world history industrial revolution. causes: causes: increasing population increasing population...
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World History
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Causes:Increasing populationChildren were a high % of total population.
Growth also contributed to migration.
Industrial Revolution
Agricultural (revolution) #2
New food & forage cropsOnly the wealthy could afford new crops, new farming methods ---Enclosure
Result: Unemployed farmers
Industrial Revolution
Trade/InventionsIncreased demand led to increased production
Added craftsmen to workshops & used Putting-out system.
Industrial Revolution
Economic & population growth
Desire to use new ideasMining & metal industries
Largest merchant marine
Fluid social structure
Industrial Revolution
Britain also had:Good water transportation system
Unified marketHighly developed commercial sector
Industrial Revolution
Continental Europe experienced similar circumstances but delayed due to war, lack of markets, management skills, & no desire to experiment with new technologies.
Industrial Revolution
Mass production – potteryDemand created for porcelain.
1759 Josiah Wedgewood used division of labor & molds rather than potters wheel to mass produce @ low cost.
Industrial Revolution
Spinning Jenny – 1764Water frame – 1769 and invented by Richard Arkwright.
Mule – 1785 Samuel Crompton – better, faster.
Industrial Revolution
Mechanization led to efficiency and lower prices.
Cotton became America’s most valuable crop developed for export to England.
Industrial Revolution
In the 18th century a series of inventions including coke and puddling made it possible for the British to produce large amounts of cheap iron.
Industrial Revolution
Increased production & lower cost led people to use iron for many things including bridge building and construction of the Crystal Palace.
Industrial Revolution
Interchangeable parts – adopted in firearms, farm equipment & sewing machine industries in the 19th century.
American system of manufactures.
Industrial Revolution
Between 1702-1713 Thomas Newcomen developed a crude steam engine used to pump water out of coal mines.
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Industrial Revolution
1769 – James Watt improved Newcomen’s engine. Provided power allowing factories to be built where no other sources of power were located.
Industrial Revolution
1780s – steam engine used to power riverboats in France & America.
1830s – more efficient engines used for oceangoing vessels
Industrial Revolution
Trevithick/Stephenson build lighter, more powerful steam engines to power locomotives & replaced horses.
Industrial Revolution
1825-1845 Britain & railway mania.
1840s & 1850s in the U.S.Railways connect country & mid-west to agricultural development & in Europe trigger industrialization.
Industrial Revolution
1837 – Wheatstone & Cook’s five needle telegraph in England.
Also in 1837 – Morse Code; system of dashes and dots in the United States.
Industrial Revolution
Rapid growth in cities & urban areas resulted in overcrowding, pollution, and disease for the poor.
Reforms did not occur until the mid-19th century.
Industrial Revolution
Deforestation con’t.Industrialization provided substitutes for wood.
New transportation systems changed rural life.
Industrial Revolution
Most jobs offered were for unskilled labor.
Increased rate of child labor; restricted by the British in mid-19th century.
New labor source: the Irish
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution increased demand for cotton, sugar & coffee, and prolonged slavery in the U.S. & Caribbean and extended slavery to Brazil.
Industrial Revolution
Disparities in income .Worker’s standards of living did not improve until 1850s.
Beneficiaries: middle class
Industrial Revolution
Adam Smith – laissez faire The Wealth of Nations 1776Gov’t. shouldn’t interfere in the business realm.
Bentham/List: gov’t needs to manage economy & social problems.
Industrial Revolution
Malthus/Ricardo: poverty of working class was due to over-population & should be addressed through restraint, not the government.
Industrial Revolution
Positivism: scientific method solves social problems.
Fourier – ideal society has no capitalists.
Robert Owen - prosperity for all. Served as an example for reforms.
Industrial Revolution
Protests and reforms move from individual resistance to collective action, including unions. British legislation included Factory Act, Mines Act, & repeal of Corn Laws.
Industrial Revolution
Russia: no middle class. They were afraid of using Western ideas. Imported industrial goods & exported grain & timber. Fell behind Europe.
Industrial Revolution
Egypt undertook industrialization program funded by wheat & cotton exports & protected by high tariffs on imports. Became dependent on the British instead of the Ottomans.
Industrial Revolution
Machines forced Indian spinners out of business
India became an importer of British goods & exporter of raw materials.
Britain did nothing to encourage Indian industry.
CONCLUSION
Between 1760 & 1851 new technologies greatly increased humans’ control over nature & transformed the environment.
CONCLUSION
Increased disparities between individuals & societies, brought changes in work & family life.
Society was slow to address abuses.
CONCLUSION
By the 1850s the Industrial Revolution had spread to Western Europe & the U.S. & was contributing to a shift in the historic balance of power between Europe & China.
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