world history from 1500 ad to the present: midterm review

World History from 1500 AD to the Present:

Midterm Review

SOL WHII.2a

• What you need to know: By 1500 AD, major states and empires had developed in various regions of the world.

• The big question(s): On the world map, where were some of the major states and empires located around 1500 AD?

SOL WHII.2b

• What you need to know: New intellectual and artistic ideas that were developed during the Renaissance marked the beginning of the modern world.

• The big question: What were the artistic, literary, and intellectual ideas of the Renaissance?

This word is French for “rebirth” and refers to the reemergence of the

classical knowledge of the Greeks and Romans, and marks the “birth” of

the modern world.

Renaissance

The Renaissance started in __________ and spread to _____________________.

Italy, northern Europe

This visual artist thought of himself primarily as a sculptor

(the David of Florence) but was also painted masterworks like the

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Michelangelo

This man was considered the ultimate “renaissance man” as he was an artist, scientist, inventor

and many other things. He painted the Mona Lisa and the

Last Supper.

Leonardo da Vinci

This English playwright was famous for his plays, sonnets,

and essays.

William Shakespeare

This Dutch writer was famous for his works in humanism. He wrote

In Praise of Folly.

Erasmus

Which two institutions lost power during the Renaissance?

The feudalism and the Catholic Church.

One of the main ideas of the Renaissance was the idea that humans were good,

could be successful, and could enjoy their achievements. What was this idea called?

humanism

How do you refer to someone that is good at art, poetry,

science and many other things?

A renaissance man

Renaissance writers wrote in the language of his or her

homeland… what is this called?

vernacular

Which Dutch Renaissance writer wrote In Praise of Folly?

Erasmus

Which English Renaissance writer wrote Utopia?

Sir Thomas Moore

Which Italian Renaissance writer wrote the book The Prince?

Niccolo Machiavelli

Which English playwright was famous for such works as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and numerous sonnets

and numerous poems?

William Shakespeare

SOL WHII.2c

• What you need to know: By 1500 A.D. the 5 world religions had spread to many areas of the Eastern Hemisphere

• The big question: Where were the five world religions located around 1500 AD?

Religion ChartMono

Or

Polytheistic

Founder Texts Concept

Of God

(Name)

Holy Cities

World Region

Important

Hinduism

Buddhism

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

Founder Place of Origin

Key Ideas

Important

IdeasTexts

Taoism

Buddhism

Confucianism

Eastern Philosophies

Whose teachings were candidates for civil service jobs in China were

required to memorize?

Confucius (The Analects)

This monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Abraham,

was concentrated in Europe and the Middle east in 1500 A.D.

Judaism

This religion was born in the Middle East during the height of

the Roman Empire. It had become the dominant religion of

Europe by 1500 A.D.

Christianity

This religion was born in the Middle East about 622 A.D. It spread to Africa, parts of Asia, and to some parts of Southern

Europe.

Islam

This religion was born in India, and by 1500 A.D. was the dominant

religion there. It also spread in to parts of Southeast Asia.

Hinduism

This religion was born in India, but was spread to the far east (China)

and Southeast Asia by missionaries along trade routes.

Buddhism

SOL WHII.2d

• What you need to know: By 1500 AD, regional trade patterns had developed that linked Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Europe.

• The big question(s): What were the regional trade patterns around 1500 AD and why were they important?

This trade route ran across Asia, all the way to the Mediterranean Sea Basin.

The Silk Road

These trade routes ran across North Africa.

Trans Saharan Trade Routes

Northern Europe traded into the Mediterranean Sea via a trade route that ran through this body of water

The Black Sea

Western Europe’s main trade routes around 1500 AD were established

along _______________.

major rivers and small seas

Eastern Asia traded along the ________________.

South China Sea

Trade routes were important because they helped spread

____________________.products and ideas

(cultural diffusion)

SOL WHII.2e

• What you need to know: By 1500 AD technological and scientific advancements had been exchanged among cultures of the world.

• The big question: What technological and scientific advancements had been made and exchanged by 1500 AD?

These were spread from the far east along trade routes.

Paper, the compass, silk, porcelain (China)

These were important trade goods from India and the Middle East.

Textiles, and the numeral system.

These were elements of science that were transferred by 1500 AD.

Medicine, astronomy, and mathematics

Which kingdoms were famous for the African gold and salt trade?

The sub-Saharan kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

SOL WHII.3a

• What you need to know: For nearly 1500 years, the Roman Catholic Church had little or no competition in religious thought and action. The Protestant Reformation resulted in the birth of new political and economic institutions.

