionofmilitarypositionsthat
maybefilledbyseniorofficers,isapprovedbytheMinistry
ofDefenceofUkraine.
123.
…
Servicewom
enmaybedeployedabroadwithmilitaryunits
inpresenceofvacantpositionsthatmaybefilledby
servicewom
en.
162.
…
Wom
enmayundergotrainingformilitaryserviceinthe
positionsofnon-commissionedofficers,
officers
in
specialties,thelistofwhichisdeterminedbytheMinistryof
DefenceofUkraine.
Aswasnotedabove,w
omenmayoccupyalim
ited
listofpositionsapprovedbytheMinistryofDefence
ofUkraine.Thisprovisionlim
itstherightofw
omen
tomilitaryservice.
(Form
oredetailonrestrictiononwom
enfilling
militarypositionsseecommentstotheMinisterof
DefenceOrder«OnApprovaloftheProvisionalLists
ofMilitaryOccupationalandRegularPositionsof
Privatesand
Non-Com
missionedOfficers
for
Servicewom
enandPositionW
ageRatesforthe
Above-MentionedMilitaryServants»incolum
n14
ofthetable)
50.Theinitialmilitaryrankofjuniorlieutenantisconferred
to:
…
3)conscriptswhoservedfornotlessthan6months,
privates,non-commissionedofficersserving
undera
contract,andpersonsliabletomilitarydutywhohavenot
reachedtheagelim
itofmilitaryserviceinofficerpositions,
wom
enintheageofupto40yearswhohavehigher
educationwiththeeducationalandqualificationlevelnot
belowbachelor,meetingtheprofileofserviceactivities,and
Theinitialm
ilitaryrankmaybeconferredtoa
wom
anintheageofupto40years,andtoaman–
tilltheagelim
itofmilitaryserviceinofficer
positions.Meanw
hile,theagelim
itofmilitary
serviceforw
omenis50years.
11Note:th
isprovision
app
liestoAFU
and
NGU,sinceArticle3ofthe
Decreeprovides:«
Toexten
dtheRe
gulatio
nsofM
ilitaryServiceofU
krainian
Citizensin
theArmed
Forcesof
Ukraine
app
rovedbyth
isDe
creeand
ofA
rticle2ofthisD
ecreetom
ilitaryse
rvan
tsofthe
Nationa
lGua
rdofU
kraine
.»
26
certifiedforconfermentoftheinitialmilitaryrankof
officers,giventheneedforofficersinthatspecialty;
…
82.Militaryservantsareappointedtopositions:
…
2)equalpositions:
…
pregnantservicewom
enontheirrequestandonmedical
indication-topositionswithasmallerscopeofwork,as
wellasservicewom
enwhohavechildrenagedunder3
years,ontheirrequest,iftheycannotdischargetheirduties
inthecurrentlyoccupiedpositions;
…
3)lowerpositions:
…
pregnantservicewom
enontheirrequestandonmedical
indication-topositionswithasmallerscopeofwork,as
wellasservicewom
enwhohavechildrenagedunder3
years,ontheirrequest,iftheycannotdischargetheirduties
inthecurrentlyoccupiedpositionsandinabsenceofequal
positions;
Item82providesguaranteesofretention
of
positiontoservicewom
enwhohavechildrenaged
under3years.Menwhohavechildrenagedunder3
yearsdonotenjoysuchguarantees.
145.
…
Pregnantservicewom
enand
servicewom
enwhohave
childrenagedunder14yearscannotbesentTDYwithout
theirconsent.
Servicewom
enwhohavechildrenagedunder14
yearscannotbesentTDYwithouttheirconsent.
Meanw
hile,theconsentofm
enwhohavechildren
agedunder14yearstogoTDYisnotrequired.
166.
…
Femalecadets,asarule,arenotassignedfordayduty,
exceptcasesprovidedbythemanualsoftheArmedForces
ofUkraine.
Inconnection
withthe
proposaltoallow
assignmentofwom
enondutyinthearmy,itis
proposedtoallowwom
entogoondaydutyalsoin
militaryeducationalestablishm
ents.
27
167.
…
Forfem
alecadets,irrespectiveoftheyearofstudy,separate
hostels(dormitories)arefittedout.
Femalecadetsaretobeaccommodatedinseparate
hostelsordormitories.Thisnormm
eetsgender
requirem
ents.
Aswasnotedabove,thisnormisnoteffectively
implem
ented(seecolumn2ofthetable).
