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Women’s Empowerment in
Agriculture Index (WEAI):Foundations and adaptations for project use
ANH Academy Week 2017
Kathmandu, Nepal
Hazel Malapit, Jessica Heckert, and Elena Martinez
Objectives
Participants should be able to:
Understand how and why gender considerations and women’s
empowerment matter for nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs
Understand how the WEAI can be used to diagnose areas of
disempowerment, and monitor intended and unintended impacts
of agricultural development programs on women’s empowerment
Understand how the WEAI is being adapted for use in a project
context
Understand how the WEAI data is collected, and be familiar with
best practices on survey implementation
Agenda Introduction to WEAI and pro-WEAI
Agriculture-nutrition pathways and gendered pathways
Introduction to the project-level WEAI
Integrating quantitative and qualitative research
Pro-WEAI nutrition and health module
Interactive case studies: using pro-WEAI for nutrition-sensitive
projects
LUNCH BREAK
Interactive case studies (continued)
Report back and discussion
Baseline results from pro-WEAI nutrition
Photo credit: Flickr/Farha Khan, IFPRI
Photo credit: Flickr/ Ollivier Girard, CIFOR
Health environmentNatural resources
Food market environment
Nutrition and health knowledge
Food accessFood
expenditure
Non-food
expenditure
Diet Child
nutrition
outcomes
Ho
use
ho
ld a
sset
s an
d liv
elih
oo
ds
Health status
Mother’s
nutrition
outcomes
Health care
Women’s
empowerment
National
nutrition
profile
Agricultural
income
Caring capacity
& practices
Female energy
expenditure
Food
production &
gathering
National
economic
growth
Individual
Household
Enabling environment
Processing
& storage
Agr
icult
ura
l P
roduct
ion
Source: Herforth and Harris 2013
Individual
nutrition
outcomes*
*individual nutrition outcomes refer to the general population,
including women, men, and adolescents (not just mothers and children)
Conceptual pathways between agriculture and nutrition
Gender along ag-nutrition pathways
IFPRI Images
1. Agriculture as a source of food for own consumption
2. Agriculture as a source of income
3. Agricultural policies affect prices of food and non-food crops
4. Women’s participation in agriculture and the effect on her social status
and empowerment & in particular her access to and control over
resources
5. The impact of women’s participation in agriculture on their time
allocation
6. The impact of women’s participation in agriculture on their own health
and nutritional status (and also child nutrition) (Ruel and Alderman 2013)
Photo credit: Flickr / Finn Thilsted, WorldFish
What is the WEAI?
Developed by IFPRI, USAID, and OPHI
Designed to measure inclusion of women
in the agricultural sector for Feed the
Future (FTF) Initiative
Survey-based index - interviews men
and women in the same household
Similar to multi-dimensional poverty
indices (Alkire and Foster 2011, J of
Public Econ) and the Foster-Greere-
Thorbeck (FGT) indices
Details on index construction in Alkire et
al. (2013), World Development
14
Fiv
e d
om
ain
s of
em
pow
erm
ent
Fiv
e d
om
ain
s of
em
pow
erm
ent
Fiv
e d
om
ain
s of
em
pow
erm
ent
A woman’s empowerment score shows her own
achievements
Fiv
e d
om
ain
s of
em
pow
erm
ent
Abbreviated WEAI (A-WEAI)
1/5
2/15
1/5
1/5
Cross-country baseline findings: credit, workload,
and group membership are most important constraints
across countries
19
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Dis
emp
ow
erm
ent
Ind
ex (
1 -
5D
E)
Leisure
Workload
Speaking in public
Group member
Control over use of income
Access to and decisions on credit
Purchase, sale, or transfer of assets
Ownership of assets
Autonomy in production
Input in productive decisions
Source: Malapit et al. (2014)
Photo credit: Flickr/Neil Palmer, CIAT
WEAI for projects…Making the perfect omelet
Photo source: omletteshoppe.com
What do projects want?
