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LCIMUN 2014
LAKESHORE COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2014
World War One
Background Guide
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Table of Contents
World War One
The British Empire ----------------------------------------------------------------3-4
Canada (British Empire) ---------------------------------------------------------5-6
Australia (British Empire) ----------------------------------------------------------7
France -----------------------------------------------------------------------------8-10
Germany --------------------------------------------------------------------------11-12
The Russian Empire -------------------------------------------------------------13-15
Belgium ---------------------------------------------------------------------------16-17
Ottoman Empire-----------------------------------------------------------------18-19
Italy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------20-21
Japan-------------------------------------------------------------------------------22-23
Austria-Hungary ----------------------------------------------------------------24-25
United States Of America ------------------------------------------------------26-28
Bulgaria ---------------------------------------------------------------------------29-30
Romania --------------------------------------------------------------------------31-32
Serbia ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
MODEL UNCONFERENCE
LAKESHORE CI2014
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The British Empire
Leaders:
Monarch: Queen Victoria, Edward VII, George V
Prime Minister: Herbert Henry Asquith, David Lloyd
George
Brief History:
“The empire on which the sun never sets” is certainly fitting to describe the British Empire
prior to the start of the First World War. Its colonies spanned more than a quarter of the
Earth's total land area. Britain was the indisputable world superpower that dominated in its
military, technology, and colonial empire. Its role in the world then is comparable to that of
the U.S. now, its every move influencing the entire world. Its military size was surprisingly
small for such a vast empire, though Britain had the largest and most advanced navy in the
world.
Politics and Society:
In 1901 Britain had a constitutional government, but it was not completely democratic.
Freedom of speech was not permitted and the formation of a coalition government silenced
any possible opposition. The conservative ideology dominated in politics, with Britain having
the most restrictive franchises in the world. A full-fledged democracy did not come until after
the war, though some reform was made, such as, the House of Lords not having veto power.
Economy:
Being the first nation to industrialize, Britain was definitely an economic superpower during
the nineteenth century. However, Britain’s economic power was overtaken by the United
States of America. Its economy was largely dependent on its colonies. The colonies
supported Britain with raw materials, where Britain would manufacture, and ship off to the
rest of the world. However, uprisings and wars in its colonies disrupted this and also the
establishment of large monopolies dragged back the British economy. Despite these
drawbacks, Britain maintained its status as an economic superpower and continued to affect
the global economy.
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Military:
The British military was surprisingly small for such a vast Empire. It comprised of the Royal
Navy and the Army. At this time, the Royal Air Force did not exist. Its navy was what made it
dominate the world. In fact, there was a law in Britain that ensured its domination in the
seas: it stated that Britain must have a navy larger or equal to the next two largest navies
combined. The British government was determined to maintaining its status as a world
superpower by dominating the seas.
Colonies:
Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control on of the largest most powerful nations in the world. The
state of the world is tense. You now look to your former bitter enemy, France as a temporary
ally. Back in 1904, both of your nations decided to put hostilities aside and signed an entente.
Russia, who was also seen as a rival by you and your empire also entered into the entente
together in 1907. You do not trust your new allies completely because of years of hostilities,
though, you do not think that treachery is a possibility quite yet. This triple entente will offer
some protection from the power hungry Germany. You are involved in a trade agreement
with the Ottoman Empire as well as Austria-Hungary. It is up to you as a ruler do decide, if
war breaks out, to send troops into the main land or not Your main objective as a delegate of
the British Empire is to put a stop to Germany’s rapid and threatening expansion. You also
want to ensure that you remain in control of your colonies.
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Canada (British Empire)
Brief history:
Since confederation, Canada had been
expanding greatly, taking the entire
north of the North American continent.
The construction of the Canadian
Pacific Railway also connected Canada
from sea to sea, making trade and
industrialization easier than ever before. The Canadian population relied heavily on
immigration, and so racism was a big problem for Canada at this time. Overall, Canada was a
very prosperous member of the British Empire, providing Britain with lumber and many other
natural resources
Government/Society:
The Canadian government, a constitutional monarchy, followed the structure of the British in
the lower house with a House of Commons, and an American upper house: the Senate.