IІ.Regulatory-legalactsregimentingmilitaryserviceintheArmedForcesofUkraine
LawsofUkraine
13OntheArmedForcesof
Ukraine
Article10.TheAuthorityoftheMinistryofDefencein
ArmedForcesM
anagem
ent
TheMinistryofDefenceofUkraine:
Carriesoutmilitary-politicalandadm
inistrative
managem
entoftheArmedForces;
Implem
entsStatepolicyintheArmedForces,develops
theprinciplesofdevelopment,determinesthedirectionsof
developm
entfortheArmedForcesandtheirtrainingin
peaceandwartim
e;
ProvidesoverallsupportfortheArmedForces,ensures
theiroperation,combatreadinessandmobilisation
preparedness,preparationfortheirfulfilmentofassigned
tasksandtheirdeploym
ent,theirm
anningandtraining,
weaponsprovisions,maintenanceandmodernisationof
defenceequipm
ent,material,financialandotherresources
andpropertyinaccordancewiththeirneedsdefinedbythe
GeneralStaffoftheArmedForcesandwithinthefunds
allocatedbytheStateBudget,exercisescontroloverthe
efficientuseofresourcesandfunding,organisesthe
executionofworksandprovidingofservicesinthe
interestsoftheArmedForces;
TheMODhasnopowersdirectlydealingwith
genderpolicyandguaranteesofequalityinthe
ArmedForcesofUkraine.
Thissituation
evidentlyrunscontrarytothe
international
practice.For
instance,the
US
legislation
expressly
rests
the
functionsof
introductionofprinciplesofgenderequalityinthe
militarywiththeSecretaryofDefense.Inparticular,
theHateCrimesintheMilitaryAct12obligesthe
DepartmentofD
efensetoarrangetrainingsin
gendersensitivityandnon-discrimination.Inits
turn,PublicLaw113–291
13obligestheDepartment
ofDefensetoworkoutgender-neutralstandardsof
appointmenttomilitarypositions.
Hence,itisproposedtoexpresslyprovidefor
«gender»functionsoftheDefenceMinistryin
article10oftheLaw.Itisalsoproposedtooblige
theDefenceMinistrytosubm
ittoParliament
annualreportsonthestatusofgenderequalityand
12Pub
.L.104
–201
,div.A
,titleV,§57
1(a),(b),Sep
t.23
,199
6,110
Stat.25
32,accessed1June
1,201
6,availableat:
http://uscod
e.ho
use.go
v/statview
er.htm
?volum
e=11
0&pa
ge=2
532
13Pub
.L.113
–291
,div.A
,titleV,§52
4(a),D
ec.19,201
4,128
Stat.33
61,accessed1June
1,201
6,availableat:h
ttp://uscode
.hou
se.gov/statviewer.htm
?volum
e=12
8&pa
ge=3
361
28
Carriesoutintelligenceandinformation-analytical
activitiestoensurethefulfilmentoftasksassignedtothe
ArmedForces;
Interactsw
iththeStateExecutiveandcivic
organisations,exercisescontrolovertheobservanceoflaws
intheArmedForces;
Considerspetitionsandpersonalcom
plaintsonthe
issuesthatbelongtothecompetenceoftheMinistryof
Defence;
Pursues,withinthelim
itsofitspowers,internationalco-
operationonthemilitary-political,military-technicaland
otherissues,aswellasoncivil-m
ilitaryrelationswiththe
relevantbodiesofotherstatesandinternational
organisations;
Exercisesotherauthoritiespre-determinedbythelaw.
discriminationinAFU,similartoreportsoftheUS
SecretaryofDefence
14.Furthermore,itisproposed
toobligetheDefenceMinistrytoorganisespecial
trainingsinthearmytoenhancegenderawareness
andtolerance15 .
Bylaws
14MinisterofDefenceOrder
«OnApprovalofthe
ProvisionalListsofMilitary
OccupationalandRegular
PositionsofPrivatesand
Non-CommissionedOfficers
forServicewomenand
PositionW
ageRatesforthe
Above-MentionedM
ilitary
Servants»
ProvisionalListofPermanentPositionsofPrivatesand
Non-Com
missionedOfficers,withaccountofthosethat
cannotbefilledbyservicewom
en,andcorresponding
militaryranksandpositionwagerates.
TheListnam
esthepositionsofprivatesandnon-
commissionedofficersthatmaybefilled
by
servicewom
en.Servicewom
enm
aybeappointed
nottoallpositionsavailableinAFU,forinstance,
fieldengineer,sniper,anti-aircraftgunner,rifleman
(exceptaspecialunitforescortandguardingof
servicewom
ensentencedtomilitaryconfinem
ent).
Suchrestrictionsareinconsistentwiththepractice
ofadvancedcountries.Forinstance,in2015theUS
14See.,An
nualRep
orto
nPe
rson
nelR
eadine
ssFactorsbyRa
ceand
Gen
der,Pu
b.L.103
–337
,div.A
,titleV,§53
3,Oct.5,199
4,108
Stat.27
60,accessed1June
1,201
6,availableat:
http://uscod
e.ho
use.go
v/statview
er.htm
?volum
e=10
8&pa
ge=2
760
15Com
mitteeonWom
eninth
eNAT
OForces(CW
INF),B
estP
racticetoIm
provetheGan
derB
alan
ce,app
rovedatth
ean
nualm
eetin
gin18Novem
ber2
008,accessedJune
5,201
6,
availableathttp://www.nato.int/iss
ues/wom
en_n
ato/20
08-11-gend
er_b
alan
ce.pdf
29
DepartmentofDefenseopenedallitsmilitary
positionstowom
en16.Beforethat,theCongressin
1993adoptedtheGender-NeutralOccupational
Performance
Standards
that
obliged
the
DepartmentofDefensetoestablishgender-neutral
criteriaofselectionformilitarypositionsavailable
tomenandwom
enalike17 .