Photo source: omletteshoppe.com
Streamlined,
easy to
collect
Adaptable
to project
context
Understand
QUALITATIVE aspects
(hows & whys)
Autonomy beyond
agriculture
Empowerment
relating to health &
nutrition
Developing a
“Project-
level” WEAI
(pro-WEAI)
Comparable metrics for
empowerment
Core set of WEAI
empowerment modules
+ Standardized add-on
survey modules and
qualitative protocols
Choosing respondents Original WEAI
Population-based indicator
Self-identified primary male and primary female decisionmakers in the household
Not necessarily husband and wife
Project WEAI
Project-level indicator (not nationally or regionally representative)
Who is your project trying to empower? (e.g., farmers growing/raising specific crops/animals; mothers with young children; members of specific types of groups, etc.)
Pro-WEAI respondent can be target beneficiary and spouse / other decisionmaker in household
Sampling design and respondent choice are key differences between original WEAI and project WEAI
Does this compromise comparability across different projects?
Maybe, but not as problematic within clusters
BUT: projects have to be able to define their respondents based on project objectives
Comparison of original WEAI, A-WEAI and pro-WEAIOriginal: 5 domains, 10 indicators A-WEAI: 5 domains, 6 indicators pro-WEAI: proposed domains, indicators
DOMAIN INDICATORS DOMAIN INDICATORS DOMAIN INDICATORS1 Production Input in productive
decisionsAutonomy in production
Production Input in productive decisions
Production Input in productive decisionsAutonomy in productionAccess to information
2 Resources Ownership of assetsPurchase, sale, or transfer of assetsAccess to and decisions on credit
Resources Ownership of assetsAccess to and decisions on credit
Resources Use rights over landOwnership of assetsAccess to and decisions on creditAccess to a financial account
3 Income Control over use of income
Income Control over use of income
Income Control over use of incomeAutonomy in use of income
4 Leadership Group membershipSpeaking in public
Leadership Group membership Leadership Group membership
5 Time WorkloadLeisure
Time Workload Time Workload (+childcare)
Physical mobility
Frequency and decisions on physical mobility
Intrahouseholdrelationships
Mutual respect
Individual empowerment
Self-efficacyLife satisfaction
Domestic violence
Attitudes about domestic violence
Nutrition Input in healthcare decisionsInput in reproductive health decisionsInput in IYCF decisionsInput in food consumption decisionsInput in food consumption decisionswhile pregnant/breastfeedingInput in purchasing decisions for food and medicine
Draft pro-WEAI main modules
Module G1: Individual identification
Module G2: Role in household decision-making around production and
income
Module G3(a): Access to productive capital
Module G3(b): Access to financial services
Module G4: Time allocation
Module G5: Group membership
Module G6: Physical mobility
Module G7: Intrahousehold relationships
Module G8(a): Autonomy in decision-making
Module G8(b): New general self-efficacy scale
Module G8(c): Life satisfaction
MODULE G9: Attitudes about domestic violence
*optional*
*some
elements are
optional*
Photo credit: IFPRI Images / Milo Mitchell, IFPRI
Implementing pro-WEAI in the field
PROBLEMS
Enumeration – translation,
interviewer bias, long interview
duration, interviewing men and
women separately, NGO speak
Logistics – travel to remote areas,
internet connectivity, seasonality
Money - budget constraints
Polygamous households – defining a
household, deciding which wife to
interview
Data collection instruments -
overload of instruments, qualitative
tools are not project-specific
SOLUTIONS
Experienced enumerators – strong language skills, anticipate difficult questions, both male and female
Attention to translation –connotation, word choice
Quick data review for quality control and re-training
Communication between researchers and implementers –involve PIs and in-country research staff in training and piloting
Use qualitative research to understand local context
Flexible funding
Why add qualitative to good quantitative?
Not just to illustrate quantitative findings, but illuminates different aspects of topics/themes
Research questions framed differently
Identify how and why a behavior occurs (mechanisms)
Differences rooted in different philosophies of how knowledge is produced
Useful for reframing existing research questions
May help better identify target populations
For intervention and research questions
Research questions related to dairy production
How to increase production among
rural dairy-producing households and
improve their nutritional status and
quality of life?
Question 1?
Question 2?
Question 3?
Question 1?
Question 2?
Question 3?
Quantitative Qualitative
Research questions related to dairy production
Does a nutrition-sensitive program
that distributes dairy animals
improve nutritional status?