• The big question(s): What were the problems and issues that started reforms in Western Christianity? What were the beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII?

What were the some of the actions of the Pope that led to the Reformation?

He claimed political authority as well as spiritual authority, and he engaged in secular

interests like money and art.

What was the only church in Christianity for nearly 1500 years

of its existence?

The Roman Catholic Church

The newfound wealth of this group challenged the Church’s

view of usury.

Merchants (businessmen and traders)

The nobility in these two countries especially disliked

Italian domination of the Church, and desired to break away from

the Pope’s Church.

Germany and England

The sale of these as a means to get forgiveness for sins was

widespread and caused great conflict

indulgences

What were the results of the Reformation?

Protestants divided into many religious groups who interpreted the Bible differently

(Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, etc).

This German monk believed that salvation was achieved through

faith alone, and that the bible was the only source of religious truth.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther caused a stir when he created the Protestant church

by this action.

Posting the 95 Theses at Wittenberg

This man believed in predestination (salvation or damnation determined

before birth), and that faith is revealed by living a righteous life with

good work ethic

John Calvin

John Calvin spread Protestantism when he founded the “ideal” Calvinist society in Geneva Switzerland, who’s

ideals were perfect for this type of economic system.

capitalism

This English monarch, the first of the Tudors, broke with the Catholic

Church, and confiscated the land and money of the Pope over the issue of

divorce.

Henry VIII

What was the movement that used secret testimony and torture against those who went against

the Catholic Church?

The Inquisition

What was the main goal of the Inquisition?

To root out heresy (those who go against the Pope)

What do we call the Catholic Church’s efforts to bring Protestants back to the

church through reforming some aspects of its operation, and denying the validity

of the Protestant movements?

The Counter Reformation

SOL WHII.3b

• What you need to know: The Reformation had its roots in theology (ideas about God), but it led to important economic and political changes. These differences in ideas about God caused hatred, war and destruction for many years in Europe.

• The big question: What were the major economic, political, and theological issues involved in the reformation?

Princes in the northern part of this country stood up for Martin Luther and Protestantism because they

wanted to end the authority of the Pope.

Germany

This German family dynasty supported the Pope and the

Roman Catholic Church. They later became the leaders of the

Holy Roman Empire

The Hapsburgs

This was a devastating conflict in Germany between Protestants and

Catholics.

The Thirty Years’ War

This church became the national church throughout Britain under

Elizabeth I, under the Elizabethan Compromise

The Anglican Church

In England, the Reformation gave rise to this type of economic system.

capitalism

French Protestants were called

Huguenots

This gave the Protestant Huguenots freedom to worship in France, but it was later revoked

The Edict of Nantes

This Frenchman changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.

Cardinal Richelieu

The Catholic response to the Reformation was a series of

reforms designed to reassert its authority called _____________.

The (Catholic) Counter Reformation

This religious order was founded by Ignatius Loyola to spread

Catholic doctrine around the world.

The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits)

This institution that consists of torture, secret testimony, and

intimidation was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

The Inquisition

SOL WHII.3c

• What you need to know: At first the Reformation divided Europe up on religious ideas, leading to intolerance. Power in Europe was concentrated in the monarch. Eventually religious toleration emerged, along with democratic ideas.

• The big question(s): What were some of the changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies during the Reformation? What was the role of the printing press in spreading these new ideas?

As business and trade grew, so to did non-religious ideas, values, and

traditions which are referred to as being _____________.

secular

The man who spread literacy when he printed the bible.

Gutenberg

The ideas of the Renaissance and the Reformation were spread even more when the bible was printed in these

(non-Latin) languages

German, French, and English

SOL WHII.4a

• What you need to know: The expanding economies of Europe increased trade with Asia. When Constantinople fell to the Muslims in 1453, Europeans started crossing the Atlantic looking for new trade routes on the sea.

• The big question(s): Why were Europeans interested in discovering new lands and markets? Who were the important explorers?

One of the main reasons for the Age of Exploration was the desire for these precious items used to

season and preserve food

spices

Another main reason for the Age of Exploration was a desire for

this precious metal, used to drive the European economies.

gold

Another main reason for the Age of Exploration was the need for these,

which were necessary for the manufacturing of products to sell

raw materials

Another key reason for the Age of Exploration that led kings and nobles

to support the effort was this

Political and economic competition

Innovations in navigation such as the astrolabe and the triangular sail were taken from this culture

and used by Europeans.