TheParliamentofIsrael,initsturn,asfarbackasin
2000introducedam
endm
entstotheLawof
MilitaryService,providingthateverywom
anenjoys
thesamerightasamantoserveinanymilitary
position1
8 .Althoughnotallpositionsareactually
availabletowom
en,92%
ofpositionsareopenfor
bothsexes19 .
15MinisterofDefenceof
UkraineOrder«On
ApprovaloftheListof
MilitaryOccupational
SpecialtiesofOfficers
ThatmaybeFilledby
Servicewom
en,theList
ofMilitaryOccupational
Specialties,forWhich,
theInitialMilitaryRank
ofJuniorLieutenantof
ListofM
ilitaryOccupationalSpecialtiesofOfficersthatmay
beFilledbyServicewom
en
Servicewom
enare
not
appointed
toofficer
positionsdealingwithmanagem
entofexplosives,
divingoperations,submarinepositions,com
mand
andcontrolofbrigadesofsurfaceshipsandnaval
operationcentres,asw
ellassom
epositionsin
specialforces.
Criticalcom
mentssimilartothosetotheMinisterof
DefenceOrder«OnApprovaloftheProvisionalLists
ofMilitaryOccupationalandRegularPositionsof
Privatesand
Non-Com
missionedOfficers
for
16Eric
Bradn
er,“U
.S.MilitaryO
pensC
omba
tPo
sitionsto
Wom
en,”C
NN,accessed
Jun
e2,2
016,h
ttp://www.cnn
.com
/201
5/12
/03/po
litics/u-s-military-w
omen
-com
bat-
positions/in
dex.html
17Pub
.L.103
–160
,div.A
,titleV,§54
3,Nov.30,199
3,107
Stat.16
60,accessed3June
201
6,http://uscode
.hou
se.gov/statviewer.htm
?volum
e=10
7&pa
ge=1
660
18Ju
dahAriG
ross,“New
Com
batPo
sitionsfo
rWom
enin
the
IDF,Sam
eOldObstacles,”TheTim
esofIsrael,accessed
June
2,2
016,http://www.timesofisrael.com
/new
-com
bat-
positions-fo
r-wom
en-in
-the
-idf-s
ame-old-ob
stacles/.
19Ib
id.
30
theReserveMayBe
Conferred»dated
20.06.2012№412
Servicewom
enandPositionW
ageRatesforthe
Above-MentionedMilitaryServants»(seeabove).
16Instructionmanualof
organisationofmilitary
trainingofcitizensof
Ukraineunderthe
programmeofreserve
officertraining
approvedbyanOrderof
theMinistryofDefence
ofUkraine,Ministryof
EducationandScience
ofUkraine
2.
…
Wom
enm
aybeengagedinm
ilitarytraininginm
ilitary
occupationalspecialtiestofillmilitarypositionsinlinewith
theListapprovedbytheMinisterofDefenceofUkraine
Orderof20June2012№412/restricted(asam
ended),
registeredwiththeMinistryofJusticeofUkraineon16July
2012under№1191/21503.
TheInstructionmanualprovidesthatwom
enmay
passtrainingofreserveofficersonlyinalimited
rangeofspecialties.Inviewoftheproposed
removalofthegenderrestrictionstooccupy
militarypositions(seecolum
n14ofthetable),itis
proposedtoliftthisrestriction.
IІI.Regulatory-legalactsregimentingmilitaryserviceintheNationalGuardofUkraine
LawsofUkraine
17OntheNationalGuard
ofUkraine
Article6.TheMinisterofInternalAffairsofUkraine
1.TheMinisterofInternalAffairsofUkraineperforms
military/politicalandadm
inistrativeleadershipoverthe
NationalGuardofUkraine.
…
TheLawdoesnotdirectlyrestpowersdealingwith
guaranteesofgenderequalityinNGUonthe
MinistryofInternalAffairs.
SimilartotheproposalstotheLawofUkraine«On
ArmedForcesofUkraine»(seecolum
n13ofthe
tableabove),it
isrecommendedtoexpressly
providefor«gender»functionsoftheMinistryof
InternalAffairsandtoobligeittosubm
itto
Parliamentannualreportsofthestateofgender
equalityanddiscrimination.