Does an intervention reduce the
spread of zoonotic disease (and
improve nutritional outcomes)?
Does the rise of supermarkets
affect milk production and
consumption among rural dairy
farmers?
How do households allocate care
for and output from dairy animals?
What are the roles of different
household members in dairy
production?
How and why do male and female
farmers link with markets?
Quantitative Qualitative
How to increase production among
rural dairy-producing households and
improve their nutritional status and
quality of life?
Potential methods for addressing the
qualitative questions
How do households
allocate care for and
output from dairy
animals?
What are the roles of
various household
members in dairy
production?
How and why do rural
farmers link with
markets?
• Focus group discussions around workload and
household food allocation
• Participant observation and semi-structured
interviews with men, women, hired workers
(following the milk)
• Semi-structured interviews and participant
observation with men, women, hired workers
(following the milk)
• Identify participant households according to
whether they have a few cows or many cows
• Participant observation in markets (attention to
activities that occur alongside financial
transactions)
• Semi-structured interviews with buyers and
sellers
Qualitative
Potential methods for addressing the
quantitative questions
Does a nutrition-sensitive
program that distributes
dairy animals improve
nutritional status?
Does an intervention
reduce the spread of
zoonotic disease (and
improve nutrition)?
Does the rise of
supermarkets affect
production and
consumption among dairy
farmers?
• Household surveys with modules on
• Gender disaggregated ownership of
livestock
• Consumption by household member
• Anthropometry and other biomarkers
• Household surveys with modules on related
hygiene practices and anthropometry.
• High frequency data collection of milk quality,
human morbidity, and presence of pathogens.
• Multiple waves of a household surveys that
covers period of interest, including detail on
dairy production, sales, and consumption.
• Complimentary data on supermarkets, including
location and tenure.
Quantitative
Linking quantitative and qualitative
Does a nutrition-
sensitive program
that distributes dairy
animals improve
nutritional status?
Does an intervention
reduce the spread of
zoonotic disease (and
improve nutritional
outcomes)?
Does the rise of
supermarkets affect
production and
consumption among
dairy farmers?
How do households
allocate care for and
output from dairy
animals?
What are the roles of
various household
members in dairy
production?
How and why do rural
farmers link with
markets?
Quantitative Qualitative
Qualitative as formative research to shape and
target the intervention:
• Young women with limited power in
household may do milking (direct contact).
• Men may store and sell milk (maintain cold
chain).
Qualitative to explain quantitative results:
• As milk becomes more valuable, it shifts
from female- to male-dominated production
• Preference for known agents may persist to
fulfill social reciprocity (e.g., extended kin)
Qualitative integrated in sequential design:
• Women may manage livestock that
households receive but not control milk
(sold rather than consumed).
• Or, the increased workload decreases time
spent on child care related activities.
Photo credit: Nesbitt/UNICEF Ethiopia
Nutrition and health module
Types of nutrition targeting in the GAAP2 portfolio
Women’s own health and nutrition (e.g., dietary diversity or quality)
Children aged 2 years and younger, including intervention during pregnancy
General household nutrition and expected spillover to children (broad age range)
Timeframe of program impact: questions GX.04 & GX.08
Some questions that refer to “now” are relevant regardless of implementation timing (e.g., what a woman eats, whether her child eats nutritious foods).
Some questions refer to a specific experience in the past (e.g., pregnancy, lactation).
Change timeframe in GX.04 & GX.08 to reflect length of implementation you will want to cover at follow-up interview (e.g., only want pregnancy information for women who became pregnant since the start of program implementation).
Draft pro-WEAI nutrition moduleNOTE: Respondent is the mother or primary caregiver of index child
Decisions on healthcare, reproductive health, and types of food children can
eat
“Now I’d like to ask you some questions on making decisions about the
health of you and your child and about the types of food that your child
can eat.”
For respondents who have been pregnant or given birth in last 3 years:
Decisions on healthcare, types of foods that can be eaten while
pregnant/breastfeeding, breastfeeding and complimentary feeding
“The next set of questions asks only about decisions that were made
while you were pregnant or breastfeeding your youngest child.”