Economy:
Canada, being one of Britain’s colonies, maintained its supply of natural resources to Britain.
Entering into the 20th century, Canada’s dependence on Britain for economic gains greatly
decreased as the United States came to replace them. Now depending more than ever on the
U.S., Canada decided to seek out a free trade deal with them. Canadian business owners saw
this as a threat and anti-American sentiment grew, which meant that the deal was never made
and the government under Laurier was defeated in the next election.
Military:
Canada had no military of its own. British troops were stationed along borders and the British
navy patrolled Canadian waters. However, prior to the First World War, Britain requested
that Canada aid in the arms race by forming a navy. This was done by purchasing two old
chips from Britain. The Canadian navy was formed thus formed.
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Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control a large colony of Britain. Your voice is wholly represented by
Britain. Though Britain is supposed to protect your rights, they have often betrayed you. In
the Alaskan Boundary dispute with the U.S., the British representative cast a vote in favour of
the U.S. You realize that internally, the French are against the British representing Canada
and that your society is moving closer to the U.S. than to Britain. Your main objective as a
delegate of Canada is to find new allegiances, while maintaining strong connections with
Britain. You must also try to please French Canada.
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Australia (British Empire)
Brief history:
The Commonwealth of Australia was formed
in 1901 by the Governor-General Lord
Hopetoun. The first prime minister of
Australia, Edmund Barton, was elected in that
same year: The Australian population was very
small at the time, numbering only three million or so, the vast majority of which are of British
decent, who stood firmly behind the decisions of the empire.
Politics/Society:
Like Canada, Australia relied heavily on immigration. However, racism was also prevalent in
Australia, with many laws being passed to discourage the immigration of Asians, especially
the Chinese. The ruling political party was the Protectionist party under Edmund Barton.
Economy:
The Australian economy was very resource based. It’s manufacturing only accounted for
approximately 12 percent of its GDP while 30 came from mining and agriculture. Australia
had a very small labour force, which resulted in the relative lack of its productivity.
Military:
After Australia gained its autonomy, they began to establish an army. Since it had a very
small population, people of age had to go through compulsory military training. A military
college was also established in Australia. The military was quite large for such a small
population, with a peacetime standing of 200,000.
Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control a huge British colony. All your people support Great Britain.
Any move for independence would cause revolts and rebellion. You support Britain
completely and will devote your entire army to its cause. You main objective as a delegate of
Australia is to ensure that Britain achieves victory. You will treat any threat toward Britain as
a threat toward yourself.
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France
Leader:
President: Raymond Poincaré
Brief history:
France’s first half of the 19th century was disrupted by war,
revolution, and political instability. In 1870, the Franco-
Prussian war began and ended in Paris being besieged and a
total French defeat. This greatly angered the French, which
caused them to reassess their alliances, causing them to draw
closer to Great Britain and Russia. Following the French
defeat, the Germans claimed the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Anti-German
sentiment was very popular, uniting the French under a common enemy and a common goal:
to regain their lost territory and pride.
Politics/Society:
The politics in France prior to the outbreak of the First World War was very complicated.
The French government continuously changed between a Monarchy and a Republic. In 1852,
a monarchy was established to replace the French Second Republic with a Second French
Empire with Napoleon III ruling from the beginning to the end. Napoleon proved to be a very
incompetent ruler as he made some very disastrous decisions in his reign. Deciding to carry
on the legacy of Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon III decided to expand the French Empire and
its control and influence over the world. This proved to be a very poor decision as France
engaged in both the Crimean War and a conflict with Austria, followed by an economic
recession. In an effort to improve the situation and to increase his popularity, which had
grown to an all time low, he decided to go to war with Prussia. This proved to be his worst
decision yet. Within just a few months, Prussian forces had taken Paris and Napoleon was
captured. Once again, the French overthrew the monarchy and replaced it with a Republic –
the Third French Republic.