Bylaws
18CM
UResolution«Onthe
ProcedureofCalculation
ofYearsinService,
AwardandPaym
entof
12.Familymem
bersofdeceasedpersons—military
servants,officersandmenofbodiesofinternalaffairs,
policem
en,personsmentionedinitem
“ж”,article1-2ofthe
LawofUkraine“OnPensionsforPersonsDismissedfrom
Thisitemprovidesthatone-tim
epecuniary
assistanceisgrantedtothewifeandeachdisabled
familym
emberofdeceasedpersons—m
ilitary
servants,officersandmenofbodiesofinternal
31
PensionsandBenefitsto
Officers,Warrant
Officers,Extendedand
ContractedMilitary
Servants,Officersand
MenofBodiesof
InternalAffairsand
TheirFam
ilyMem
bers»
MilitaryServiceandSom
eOtherPersons”,irrespectiveof
awarded
survivorpensions,getone-tim
epecuniary
assistance:thewife—
intheam
ountofathree-month
pensionofthebreadwinner,andeachdisabledfamily
mem
ber—intheam
ountofamonthlypensionofthe
breadw
inner.
…
affairs,policem
en,personsmentionedinitem
“ж”,
article1-2oftheLawofUkraine“OnPensionsfor
PersonsDismissedfrom
MilitaryServiceandSom
eOtherPersons”(formermilitiamenwhocontinued
stateserviceinthepolice).
Therefore,
an
able-bodied
husband
of
aservicewom
anisentirelydeprivedoftherightto
getthisformofone-timepecuniaryassistance.
19MinisterofInternal
AffairsOrder«On
Approvalofthe
InstructionManualof
theProcedureof
Paym
entofM
oney
AllowancesandOne-
TimePecuniary
AssistanceatDismissal
ofMilitaryServantsof
theNationalGuardof
UkraineandOther
Persons»
XXXІV.Specificityofcalculationandpaym
entofm
oney
allowancestoservicewom
en
34.3.Moneyallowanceisnotpaidforthetimewhena
servicewom
anisonchildcareleave.
34.4.
…
Onarequestofapregnantservicewomanoraservicewoman
whohaschildrenagedunder14yearsoradisabledchild,
includinginward,ortakescareofasickfamilymemberon
medicalindication,thecommanderofthem
ilitaryunitis
obligedtoorganiseapart-timeworkingdayorpart-time
workingweekforher.
34.6.Aftertheexpirationofachildcareleavetillthe
achievementoftheageof3,andinexceptionalcases,ifachild
needshomecareonmedicalindications–notmorethantillthe
achievementoftheageof6,rehabilitationbenefitsareprovided
toservicewomenonlyiftheygoonannualbasicleave.
Section
XXXІV
ofthe
Order
grantswom
en
exceptionalbenefitstotakecareofaminorchild.
Inviewoftheproposaltoequaterightsofwom
en
andmentochildcare,itmakessensetointroduce
relevantamendm
entstothatSection.
20Instructionmanualofthe
Requirem
entsand
ProcedureofMilitary
ServantsoftheNational
GuardofUkraine
PerformingtheSetof
Military-SportsExercises
Annex1totheInstructionManualoftheRequirementsand
ProcedureofMilitaryServantsoftheNationalGuardof
UkrainePerformingtheSetofM
ilitary-SportsExercises
(SectionІІ)
…
Annex2totheInstructionManualoftheRequirementsand
ProcedureofMilitaryServantsoftheNationalGuardof
TheAnnexsetsnormsofphysicalexercisesformen
and
wom
enseparately.Wom
enare
totally
exem
ptedfrom
som
eexercises(e.g.,3km
raceand
pullup).
Thenormsareratherobsolete,so,itisproposedto
revisethem
onthebasisofmoderngender-neutral
32
ApprovedbytheMinister
ofInternalAffairsOrder
«OnApprovalofthe
InstructionManualofthe
Requirem
entsand
ProcedureofMilitary
ServantsoftheNational
GuardofUkraine
PerformingtheSetof
Military-Sports
Exercises»
UkrainePerformingtheSetofM
ilitary-SportsExercises
(SectionІІ)
standards(forinstance,thestandardsdevelopedby
theUSResearchInstituteofNationalDefense)20 .
21Instructionmanualof
OrganisationofPhysical
TrainingintheNational
GuardofUkraine
approvedbythe
MinisterofInternal
AffairsOrder«On
Approvalofthe
InstructionManualof
OrganisationofPhysical
TrainingintheNational
GuardofUkraine»
…
Formilitaryservantsofagegroupssixandseven(for
wom
en–agegroupfive),thedurationofthepreparatory
portionoftheexercisesisincreasedto15minutes,thefinal
portion–10minutes.
…
Duringthem
ainportionoftheexercises,servicewom
en
performsetsoffloorexercisesandrhythmicgym
nastics
combinedwithphysicalexercisesusingexercisemachines.
…
Exercise14а.Complexmuscle-building
exercise(for
wom
en).
…
3.Physicaltrainingofservicewom
en.
…
The
Instruction
manual
formalises
some
requirem
entstoandstandardsofphysicalfitnessof
servicewom
en.
Thislevelofphysicalfitnesscannotproperly
prepare
wom
enfor
participation
incombat
operations.Therefore,inviewoftheproposalto
open«battlefield»positionsforw
omenandto
introducenewstandardsofassessmentoftheir
physicalfitness,itisrecom
mendedtorevisethe
methodsofphysicaltrainingofservicewom
en.