The Islamic World

This Portuguese Prince founded a school for sailors that taught

cartography and other essential skills, giving rise to the Age of Exploration

Prince Henry the Navigator

The Portuguese sailor who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope to India, and brought back spices that

sold at 3000% of the original investment.

Vasco da Gama

This Italian sailor, who sailed for the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, was credited with

discovering the “New World” although he was actually seeking a western

passage to India

Christopher Columbus

This Spanish conquistador was the man who conquered the Aztec

Empire to colonize New Spain (in what is today Mexico).

Cortez

This Spaniard followed Cortez to the “New World” and conquered the Inca

Empire in what is today Peru.

Francisco Pizarro

This man was the first to circumnavigate the globe.

Ferdinand Magellan

The first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe, thus

effectively bringing Northern Europe into the Age of Exploration.

Sir Frances Drake

The Frenchman who explored the “New World” in the area of the St.

Lawrence river, establishing several important trading posts for the

French

Jacques Cartier

SOL WHI.4b

• What you need to know: One main motive for exploration was to spread the Christian religion.

• The big question: How did the expansion of European empires into the Americas, Africa, and Asia effect the religion in those areas.

• How did Christians diffuse Christianity to the new world?– migration of colonists to the new lands– Influence of Catholics and Protestants, who

carried the faith, language, and cultures to new lands

– through the conversion of indigenous peoples by missionaries like the Jesuits

SOL WHII.4c

• What you need to know: Europeans migrated to new colonies in the Americas, creating new cultural and social patterns.

Europeans established trading posts and colonies in Africa and Asia.

• The big question: What was the effect of European migration and settlement on the Americas, Africa, and Asia?

What were the men who conquered and destroyed the

Aztec, Maya, and Inca Empires, and where were they from?

Conquistadors, from Spain

Who was the man who conquered and destroyed the

Aztec Empire in 1520?

Hernan (Hernando) Cortez

Where was the location of the conquered Aztec Empire, which

became the center of the Spanish Empire in the “new world.”

In what is today the central valley of Mexico, in North America.

Where was the capital of the Inca Empire?

In what is today Peru, in South America.

Who was the man who conquered the Inca Empire?

Francisco Pizarro

What three things made the conquest of the “New World”

possible for Europeans?

Steel, guns, and diseases (smallpox)

The legacy of rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin

America began with this type of agricultural institution called the

_____________________.

encomienda

Who was the small group of merchants who colonized the

Indies and India?

The Dutch East India Company

SOL WHII.4d

• What you need to know: The discovery of the Americas by Europeans resulted in an exchange of products and resources between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

• The big question: What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange between European and indigenous cultures?

What were some of the products brought back from the “new world”

(western hemisphere) that changed European lifestyles during the

Columbian Exchange?

Corn, potatoes, and tobacco.

What European products were introduced to the “new world” (western hemisphere) from Europe during the

Columbian Exchange?

Horses, cattle, guns

Large farms were set up in the new world to grow

____________ __________.

cash crops

Europeans set up large farms called ___________.

plantations

European plantations and encomiendas destroyed the native people’s ___________ and ruined

the _____________.

economies, environment

Unlike slavery had existed for thousands of years in the rest of the world, European slavery in

the Americas was base on __________.

race (the color of a man/ woman’s skin)

SOL WHII.4e,f

• What you need to know: Europeans established a trade pattern know as triangular trade and exported precious metals from the Americas.

• The big question(s): What was the triangular trade, and what was the impact of precious metal export from the Americas?

What were the three continents that were linked in a triangular

trade pattern?

Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What goods were traded in the triangular trade?

Finished industrial goods (guns) went from Europe to Africa, slaves went from Africa to the Americas, and rum

and sugar went from the Americas back to Europe.

What precious metals were taken from the new world back

to Europe?

gold and silver

What was the result of the Spanish rule in the Americas?

Spain became rich and powerful with the gold and silver stolen from the Aztec and Inca Empires. The Aztec and Inca Empires were wiped out, and their people were used as labor

for encomiendas, and treated as second class citizens.

SOL WHII.5a

• What you need to know: The Ottoman Empire emerged as a political and economic power following the conquest of Constantinople. The Ottomans brought much of Muslim territory in Southwest Asia and North Africa under their rule.

• The big question(s): Where was the Ottoman Empire located and how did it expand?

What was the original location of the Ottoman Empire?