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Economy:
Having replaced the Monarchy, the situation in France took a turn for the better. The time
between the establishment of the Third French Republic to the beginning of the First World
War was known as the “Belle Époque.” This was a period of relative peace, stability, and
economic prosperity for the French. Commerce boomed and scientific discoveries were being
made more than ever before. This was the beginning of the era of the automobile. The
French were quick to establish their car company – Peugeot. This was also the time period in
which the motion pictures were invented, and the French were the inventors. Art and culture
in French flourished as they had never flourished before during the Belle Époque, with the
emergence of great artists and performers. It was a time of general optimism and economic
growth for the French, until the beginning of WWI.
Military:
The French had a policy of universal conscription for all males reaching the age of twenty-
one. The French had 173 infantry regiments, 89 cavalry regiments, and 87 artillery regiments.
Though the French military was quite large, it was highly under-equipped and under-trained.
This was disastrous as the French proved incapable of defending themselves in war, by
continuously losing to the Prussians.
Colonies:
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Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control a nation who is on the road to success. Your economy is
flourishing and your culture is highly defined. You do not want war to spoil this era of growth
in you great nation. The only exception to this idea is for the regions of Alsace-Lorraine.
Years ago you fought a war with Prussia that ended in your defeat. In that war you lost the
region of Alsace-Lorraine. Your people thirst for vengeance at that bitter defeat. Since then,
relations with Germany have been strained at best. You feel threatened by Germany ’s rapid
growth and expansion. Because of that you formed an entente with Russia in 1892. Britain
joined this entente soon after even though relations were tense from the colonial race. Your
main objective as a delegate of France is to prevent war and prolong the period of economic
growth. You also want to regain Alsace-Lorraine under your control. It is up to you on how
to do that.
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Germany
Leaders:
Kaiser (Emperor) – Wilhelm II
Chancellors (1871-1918) – Otto von Bismarck, Leo von
Caprivi, Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst,
Bernhard von Bülow, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, Georg Michaelis, Georg von Hertling,
Prince Maximilian of Baden, Friedrich Ebert
Brief History:
The German Empire was officially established on January 18, 1871 with the unification of the
Kingdom of Prussia, North German Confederation, Kingdom of Bavaria, Kingdom of
Württemberg, Grand Duchy of Baden and the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Its territories spanned
an area of over 540,854 square kilometres with a population of over 41 million people, which
eventually grew to 67 million by 1914. The unified German Empire was the result of three
wars; a war against Denmark, a war against Austria and a war against the French. Wilhelm I
was appointed Kaiser and Otto von Bismarck the chancellor.
Politics/Society/Religion:
The German Empire was ruled as a federal monarchy by Wilhelm II in 1911. In Germany, the
emperor was referred to as the Kaiser. Wilhelm II was put into power when he was very
young. Wilhelm the II was described as rash, lazy, and incapable of focusing on anything for
very long.
The people of the German Empire were mainly Christian with a small percentage of the
population being Jewish.
Economy:
The German Empire had one of the strongest economies of Europe in 1911. During that time,
thirteen percent of world trade came through Germany. That number would continue to rise
for many years to come. Germany’s primary export was machinery and the German Empire
was the largest exporter of machinery in the world. Germany was an economic superpower in
1911.
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Military:
The German Empire had one of the strongest militaries in the world in 1911. Its army was one
of the largest and best-trained armies in Europe and much of the world. Germany also had a
large navy build up after the recent arms race with Britain. The German navy was inferior to
Britain navy. This weakness was due to the fact that the German navy fleet did not possess
the massive battle ships called dreadnaughts.
Colonies:
Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911. You control one of the richest and most powerful empires in the known
world and yet you want more. As you look at the other superpowers, you realize that they all
have multiple colonies all over the world meanwhile the decaying empires, like the Ottoman
Empire do not. You realize that more colonies are the key to the future of the German
Empire. The only problem is, most of the world has already been colonized. Conquest may
be the only way for Germany to gain colonies. The only question is, whose colonies will you
annex.