20Cha
itraM.H
ardisonetal.,DefiningPh
ysicalStand
ardsfo
rPhysic
allyDem
andingJo
bs,R
ANDNationa
lDefen
seResearchInstitu
te,D
ecem
ber2
015,accessed05
June
,201
6,
availableat:h
ttp://www.defen
se.gov/Portals/
1/Do
cumen
ts/w
isr-studies/O
USD
PR%20
-%20
Defin
ing%
20an
d%20
Establish
ing%
20Gen
der-
Neu
tral%20
Stan
dards%
20for%
20Closed
%20
Occup
ations-A%20
Review
%20
of%20
Metho
ds.pdf
33
IV.Regulatory-legalactsregimentingmilitaryserviceintheStateBorderServiceofUkraine
LawsofUkraine
22OntheStateBorder
ServiceofUkraine
Article7.Thecentralorganofexecutivepoweron
protectionofthestateborder
Thecentralorganofexecutivepoweronprotectionofthe
state
Border,whichim
plem
entsthestatepolicyinthesphereof
protectionofthestateborderofUkraine,managestheState
BorderServiceofUkraine,participatesindevelopmentand
implem
entationofthegeneralprinciplesoflegalisationand
provisionofinviolabilityofthestateborderandprotection
ofthesovereignrightsofUkraineinitsexclusive(sea)
econom
iczone.
Thecentralorganofexecutivepoweronprotectionofthe
stateborder,whichim
plem
entsthestatepolicyinthe
sphereofprotectionofthestateborderofUkraine,
generalizesthepracticeofapplicationofthelegislationon
theissuesthat
belongtothecompetenceoftheStateBorderServiceof
Ukraine,developsproposalsonupdatingthelegislationand
inaccordancewiththeestablishedproceduresubm
its
them
forconsiderationofthePresidentofUkraineorthe
CabinetofM
inistersofUkraine.
...
TheLawdoesnotdirectlyrestobligationstoensure
genderequalityintheStateBorderServiceof
UkraineontheCentralexecutivebodyinchargeof
implem
entationofthestatepolicyinthefieldof
protectionofthestateborder(Adm
inistrationof
theStateBorderServiceofUkraine;hereinafter–
SBSUAdm
inistration).
SimilartotheproposalstotheLawofUkraine«On
theArmedForcesofUkraine»(seecolum
n13ofthe
tableabove),itisrecommendedtodirectlyprovide
for«gender»functionsoftheSBSUAdministration
andtoobligeittosubmittoParliamentannual
reportsofthe
state
ofgenderequality
and
discrimination.Alternatively,thosefunctionsmay
bevestedintheMinistryofInternalAffairs,through
which,the
CabinetofMinistersdirects
and
coordinatesSBSAdministrationactivitiespursuant
toItem
1oftheRegulationsofAdm
inistrationofthe
StateBorderServiceofUkraine.
Bylaws
23PresidentofUkraine
Decree«OnRegulations
ofMilitaryServiceof
UkrainianCitizensinthe
StateBorderServiceof
Ukraine»
61.Theinitialmilitaryrankofjuniorlieutenantisconferred
to:
…
3)conscriptswhoservedfornotlessthan6months,
privates,non-commissionedofficersserving
undera
contract,andpersonsliabletomilitarydutywhohavenot
reachedtheagelim
itofmilitaryserviceinofficerpositions,
Theinitialm
ilitaryrankofjuniorlieutenantis
conferredtowom
enintheageofupto40years.
Meanw
hile,thereisnosuchagerestrictionform
en.
34
wom
enintheageofupto40yearswhohavehigher
educationwiththeeducationalandqualificationlevelnot
belowbachelor,meetingtheprofileofserviceactivities,and
certifiedforconfermentoftheinitialmilitaryrankof
officers,giventheneedforofficersinthatspecialty-foran
intelligencebody;…
93.Militaryservantsareappointedtopositions:
…
5)equalpositions:
…
pregnantservicewom
enontheirrequestandonmedical
indication-topositionswitheasierconditionsofmilitary
service,andservicewom
enwhohavechildrenagedunder3
years,ontheirrequest,iftheycannotdischargetheirduties
inthepreviousposition;
…
6)lowerpositions:
…
Pregnantservicewom
enontheirrequestandonmedical
indication-topositionswitheasierconditionsofmilitary
service,andservicewom
enwhohavechildrenagedunder3
years,ontheirrequest,iftheycannotdischargetheirduties
inthepreviouspositionandinabsenceofequalpositions;
…
106.Servicewom
enshallnotbeappointed
tolower
positionsonmotivesrelatedwithpregnancy,possessionof
childrenagedunder3years(under6years-onmedical
indications),orbecausetheyaresinglemothersandhave
childrenagedunder14yearsordisabledchildren,without
theirconsent.