Asia minor, what is today the country of Turkey.

What did the Ottoman Empire call its capital (that used to be the

Christian city of Constantinople)?

Istanbul

What did the Ottoman Empire use to unite all its different

territories into one huge empire?

The religion of Islam (the Muslim faith)

What were two of the major trade items for the Ottoman Empire?

coffee and ceramics

SOL WHII.5b

• What you need to know: Descendants of the Mongols, the Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers established an empire in Northern India. The Mughal Empire traded with European nations.

• The big question(s): What were the contributions of the Mughal emperors of India, and how did they trade with European nations?

What religion did the Mughal Empire spread to India, and

what part of the sub-continent did they dominate?

Islam, northern India

What famous architecture did the Mughal empire construct in India?

The Taj Mahal

How did Portugal, England, and the Netherlands (The Dutch) trade

with Mughal India?

They established trading outposts on the Indian coast, and traded on

Indian Ocean trade routes.

What were the main trade items that went from Mughal India to

Europe?

spices and textiles

SOL WHII.5c

• What you need to know: China and Japan sought to limit the influence and activities of European merchants.

• The big question(s): How did the Chinese and Japanese attempt to limit the influence of European merchants?

What were some of the key trade items that Europeans wanted from the far east?

Porcelain (china), tea, silk, and paper.

What was the imperial solution to control foreign influence in the far east?

To create trade enclaves.

What policy did Japanese leaders adopt to the European traders?

isolation

SOL WHII.5d

• What you need to know: The exportation of slaves and demand for imported goods began to alter economic pattern in Africa.

• The big question: How did Africa become involved in foreign trade?

What was Africa exchanging slaves for in the triangular trade?

Manufactured goods (guns), and new food products such as corn and peanuts.

The term “middle passage” refers to inhumane transport of slaves

from where to where?

From Africa to the Americas.

SOL WHII.5e

• What you need to know: European maritime (sailing and trading) nations competed for overseas markets, colonies and resources, creating new economic practices, such as mercantilism, linking European nations with their colonies.

• The big question: What were the roles of the Commercial Revolution and mercantilism in the growth of European nations?

What do you call the economic practice where the colony exists to feed the

mother country raw materials so that the mother country can make finished

goods and become self sufficient.

mercantilism

SOL WHII.6a

• What you need to know: The scientific revolution placed emphasis on systematic measurement and reasoned observation. It changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it.

• The big question(s): What were some new scientific theories and discoveries, and what were the effects of these new theories?

Who developed the theory of the heliocentric universe?

Nicolaus Copernicus

Who discovered the laws of elliptical planetary motion?

Johannes Kepler

Who use the telescope to support the heliocentric theory, and was put on trial by the Pope for it?

Galileo Galilei

Who discovered and recorded the laws of gravity?

Sir Isaac Newton

Who discovered and recorded the circulation of blood?

William Harvey

The scientific revolution led to the emphasis on reason and

observation of nature. What did it depend on to expand the amount of scientific knowledge available?

The scientific method.

SOL WHII.6b

• What you need to know: The Age of Absolutism takes its name from a series of European monarchs who increased the power of their central governments.

• The big question(s): Who were the absolute monarchs, and what effects did they have on their countries?

What are characteristics of absolute monarchies?

They centralize power, they claim rule by divine right, and they are

not subject to the laws.

How did Louis XIV show his power?

He centralized all of his power outside of Paris at his grand

Palace of Versailles.

How did Frederick the Great show his power?

By making Prussia the strongest military power in the region, and

waging war.

What was the main goal of Peter the Great of Russia?

To westernize Russia

What city did Peter the Great make his “window to the West”?

St. Petersburg

How did Peter the Great centralize his power in Russia?

He took power from the nobility, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the serfs, while he

gave power to the military.

SOL WHII.6c• What you need to know: Political democracy

rests on the principle that government derives its power from the consent of the governed. The foundations of English freedoms included the jury trial, the Magna Carta, and common law. The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution prompted further development of the rights of Englishmen.

• The big question: How did the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution promote the development of the rights of Englishmen?

What did the English Parliament try to force Charles to sign that would

require him to check with them before raising taxes or putting someone in jail

without saying why?

The Petition of Right

Who was the leader of the Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) who led them

against the Cavilers (supporters of the king) during the English Civil War?

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell led a group of religious fanatics who sought to eliminate all influence of Catholics from English

government and religion. What was this group known as?

The Puritans

What happened after the Puritan Republic was abolished?