Though your military strength is unrivalled in all of Europe, you are beginning to feel
threatened. The two countries on your border, France and Russia, have formed an alliance
with your enemy Britain. Your empire is surrounded by enemies, and your only ally, Austro-
Hungary, is in a weakened state. Some of your advisors recommend that you should break off
the alliance with Austro-Hungary because in the event of war they would drag you down. If
you were to do that you would need to find another ally to support you. Your main objective
as a delegate of the Germany Empire is to secure more colonies for the empire. You will also
want to either break up the triple entente or gain some more allies so you are not surrounded
by enemies.
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The Russian Empire
Leader:
Monarch: Tsar Nicholas II
Brief History:
Pre World War I Russia was a mystery to most
Europeans. Russia displayed many attributes of an
imperial superpower. Its landmass was enormous,
spanning one-sixth of the Earth and with a population of
around 128 million at the turn of the century. Russia’s
army was 1.5 million strong, the largest in Europe.
Internally, however, Russia lagged behind the other European powers both socially and
economically. Russia had not industrialized and its economy was still primarily agricultural,
while socially, Russia still maintained its autocratic rule over the people instead of converting
into a constitutional monarchy. In 1904, Russia was engaged in a yearlong war with the
Empire of Japan. It resulted in the bitter defeat of Russia, which greatly shook Russian
confidence in its military. At home, a revolution began in 1905, which resulted in the victory
of the Crown, but saw some major changes, including a limited constitutional government.
The 1905 Revolution paved way for the 1917 Revolution, which freed Russia from autocratic
rule and put under a Communist government.
Politics/Society:
Prior to the 1905 revolution, Russia was an absolute monarch, with the Tsar making all of the
decisions. However, after the revolution, a state Duma was established, though the major
decisions still lay in the hands of the Tsar. The aristocrats and the wealthy were determined
to remain wealthy and powerful, and so industrial projects were not embraced as it
threatened the wealth of these conservative politicians. However, a disastrous war in Crimea
sounded an alarm bell to the government, forcing them to rapidly industrialize. This,
however, created unforeseen problems for the government. Many of the peasants who lived
in the country now started moving to large cities in search of jobs in large factories. However,
the rapid growth in urban population was not matched by growth in housing and
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employment. As a result, many of the workers were forced to live in slums and had very little
food. This gave rise to a new class of people: the industrial proletariat. These workers were
poor and exploited, causing them to embrace in new revolutionary ideas, like communism.
Economy:
The Russian economy remained surprisingly underdeveloped for such a large European
nation. In 1897, nearly eighty six percent of all Russians lived in the countryside. In the early
part of the nineteenth century, the Russian economy was primarily agricultural, with its main
export being wheat and grains. However, going into the twentieth century, Russia had rapidly
industrialized, made great changes to its infrastructure and attracted foreign investment,
mostly from Britain and France. The Russian Empire ranked fourth in the production of steel
and second in petroleum at the turn of the century.
Military:
The Russian military at the outset of the war was the largest in Europe. 1.5 million strong,
Russia certainly had the largest army, but it lagged behind in technology and training, hence
the poor performance in the Crimean War and the bitter defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.
Recognizing the lack of a well-funded military, Russia increased its military spending, with its
navy expenditures placing fifth in the world.
Colonies:
Unlike the other Western European powers, Russia did not seek colonies on other continents;
instead, they looked to their neighbouring countries. The Russian Empire expanded into
nations like Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltics, and Finland. Though it did have colonies in
Alaska and investments in Hawaii, Russia did not keep any of its overseas territories, instead,
developed a large territory on the mainland.
Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control one of the largest nations in the civilized world. Though the
great size and population of your nation it is under developed and the economy is weak. Your
nation is not currently ready for war. In an act to prevent just that, you have entered an
entente with France and Britain. This alliance will hopefully slow Germany’s rapid and
aggressive expansion. The state of your whole country also mirrors the state of your military.
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Though it is the largest in the world, it is also under equipped and untrained. This is evident
when you look at the recent military history of your great nation. You suffered several bitter
defeats to Japan as well as the Ottoman Empire. Relations today, are still tense between you
and those nations. The United States of America has recently helped you recover from those
defeats. Your main objective as a delegate of Russia is to rebuild your country’s economy and
retrain the military. You may need to ally with another nation to secure the necessary funds.
