world war one

WORLD WAR ONE

REASONS FOR WAR

1.Europe divided into 2 loose alliances: a. Triple Alliance – Italy, Austria-Hungary & Germany b. Triple Entente- France, Great Britain & Russia

REASONS FOR WAR2. Imperialism led to competition for colonies

REASONS FOR WAR3. MILITARISM or aggressive preparation for war grows.

• Mili leaders develop war plans & stock supplies.

•Refuse to change plans for anything & were basis for all decisions.

REASONS FOR WAR. Militarism also includes: CONSCRIPTION- or military draft. Armies doubled in size by 1914.

•4. NATIONALISM:desire for own nation grows.

•many ethnic groups want freedom from the states in which they live.

5. Balkans Crisis *Aus-Hun annexes Bosnia & Herzegovinia, hurting Serbia’s chance

to create Slavic empire (Most Bosnians are slavic)

*Serbs prep for war & are backed by Rus

*Rus backs down when Germ threatens

to help Aus-Hun

•1914: Serbia wants to create Slavic state.

•Aus-Hun against it

•June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to A-H throne & wife Sophia visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.

•BLACK HAND (Serbian terrorist group who want Bosnia free),try to kill Franz.

• Tried a bomb & failed.

•GAVRILLO PRINCEP shoots both

DON’T WRITE!!!!•Aus-Hun doesn’t know if Serb govt involved

• Want to attack. •Afraid of Russia •Turn to Germ for help.

Germ Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II gives “BLANK CHECK”, promising full support of Aus-Hun, even if Rus gets involved

WAR BEGINS!!!• Serbs turn down AUS-

Hun demands •A-H declares war on Serbs July 28th, 1914

WAR BEGINS!!!•Czar Nicholas II of Rus orders partial MOBILIZATION (assembling troops & supplies & making them ready for war).

WAR BEGINS•Russia’s war plans say to fight Germ & Aus-Hun & Czar Nicholas must mobilize against both.

Czar orders full mobilization on July 29th, 1914.

WAR BEGINS!!!•Ger sees mobilization as act of war & declares war on Russia.

WAR BEGINS•Germ General Alfred Von Schlieffen’s, war plan calls for 2 front war against FR & RUS (written 1894)

•Due to SCHLEIFFEN PLAN Ger had to attack France through Belgium to get RUS.

•Ger declared war on France on Aug. 3rd, 1914

DON’T WRITE•Germ told Belgium (neutral) to let troops pass through

•Aug. 4th, 1914, Great Brit declares war on Germ for violating Belgium’s

neutrality.

• GB part of alliance

w/ Fr & Rus

(Triple Entente)

1. Franz Ferdinand (next leader of Aus-Hun) assassinated by Serb terrorists the Black Hand 6/28/14

2. Aus-Hun gets Blank Check from Germany 7/5/14

3. Aus-Hun declares war on Serb 7/28/14

4. Russia Mobilizes army on 7/ 29 – 31/14 against both Aus-Hun & Germ

5. Germans see mobilization as act of war. Declares war on Russia

6. German Schlieffen plan makes Germ invade Belgium & France to get Russia

7. Germany declares war on France 8/3/14

8. Great Britain declares war on Germany 8/4/14

WAR BEGINS•Govt spreads PROPAGANDA- ideas used to influence public opinion for or against a cause-

• helped to create hatred & support for causes. • Most believe war will end in 2 weeks or less

•Western Front-Mostly in Fr• Schlieffen Plan says go thru Belgium to circle Paris, trapping Fr.

•Ger stopped at 1st Battle of Marne (Sept. 6-10, 1914).

•Fr troops sent in taxis to front line in red uniforms.

WESTERN FRONT•Both sides dig trenches & create a stalemate for next 4 yrs

•New technology•Little movement.• (Gas, tank, plane, mortars, machine gun, zeppelin,)

BATTLE OF THE SOMME (July 1916)

NO MAN’S LAND

•Eastern Front- Very mobile, w/ huge losses of life.

1. Rus moves into E. Germ & is defeated at Battles of Masurian Lakes & Tannenburg by Sept 1914

2.Aus-Hun defeated by Rus3. Italy switches sides in 1915 & attacks Aus-Hun.

4. Italy joins Triple Entente, but now

called the ALLIES (GB, FR, RUS)

EASTERN FRONT

5. Germ pushes Russians back into own land w/ heavy losses

6. Rus no longer threat.7. Bulgaria joins w/ Germ & Aus-Hun. (now Central Powers)

8. Attack & destroy Serbs in Sept 1915.

NEW ALLIES

Ottoman empire (TURKEY) joins Germ

•DON’T WRITE!!!!•Lawrence of Arabia (Brit officer in Middle East) gets Arab princes to rise against Ottoman (promise independence)

• Destroy Otto by 1918

•US neutral•GB blockades Germ w/ navy

•Germ uses unrestricted submarine warfare (will shoot down

any ship)

•May 7, 1915 Germ sinks LUSITANIA, a BR passenger liner, killing 1000 (128 Americans)

•Germ stops subs, afraid USA will join war.