Purchasing and acquiring certain types of food and medicine
“The next set of questions asks about your ability to obtain the types of
food and medicine that you want for you and your child.”
Photo credit: Cassie Chandler/Freedom from Hunger
Case studies
Food and Agricultural Approaches to
Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM)
Bangladesh
Hellen Keller International and
University of Heidelberg
Building resilience of vulnerable
communities
Burkina Faso
Grameen Foundation
Targeting and Realigning Agriculture to Improve Nutrition
(TRAIN)
Bangladesh
IFPRI and BRAC
Empowerment, Resilience, and
Livestock Transfers
Nepal
Heifer International
Deploying improved vegetable
technologies to overcome malnutrition
and poverty
Mali
World Vegetable Center
Case studies
Food and Agricultural Approaches to
Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM)
Bangladesh
Hellen Keller International and
University of Heidelberg
Building resilience of vulnerable
communities
Burkina Faso
Grameen Foundation
Targeting and Realigning Agriculture to Improve Nutrition
(TRAIN)
Bangladesh
IFPRI and BRAC
Empowerment, Resilience, and
Livestock Transfers
Nepal
Heifer International
Deploying improved vegetable
technologies to overcome malnutrition
and poverty
Mali
World Vegetable Center
Case studies
Food and Agricultural Approaches to
Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM)
Bangladesh
Hellen Keller International and
University of Heidelberg
Building resilience of vulnerable
communities
Burkina Faso
Grameen Foundation
Targeting and Realigning Agriculture to Improve Nutrition
(TRAIN)
Bangladesh
IFPRI and BRAC
Empowerment, Resilience, and
Livestock Transfers
Nepal
Heifer International
Deploying improved vegetable
technologies to overcome malnutrition
and poverty
Mali
World Vegetable Center
Case studies
Food and Agricultural Approaches to
Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM)
Bangladesh
Hellen Keller International and
University of Heidelberg
Building resilience of vulnerable
communities
Burkina Faso
Grameen Foundation
Targeting and Realigning Agriculture to Improve Nutrition
(TRAIN)
Bangladesh
IFPRI and BRAC
Empowerment, Resilience, and
Livestock Transfers
Nepal
Heifer International
Deploying improved vegetable
technologies to overcome malnutrition
and poverty
Mali
World Vegetable Center
Case studies
Food and Agricultural Approaches to
Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM)
Bangladesh
Hellen Keller International and
University of Heidelberg
Building resilience of vulnerable
communities
Burkina Faso
Grameen Foundation
Targeting and Realigning Agriculture to Improve Nutrition
(TRAIN)
Bangladesh
IFPRI and BRAC
Empowerment, Resilience, and
Livestock Transfers
Nepal
Heifer International
Deploying improved vegetable
technologies to overcome malnutrition
and poverty
Mali
World Vegetable Center
Putting it into practice
1. What do you think would be the potential impact of this
project, specifically on women’s empowerment? Use the
impact pathways.
2. How would you use the quantitative and qualitative tools
to examine the program impact and associated pathways
you identified in #1?
Putting it into practice
1. What do you think would be the potential impact of this
project, specifically on women’s empowerment? Use the
impact pathways.
2. How would you use the quantitative and qualitative tools
to examine the program impact and associated pathways
you identified in #1?
Last 10 minutes:
Pair up and select a module from the quantitative survey
Practice the module with your partner
Lunch Break!
Putting it into practice
1. What is the project’s impact, focusing specifically on
women’s empowerment? Use the impact pathways.
2. How would you use the quantitative and qualitative tools
to examine the program impact and associated pathways
you identified in #1?
3. What potential challenges do you foresee in the field?
4. What tools would you like to add to this toolbox to
address these challenges?