If that is accomplished, to continue to avoid conflicts with Europe, you can look to the east for
conquest.
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Belgium
Brief History:
Belgium’s geographical location made it quite
unique: it was bordered Germany to the East and
France to the West. Belgium remained neutral in
all affairs, and so did not have a very large military.
Its economy was fairly well developed, though it
suffered a long depression in the late nineteenth
century. Overall, Belgium was a nation of prosperity with no external conflicts.
Politics/Society:
In 1830, Belgium became an independent, constitutional monarchy. Its democracy was highly
questionable as votes were limited to the French public. After the depression in the late
1800s, there came a surge of support for trade unions and the Socialist Party. The party was
responsible for many general strikes, which eventually gained Belgium universal suffrage.
Economy:
Belgium industrialized in the mid-1830s. The Belgian population was very traditional and
much of its people were scattered in the countryside. However, once industrialization began
in Belgium, it spread very quickly, due to the abundance of natural resources, such as coal.
Many foreign investors were very interested, especially French, and Prussian ones. They
bought huge amounts of coalmines off of Belgium. The government also built railways to
connect itself to its major trading partners, as well as link the entire nation.
Military:
The Belgian military was one of the smallest in the world. Though a developed nation,
Belgium did not have a military like its European counterparts. Despite its military reform
that legalized conscription, its army still remained small as it was deemed unnecessary.
Belgium proclaimed neutrality in all international issues, which made an army a waste.
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Colonies:
Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control a relatively new nation. You believe that only absolute
neutrality is the path to success for your nation. You feel as if you were the peacekeeper in
the hostile continent of Europe. You export coal to both France and Germany so taking sides
in the potential conflict would be disastrous for your economy. Your main objective as a
delegate of Belgium is to prevent war no matter what. If the worst occurs you also have to
ensure you are not swept up in the conflict.
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Ottoman Empire
Leaders:
Sultans - Abdülhamid II & Mehmed V
Brief History:
The Ottoman Empire created by Turkish tribes in
Anatolia, and is one of the oldest empires among the
Central Powers. It was one of the most powerful
states in the world during the 15th and 16th
centuries, but that came to an end in 1922, when the
Turkish Republic and various successor states in
southeastern Europe and the Middle East replaced it. However, prior to the First World War,
nationalism was high in the Ottoman Empire. They engaged in several wars including the
Russo-Turkish war, a war with Italy and the Balkan Wars. In early 1914, the Ottoman Empire
focused on improving relations with Bulgaria and increasing support for the Germans.
Though initially neutral at the outbreak of the war, the Ottoman Empire eventually joined the
war on the side of the Central Powers.
Politics/Society/Religion:
The leader of the Ottoman Empire was referred to as the sultan. The sultan delegated parts of
his duties to his advisors and ministers. This system was in place, until the Young Turks
Revolution converted the Ottoman Empire into a constitutional monarchy.
The majority of the population of the Ottoman Empire was Muslim. By 1914, only around 19%
of the empire's population was non-Muslim. That percentage was made up of Christians,
Assyrians, Armenians, and Jews.
Economy:
The sultan believed that the key to a strong economy was a strong finical advisor as well as
good trade agreements. One of these agreements was between England France and the
Ottoman Empire. It ensured that future agreements would also be made
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Military:
The infantry of the Ottoman Empire in 1911 were out of date and the training was poor. Many
of the soldiers had obsolete weapons and equipment. It also suffered a recent defeat in the
Russo-Turkish War so the number of volunteers is lower than previous years.
The Ottoman ship foundation was established to increase the navy through public donations.
This program had already succeeded in purchasing several ships for the empire. The
Ottoman Empire was beginning to devote money to developing a flight school.
Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911. You control the remains of a once great empire that has lasted for hundreds
of years. Your vast empire has a population of 14.63 million inhabitants and covers land
including present day Turkey, North Africa and almost the whole Middle East.