• Jan. 1917, ADMIRAL HOLTZENDORF talks KAISER into using unrestricted sub warfare & blockades again to break

stalemate

•HOLTZENDORF promises Kaiser Wilhelm II that Brits will starve before US acts

• “I give your majesty my word as an officer, not one American will land on the continent”

•April 1917, US enters the war!!!!

• (bringing men, supplies &

psychological boost).

•Became TOTAL WAR-complete mobilization of resources & people.

•Women take over jobs in factories

•Euros went to PLANNED ECONOMIES- systems run by govt agencies that expanded powers to meet needs such as: drafts, regulate import/exports, ration food,

control prices, wages &

rent control

•1918 better for Allies w/ arrival of US troops

•Germ GENERAL ERICH VON LUDENDORFF gambles & planned 1 big offensive on Western Front

•Get w/in 50 miles of Paris, but stopped at 2nd Battle of Marne

2nd Battle of the Marne

GERMANY LOSES•Germ forced back by US troops

•Sept 29, 1918, Gen. Ludendorff says war is lost.

•Allies won’t make peace w/ Germ imperial govt

GERMAN SAILORS MUTINY

•Nov. 3, 1918 sailors in Kiel mutiny & it spreads across Germ as govt offices taken over

•Kaiser William II gives up & flees.

• AUS-Hun fell apart & new

nations emerge

•FRIEDRICH EBERT announces creation of a democratic

republic. Signed ARMISTICE (treaty) on Nov. 11, 1918,

END OF THE WAR•Jan 1919, 27 ALLIED nations meet to make final settlement

WOODROW WILSON

•WOODROW WILSON-US pres- presented 14 Points to

Congress to take to meeting. He said they should:

14 Pointsa. reach peace openly & reduce weapons

b. Create a “general association of nations” to guarantee independence. (League of Nations)

c.Must create democracies & self-determination (right of each people to have own nation).

•Problems at PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (1919) due to secret

treaties & own selfish interests

•DAVID LLOYD GEORGE – Brit Prime minister wants

Germ to be punished & pay for crimes

•GEORGES CLEMENCEAU – premier of France says Fr suffered most, needs security.

•Demands Germ: 1.be stripped of weapons

2. pay REPARATIONS- damages to pay for war

3. create a buffer area btw FR & Germ called Rhineland.

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

• .Italy played small role.

• Russia can’t come • Germ not invited •Run by BIG 3- US, FR & GB.

•Big battle btw them

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

•Jan. 25, 1919. League of Nations created (US DOES NOT JOIN due to Versailles).

•Compromises made.

•TREATY OF VERSAILLES- signed w/ Germ. Most important. 5 others signed

•Germ unhappy w/ Article 231, which is War Guilt Clause, stating

Germ admits guilt for war.

MUST DO THE FOLLOWING:

1. pay reparations 2. reduce army to 100,000 3. get rid of air force & reduce navy4. return Alsace & Loraine, 5. Sections of E. Germ given to create Poland.6.Germ along Rhineland now a DMZ, (no weapons)

• Map of Europe redrawn due to Treaty.

a.Aus-Hun, Serbia & Ottoman Empire gone

b. Rus (USSR) & Germ smaller

c. Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Lithuania, Czechoslovaka Austria, Hungary & Yugoslavia created

d. Br take Iran & Palestine. Called a MANDATE when nation officially governed

by another nation, but not owned by them

• The financial cost of the war amounted to almost $38 billion for Germany

• Britain spent $35 billion,• France $24 billion, • Russia $22 billion, • USA $22 billion • Austria-Hungary $20 billion.  • In total the war cost the Allies

$125 billion• the Central Powers $60 billion

WORLD WAR I CASUALTIES: AMERICAN

•Battle deaths: 53,402•Other deaths in service: 63,114

•Non-mortal wounded: 204,002

•Living vets as of 2000: 2,416

Country Dead Wounded Missing Total

Australia 58,150 152,170-

210,320

Austria-Hungary

922,000 3,600,000 855,283 5,377,283

Belgium 44,000 450,000-

494,000

Britain 658,700 2,032,150 359,150 3,050,000

Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919

Canada 56,500 149,700-

206,200

France 1,359,000

4,200,000 361,650 5,920,650

Germany

1,600,000

4,065,000 103,000 5,768,000

Greece 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000

India 43,200 65,175 5,875 114,250

Italy 689,000 959,100-

1,424,660

Japan 300 907 3 1,210

Montenegro 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000

New Zealand

16,130 40,750-

56,880

Romania 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706

Russia 1,700,000

5,000,000-

6,700,000

Serbia 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106

Turkey 250,000 400,000-

650,000

USA 58,480 189,955 14,290 262,725

Totals 7,996,888

21,755,196

1,979,556

31,508,200