Discussion
Pro-WEAI Nutrition and Health:
Preliminary Results
Project Abbreviation N
Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing
Malnutrition
FAARM 287
Building resilience of vulnerable communities Grameen 380
Targeting and Realigning Agriculture to Improve
Nutrition
TRAIN 5,040
Deploying improved vegetable technologies to
overcome malnutrition and poverty
WorldVeg 714
TOTAL 6,421
Pro-WEAI Nutrition and Health:
Preliminary Results
Project Abbreviation N
Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing
Malnutrition
FAARM 287
Building resilience of vulnerable communities Grameen 380
Targeting and Realigning Agriculture to Improve
Nutrition
TRAIN 5,040
Deploying improved vegetable technologies to
overcome malnutrition and poverty
WorldVeg 714
TOTAL 6,421
Pro-WEAI Nutrition and Health:
Has input into decisions about…
GX.01=self or GX.02>=3 FAARM(Bangladesh)
Grameen(Burkina Faso)
TRAIN(Bangladesh)
WorldVeg(Mali)
Total
Healthcare decisions (A-B) 97.9 77.9 95.9 94.4 94.8
Contraception (D) 97.7 72.5 97.4 96.0 95.9
Food consumption (E-F) 99.7 85.3 98.5 95.4 97.4
Healthcare during
pregnancy (G)94.0 73.5 92.1 93.1 91.8
Egg consumption during
pregnancy (J)99.2 85.9 96.4 92.8 95.8
Working while lactating (M) 100.0 82.9 97.1 93.3 96.3
Respondent makes the decision solely or jointly or can participate to at least a
medium extent in the decision
Pro-WEAI Nutrition and Health:
Has input into decisions about…
GX.01=self or GX.02>=3 FAARM(Bangladesh)
Grameen(Burkina Faso)
TRAIN(Bangladesh)
WorldVeg(Mali)
Total
Healthcare decisions (A-B) 97.9 77.9 95.9 94.4 94.8
Contraception (D) 97.7 72.5 97.4 96.0 95.9
Food consumption (E-F) 99.7 85.3 98.5 95.4 97.4
Healthcare during
pregnancy (G)94.0 73.5 92.1 93.1 91.8
Egg consumption during
pregnancy (J)99.2 85.9 96.4 92.8 95.8
Working while lactating (M) 100.0 82.9 97.1 93.3 96.3
Respondent makes the decision solely or jointly or can participate to at least a
medium extent in the decision
Pro-WEAI Nutrition and Health: Has input into decisions about whether to purchase…
GX.09=self or GX.10=1 FAARM(Bangladesh)
Grameen(Burkina Faso)
TRAIN(Bangladesh)
WorldVeg(Mali)
Total
Food (A-C, E) 94.8 75.3 78.1 80.1 78.9
Medications and
supplements (H-I)96.5 67.9 88.3 76.4 86.2
Care and hygiene related
products (J-L)100.0 96.6 90.3 79.9 90.0
Respondent makes the decision solely or jointly or can acquire the item(s) if
needed
Pro-WEAI Nutrition and Health: Has input into decisions about whether to purchase…
GX.09=self or GX.10=1 FAARM(Bangladesh)
Grameen(Burkina Faso)
TRAIN(Bangladesh)
WorldVeg(Mali)
Total
Food (A-C, E) 94.8 75.3 78.1 80.1 78.9
Medications and
supplements (H-I)96.5 67.9 88.3 76.4 86.2
Care and hygiene related
products (J-L)100.0 96.6 90.3 79.9 90.0
Respondent makes the decision solely or jointly or can acquire the item(s) if
needed
Pro-WEAI Nutrition and Health: Has input into decisions about eggs, meat, or milk
GX.01=self or GX.02>=3
GX.05=self or GX.06>=3
GX.09=self or GX.10=1
FAARM(Bangladesh)
Grameen(Burkina Faso)
TRAIN(Bangladesh)
WorldVeg(Mali)
Total
Whether you can eat any of
them during pregnancy100.0 89.0 97.7 92.8 96.9
Whether you can eat any of
them during lactation- 94.0 98.9 93.8 98.0
Whether your child is
offered any of them to eat100.0 90.2 99.3 97.6 98.4
Purchasing any of them 100.0 82.0 81.9 79.0 82.2
Respondent makes the decision solely or jointly, can participate to at least a
medium extent in the decision, or can acquire them item(s) if needed
Connecting to the WEAI community
GAAP2 Website: gaap.ifpri.info
WEAI Resource Center: ifpri.org/topic/weai-resource-center
Pro-WEAI Resource Center: Stay tuned…!
Thanks for joining us!
For more information, contact Hazel Malapit: h.malapit@cgiar.org
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