Currently the empire is in a disastrous state. Following the your crushing defeat in the Russo-
Turkish War you have lost territories and your economy is declining. Your military is out of
date and training has been lax in the past ten years. Not only that, the rebellion group called
the Young Turks has been causing general unrest among the citizens of the Ottoman Empire.
For this empire to survive you will need a financially strong ally in Europe to help support you
during modernization.
You do not want to involve yourself with the impending war in Europe unless your bitter
enemy Russia is involved. The recent defeat in the Russo-Turkish war is still fresh in the
minds of your people and they want revenge. Other than that pressing need, your people will
be happy to ally with any of the other European nations if it is beneficial to the empire.
Relations with Bulgaria are still tense as it just broke away from your empire in 1908. Your
main objective as a delegate of the Ottoman Empire is to secure funds to continue the
modernization of the empire.
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Italy
Brief History:
Since the unification of Italy, the nation had
been trying to emerge as a leading world power.
In the 1890’s, Italy had already built a fairly
complete railway system that connected them to
many of its European neighbours. Italian politics
were relatively turbulent, switching from a
rather socialist government to a very autocratic
one under Crispi. Though there was the
common goal of making Italy a great nation, the road to achieving this was not always
smooth.
Politics/Society:
The most noted politician at this time in Italy was Giovanni Giolitti. He was the second
longest serving prime minister in Italian history, and led Italy to relative prosperity and
stability after unification. The time period between the beginning of the twentieth century
and the First World War was known as the Giolittian Era. He was a great politician,
improving the lives of regular Italians while keeping political opponents at bay. Under his
influence, the Liberals were never able to form a formal political party. His policies included
the nationalization of many industries, including telephones and the railway.
Economy:
By the late nineteenth century, Italy had a lot of catching up to do with regards to its
economy. They had industrialized, but not to a very full extent. In the time period between
1860 and 1913, Italy’s chemicals and electricity sector of the economy grew rapidly. This is
believed to have forced the Italian economy to become more science/technology based.
Following this “Second Industrial Revolution,” all sectors of the economy grew enormously,
such as textiles, agriculture, leather etc.
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Military:
The Italian military was involved in many armed conflicts during the nineteenth century. Its
major involvement included the unification of Italy. It also participated in its colonial wars in
Eritrea and Somalia. In China, Italian troops helped to suppress many rebellions. A war was
also fought with the Ottoman Empire. Italy came out victorious, gaining important lands in
Libya, including the major city of Tripoli.
Colonies:
Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control a nation on the road to greatness. In the year 1882, you,
Germany and Austria-Hungary form the Triple Alliance, which states that should any
signatory be attacked, the other two nations were obliged to go to war and defend one
another. You are happy that this is signed, which protects you against threats from France
and could give you an opportunity to negotiate for land that you claim is yours, but is
currently under control of the Austro-Hungarians. You also want more land from Greece and
the Balkans, and you believe that this alliance will help you achieve that. However, you do
not trust Austria-Hungary as they have thwarted you many times before and have taken over
your land. So secretly, you have also signed a pact with France. Nominally and on the
outside, you are a member of the Triple Alliance. Your main objective as a delegate of Italy is
to prove to the world you are a super power. This could be achieved by military conquest,
research or by expanding your colonies. You also wish to regain control of the land under
Austria-Hungary’s control.
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Japan
Leaders:
Monarch: Emperor Meiji, Emperor Taishō
Prime Minister: Yamamoto Gonnohyoe, Okuma Shigenobu
Brief History:
The Japanese, prior to the First World War, had begun to
establish itself as a leading Asian power. In 1905, Japan
had successfully defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese
War, which shocked many European powers. Japan
showed itself ready to take on a more active role in the
world affairs, especially those in Asia.
Politics/Society:
At this time, Japan was still an absolute Monarchy. However, they were seeking the
establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The Japanese sent ambassadors to foreign
nations to learn from their political systems. It turned out that the final establishment of the
government borrowed heavily from the Prussians. The democracy had many flaws. Even
though, nominally a democracy, suffrage was only for males that pay a certain amount of tax,
and the government was controlled by an elite group of elder statesmen. This did not change
very much until modern Japan, though the populace did not mind and no reform was made.