The restoration of King Charles II of the Stuarts.

What was the bloodless revolution that displaced the Stuart kings and put William of Orange and his wife

Mary on to the throne called?

The Glorious Revolution

What did William and Mary agree to do that created the first constitutional

monarchy… thus increasing parliamentary power and decreasing

royal power?

They signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689.

SOL WHII.6d• What you need to know: Enlightenment thinkers

believed that human progress was possible through the application of scientific knowledge and reason to issues of law and government. Enlightenment ideas influenced the leaders of the American Revolution and the writing of the Declaration of Independence.

• The big question(s): Who were the Enlightenment thinkers, and what were their ideas? How did philosophers of the Enlightenment influence thinking on political issues? How did the Enlightenment promote revolution in the American colonies?

What three areas of thinking did the Enlightenment most

drastically change?

1) It applied reason to the human world and its laws not just nature.2) It stimulated religious tolerance.3. It questioned traditional authority, which led to revolutions around the world.

Which Enlightenment thinker wrote Leviathan, and said that man gives

authority to strong leaders to manage our savage behaviors.

Thomas Hobbes

Which Enlightenment thinker wrote Two Treatises on Government? He said that people are sovereign, and monarchs are not chosen by God.

John Locke

Which Enlightenment thinker wrote The Spirit of Laws? He advocated the

separation of powers within a government.

Montesquieu

Which Enlightenment thinker wrote The Social Contract?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which Enlightenment thinker’s ideas of natural law most influenced Thomas

Jefferson’s writing of the Declaration of Independence?

John Locke

Which Enlightenment thinker said that religious toleration should triumph over

religious fanaticism, and that there should be a separation of church and state?

Voltaire

Along with the Declaration of Independence, what were the other

two American documents that incorporated the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers.

The US Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

SOL WHII.6e,f• What you need to know: The ideas of the

Enlightenment and French participation in the American Revolution influenced the French people to view their government in new ways. They overthrew the absolute monarchy, and a new government was established. These ideas and examples of the American and French Revolutions influenced the people of Latin America to establish independent nations.

• The big question(s): How did the Enlightenment contribute to causing the French Revolution, and how did the French and American Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements?

What event signaled the power of the French people? It is still celebrated as a major French

holiday to this day.

The storming of the Bastille (Bastille Day)

What is the period when the Committee on Public Safety executed

thousands in the name of the Revolution called?

The Reign of Terror

What were the two big outcomes of the French Revolution?

The end of the absolute monarchy and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

What man was inspired by the French and American Revolutions to lead a

slave revolt and establish the nation of Haiti?

Toussaint L’Ouverture

What was the name of the man who was influenced by the ideas of the

Enlightenment to lead several revolutions in Latin America?

Simon Bolivar

SOL WHII.6g• What you need to know: The

Enlightenment brought new emphasis on order and balance in the arts as artists borrowed heavily from classical Greece and Rome. The Age of Reason witnessed inventions and innovations in technology that stimulated trade and transportation.

• The big question(s): Who were some artists, philosophers, and writers of the period? What improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies?

Who was the moody German composer who was heavily

influenced by religious themes?

Johan Sebastian Bach

Who was the Austrian composer who was writing major works by the age of 10, and is considered by many to be

one of the greatest musical minds of all time?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Who was the French painter worked in the baroque style, and embodied many of the

themes of the time into works such as Liberty Leading the People.

Eugene Delacroix

Who was the Enlightenment philosophe who wrote Candidate, and was a huge advocate of free speech?

Voltaire

Which Spanish author wrote the classic novel Don Quixote (when the

novel was still a new form of literature)?

Miguel de Cervantes

Which technology was among the most helpful in improving year round

transportation and trade?

all weather roads

SOL WHII.7a• What you need to know: The French

Revolution left a powerful legacy for world history: secular society, nationalism, and democratic ideas. Napoleon’s attempt to unify Europe under French domination was unsuccessful. The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic code.

• The big question(s): What was the legacy of Napoleon? What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna?

What was the law code the law code put into place by Napoleon in every

nation he conquered called?

The Napoleonic Code

What were the basic ideas behind the Napoleonic code?

It was based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, such as equality before the

law and promotion based on merit.

What do you call the feeling that Napoleon awakened in European countries that led them to support their king, religion, and country?

nationalism

What were the results of the Congress of Vienna?

The monarchies were restored, the political map of Europe was redrawn to restore the

balance of power.