…
127.Assignm
entofm
ilitaryservantsinthedisposalof
commandingofficersentitledtomakeappointmentsto
Theseprovisionsgrantsolelytowom
enwhohave
childrenagedunder3yearstherighttotransfer
(appointment)toanotherpositionontheirrequest,
iftheycannotdischargetheirdutiesintheprevious
position–aguaranteeofprohibitionoftheir
appointmenttolowerpositionswithouttheir
consent,otherrightstoretaintheirposition.
Mendonotenjoythoserights.
35
positionsforsolutionofissuesoffurthermilitaryserviceof
suchmilitaryservantsisallowedincaseof:
…
9)displacement
ofthe
position
occupiedbya
servicewom
anwhoisonleaveforpregnancyandbirth,or
forchildcare,ifsuchwom
ancannotbemovedtoavacant
position–tilltheendofthechildcareleave;
153.
…
Pregnantservicewom
enand
servicewom
enwhohave
childrenagedunder14yearsoradisabledchildcannotbe
sentTDYwithouttheirconsent.
Wom
enwhohavechildrenagedunder14years
cannotbesentTDYw
ithouttheirconsent.Men
(eventhosewhobringupachildontheirown)do
notenjoysuchguarantee.
191.
…
Femalecadetsareaccom
modatedseparatelyfrom
male
cadets.
Femalecadetsaretobeaccommodatedinseparate
hostelsordormitories.Thisnormm
eetsgender
requirem
ents.
Aswasnotedabove,thisnormisnoteffectively
implem
ented(seecolumn2ofthetable).
306.Incaseofm
obilisation:
1)militaryservantswhoarecurrentlyinmilitaryservice
shallnotbedismissedfrom
servicetothereserve,except
servicewom
enw
hohavechildrenagedunder16years
(suchservicewom
enmaycontinuemilitaryserviceonlyof
theirownwill).
…
Thisnormcorrelateswitharticle26oftheLawof
Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»,so,
itissubjecttosimilarcomments(seecolumn1of
thetable).
24Instructionmanualof
theProcedureof
Paym
entofM
oney
AllowancestoMilitary
ServantsoftheState
BorderServiceof
Ukraineapprovedby
3.25.4.
…
Theperiodofprovidedchildcareleavetilltheachievementofthe
ageof3,andinexceptionalcases,ifachildneedshomecareon
medicalindications—notmorethantilltheachievementofthe
ageof6,isincludedinthetermofcontinuouscalendarmilitary
serviceforallowancepaymenttoservicewomen.
Theperiodofchildcareleaveistakenintoaccount
forpaym
entofallowancesforthelengthofservice
toservicewom
en.Aspecialprocedureisprovided
forpaymentofm
oneyallowancetowom
enwhoare
onchildcareleave,orwhogotbackfrom
itinthe
currentyear.
36
theSBSAdministration
Order«OnApprovalof
theInstructionManual
oftheProcedureof
Paym
entofM
oney
AllowancestoMilitary
ServantsoftheState
BorderServiceof
Ukraine»
…
4.7.3.Moneyallowanceisnotpaidforthetimewhena
servicewom
anisonchildcareleave.
…
4.7.6.Aftertheexpirationofachildcareleavetillthe
achievem
entoftheageof3,andinexceptionalcases,ifa
childneedshom
ecareonmedicalindications–notmore
thantilltheachievementoftheageof6,rehabilitation
benefitsareprovidedtoservicewom
enonlyiftheygoon
annualbasicleave.
Materialbenefitsforsolutionofsocialandhousehold
problemsareprovidedtoservicewom
enintheyear,in
whichtheybegantodischargetheirofficialdutiesafterthe
expirationofachildcareleavetilltheachievementofthe
ageof3,аinexceptionalcases,ifachildneedshom
ecareon
medicalindications-notm
orethantilltheachievem
entof
theageof6.
Giventheproposaltograntmentherightto
childcareleave,thesenormsshouldalsoapplyto
servicem
en.
4.7.4.
…
Ona
request
ofa
pregnantservicewom
anora
servicewom
anwhohaschildrenagedunder14yearsora
disabledchild,includinginward,ortakescareofasick
familymem
beronmedicalindication,theheadoftheState
BorderServicebodyisobligedtoorganiseapart-tim
eworkingdayorpart-tim
eworkingweekforher.
Dischargeofofficialdutiesintheconditionsofpart-time
workisgrantedonthebasisoftheservicewom
an’sreport.
Ifthedurationofworkingtimeoftheservicewom
anneeds
tobechanged,thedecisionofsuchchangesisformalisedby
anorder.TheorderoftheStateBorderServicebodysets
thedurationofworkingtimefortheservicewom
aninhours
perdaywithoutlunchbreak.Italsospecifiesthebeginning
andendoftheworkinghours.
Awom
anwhohasachildagedunder14yearsora
disabledchild,includinginward,ortakescareofa
sickfamilymem
ber,
mayshifttoapart-time
workingdayorw
eek.
Amaninsimilarfamilysituation(evenifhebrings
up/takescareofachildorasickfam
ilymem
ber)
doesnotenjoysucharight.
37
Controloftheactualw
orkinghoursoftheservicewom
anis
vestedinherim
mediatesuperior.
4.7.5.Duringtheperiodwhentheservicewom
andischarges
herofficialdutiesintheconditionsofpart-timework,sheis
paidhermoneyallowanceinaccordancewiththenorms
providedbythelegislation,proportionallytotheactual
workingtime.
4.10.1....Incaseofdismissalfrommilitaryservicebecause
ofthe
age,inconnection
withstaffreduction
or
organisationalarrangem
ents,expirationofthecontract
term,inconnectionwithimmediatesubordinationto
closelyrelatedperson,regularnon-performanceofthe
contracttermsandconditionsbythecom
mand,aswellas
inconnectionwithacontingencyandunwillingnessto
continuem
ilitaryservicebyaservicewom
anwhohasa
child(children)under18years,
one-tim
epecuniary
assistanceintheam
ountof50%ofmonthlyofmoney
allowancesforeachfullcalendaryearofserviceispaidafter
10andmoreyearsinservice.
Ifawom
anthathasachildagedunder18years
quitsofherownfreewillinacontingency,sheis
paidamoneybenefitintheamountof50%
ofthe
monthlymoneyallowanceforeachcalendaryearof
serviceafter10andmoreyearsinservice.
Thisnormcorrelateswitharticle26oftheLawof
Ukraine«OnMilitaryDutyandMilitaryService»,so,
itissubjecttosimilarcomments(seecolumn1of
thetable).
38
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Upontheanalysisofthebasicregulatory-legalactsregimentingtheproceduresofserviceintheArmedForcesofUkraine,theNationalGuardandtheStateBorderService,itmaybeconcludedthattheoverwhelmingmajorityoftheproblemsfacedbyservicewomenduringtheirprofessionalcareerrequirelegislativeregimentation.Inparticular, there isaneedofamendmentof the relevantprovisionsof the lawsandbylawstoensure:
1) equalconditionsforconclusionofcontractsbyservicewomenandservicemen(toremovethedifferenceof20yearsbetweentheagelimitsforwomenandmenmakingsuchcontracts);
2) equal opportunities to get the initialmilitary rank (to equate age limits forwomenandmen);
3) gender-neutralcriteriaofselectionforpositions;4) the right to occupy the overwhelming majority (over 90%) of positions for
servicewomen;5) removalofthedifferenceinthenormsofexerciseloadsetforservicewomen
andservicemen;6) equalopportunities toexercise theright toparenthoodandcareofchildren
(toprovidetherighttoquitserviceandtherighttogoonchildcareleavetobothwomenandmen);
7) equal conditions for leaving service (to equate the age of dismissal fromserviceandretirementforwomenandmen);
8) equal opportunities for reserve service (to grant women the right to beenlistedtothereadyoperationalreserve);
9) establishment of equal responsibility in case of breach of discipline andoffences,irrespectiveofthesex;
10) monitoringandcontrolofobservanceoftheprinciplesofgenderequality inpowerstructures(extensionofpowersofagencyheadstomonitorandreportonobservanceofgenderequalityintheconcernedpowerstructures).
Regimentationoftheabove-mentionedaspectsofmilitaryservice(orserviceinotherpowerstructures)willprovideforharmonisationoftheconditionsofservicewiththeprinciplesofgenderequality.Regimentationofgenderequalityissueswillhelpemploymorefemaleprofessionalsinthoseagencies,provideincentivestotheserving women and contribute to easing tension betweenmilitary servicewomenandservicemenintheirservice.
39
However, introduction of amendments to the legislationwill be a crucial butonly the first step towards gender equality in power structures. Solution of thisproblemgreatlydependsonthepolicypursuedbytheagencyheads,ontheirownattitudetotheissueandwaysofbuildingrelationsinaworking(military)teamledbythosepersons.
The executives’ resolve to admit and solve the gender problem in powerstructures is also critical for proper implementation of the existing norms. Forinstance,therightofservicewomenandfemalecadetstoliveinseparatepremisesprovidedinanumberofregulatory-legalactsiseffectivelyneglected.Thereasonisthat the budgets of the concerned power structures do not allocate funds tooverhaul and creation of infrastructure facilities meeting the norms of separateaccommodationofservicewomen.
Atthesametime,theheadsofthepowerstructurespaytoolittleattentiontothegender issue.Theanalysis shows thatmanningscheduleshavenopositions inchargeofmonitoringgenderequality.InresponsetoofficialrequestsaddressedtoNGUandSBSUtocoordinategenderissueswiththeconcernedcommissioners,theyreportedabsenceofproblemswithgenderequalityovertheentiretimeofexistenceof the concerned agency. Such answers witness not only the absence of officialsempoweredtomonitortheobservanceoftheprinciplesofgenderequalityinpowerstructures, but also the reluctance of the heads of such structures to admit theproblemandtosearchforthewaysofitssolution.
In official answers to inquiries about regimentation of gender issues,representativesofpowerstructuresrefer to thenormsof theeffective legislation,bywhichtheyareguidedandlimited.Inparticular,accordingtorepresentativesofpower structures, including theMinistryofDefence, it is impossible toentirelydoawaywiththedifferencesinthestatusofwomenandmenduringmilitaryservice.To back their position, experts mainly refer to Ukraine’s obligations arising frominternationalagreements.For instance, inpursuanceofnormsofthe InternationalMaternity ProtectionConvention, the LawofUkraine “On Labour Protection” andtheMinistryofPublicHealthOrderdated29December1993№256“OnApprovaloftheListofHardWorksandWorksinHazardousandDangerousConditions,WhereEmploymentofWomen’sLabourisForbidden”wereadopted.
However, provisions of the quoted legislative acts require more detailedanalysis and revision, since they do not rest on international norms but almostliterallyreproduceregulatoryactsoftheSoviettimes.
Other international documents thatwere ratifiedbyUkraine andarebindingon its territory also deserve mention. In particular, Article 3 of the InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsprovidesthattheStatesPartiestothepresentCovenantundertaketoensuretheequalrightofmenandwomentotheenjoyment
40
of all civil and political rights. In its turn, Article 14 of the Convention for theProtection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms expressly bansdiscrimination on any ground, including that of sex. The relevant UN Conventiondealingwiththeprotectionofwomen’srights–theUnitedNationsConventiononthe Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen – provides for thepositivedutyofthestatetotakemeasuresaimedatacceleratingdefactoequalitybetween men and women in all fields, including political, social, economic andcultural (Article 3). Similar provisions are also contained in the Constitution ofUkraine–part3,Article24, that, amongother things,obliges the state toensureequalityofwomenandmenbyprovidingwomenwithopportunitiesequaltothoseof men in work and its remuneration. Unfortunately, the national legislation stillprefersobsoletecommunistnormstodemocraticstandardsofequality.
Upontheinitialsurveyonemaycometotheconclusionoftheneedtoexaminethestatusofwomenintheother9statepowerstructures.Italsoseemsexpedienttoidentifydiscriminatoryprovisionsofregulatory-legalactsinthefieldofthelabourlawthatmay includeordersanddirectivesof theMinistryofSocialPolicyandtheMinistry of PublicHealth. Some answers to the questions of gender equalitymayprobablybefoundinthejudicialpracticeandexplanationsofhighercourts. Inthecontextofthissurvey,thepracticeoftheEuropeanCourtforHumanRightsmaybeinteresting.
However,thisreviewalreadyshowsthenecessityofthefollowingactions:
- inclusionofgendermonitoringintothepowersofheadsofpowerstructuresandestablishmentof theduty to reportongender issues to theVerkhovnaRadaofUkraine;
- engagement of women in internal policy-making and manning of theconcernedpowerstructures;
- introductionofregularquestioningofmilitaryservantsaboutgenderequality;- development of trainings, information and instructionalmaterial on gender
equalityformilitaryservants;- certificationofmilitaryservantsandagencyofficialsingenderissues;- development of instructions for regular gender expert examination of
regulatory-legalactsanddepartmentalexecutivedocuments;- building and restoration of infrastructure facilities to back the right to
separateaccommodationasprovidedbythelaw;- inclusionofwomeninthecommissionsforcertificationofmilitaryservantsof
alllevels;- draftingoftheCodeofEthicsformilitaryservants.
41
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Laws of Ukraine:
1. LawofUkraine«OnMilitaryDutyofMilitaryService»№2233-ХІІof25.03.1992,http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2232-12
2. LawofUkraine«OntheArmedForcesofUkraine»№1934-XIIof06.12.1991,http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1934-12
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12. PresidentofUkraineDecree«OnRegulationsofMilitaryServiceofUkrainianCitizensintheArmedForcesofUkraine»№1153/2008of10.12.2008,http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1153/2008
42
13. PresidentofUkraineDecree«OnRegulationsofMilitaryServiceforSpecificCategoriesofMilitaryServants»№1053/2001of07.11.2001,http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1053/2001
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43
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44
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Photos on the cover page belong to the following sources:
1. http://ukranews.com/news/201792.Zhenshchini-voennosluzhashchie-rasskazali-o-gendernoy-diskriminatsii-v-armii.ru
2. http://znaj.ua/ru/news/society/9144/u-zonu-ato-virushili-krasunizvyazkovi-iz-harkova-foto-.html
3. http://ru.slovoidilo.ua/2016/05/26/novost/bezopasnost/vozvrashhenii-savchenko-chego-ozhidat-posle-osvobozhdeniya-izvestnoj-plennicy
4. http://vchasnoua.com/donbass/34498-k-8-marta-minoborony-opublikovalo-fotografii-zhenshchin-voennosluzhashchikh-kotorye-zashchishchayut-stranu-v-donbasse
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