Economy:
The economy of Japan boomed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The reign
of Emperor Meiji was known as the Meiji Restoration, which saw Japan successfully transform
into an industrialized nation – the first nation in Asia to industrialize. Japan abolished their
old ways of thinking and adopted the Western idea of capitalism. The government built
factories and shipyards and sold them at a much cheaper price to business people, which later
grew into large corporations. The government also built many railroads (from a mere 20 so
kilometres to almost 11,000 kilometres in just 20 years) and made road improvements, which
made transportation of goods much cheaper and more efficient.
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Military:
The Japanese military was very modern and rivalled its European counterpart. The
government started to modernize its army in the mid-nineteenth century by replacing its old
navy fleets with more modern ones. The government also abolished the out-dated samurai
warriors with a Western-style military. These advancements helped Japan to win wars with
both China and Russia.
Colonies:
Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control an ancient nation. Your foreign relations are relatively
strained with all of your neighbours, having entered into several wars with neighbouring
China and Korea. Your ties with the West are also not very close, but you do send many
students to the West to study. This helps the Western nations to understand more about
your culture and government. You are indifferent about the potential crisis in Europe. You
will however, ally with any nation that offers support to your goal of conquering your
neighbours. You will send aid to your ally if they request it but only then. Your main
objective as a delegate of Japan is to gain support for your war against China and Korea. You
also want to avoid getting dragged into a prolonged war in Europe.
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Austria-Hungary
Leaders:
Emperors – Francis Joseph I (1867-1916) & Charles I & IV (1916-1918)
Brief History:
Austro-Hungary was established in 1867 by the union
of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary.
It covered 676,615 km² and had a population
52,800,000. It was the second largest nation in the
world and had the third largest population after Russia
and Germany. The unification of Austria and Hungary
was a result of the Compromise of 1867.
Politics/Society/Religion:
Austro-Hungary was ruled by a duel monarchy. Foreign affairs and the military fell under
joint control, but all other government duties were divided between the respective states.
The emperor ruled both states. In 1911, the emperor was Francis Joseph I. The majority of the
population was Roman Catholic. The official languages were German and Hungarian.
Economy:
Austro-Hungary’s main export was foodstuffs. Austro-Hungary exported food to almost all of
Europe. It was also a large exporter of machinery. Austro-Hungary’s economy had the
highest rate of growth of all the European nations during the 1900s. Its primary trade
partners were Germany, France, and Britain.
Military:
The Austro-Hungarian army was divided into two fractions, the Royal army, and the Imperial
army. Though the population of Austro-Hungary was large, its army remained small. The
army was well trained and well funded. The navy of Austro-Hungary was used primarily for
defence. It’s aviation schools were well behind other nations.
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Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911. You control one of the largest empires in the world. Your economy is very
strong and many other European nations rely on you to import food. That being true your
empire also has its problems. There have been numerous rebellions throughout the empire
about regions wanting their independence. Those have to be controlled before any other
issues.
You are very loyal to your ally Germany. Without Germany your empire would have fallen
apart years ago. Whatever decision Germany comes to, you will likely agree with it. You do
not want to ally with any enemies of Germany for that would tear the alliance apart. That
would be the last thing you want right now in your weakened state.
Your main objective as a delegate of Austro-Hungary is to preserve the state the world is in
until your issues in the empire have been dealt with. You are not ready for a full out war. You
also want to preserve the alliance with Germany at all costs even if it means going to war.
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United States Of America
Leader:
President: Theodore Roosevelt
Brief History:
At the turn of the century, the
United States of America, just
having recovered from its civil
war, had become a world
superpower, in terms of both
its military and economy,
rivalling and then surpassing
the European nations in industrialization and many other aspects. Immigrants from all over
Europe flooded into the U.S. in search of jobs and freedom. The population of the United
States in 1870 was approximately 38,500,000 while in 1900 it rose to 76,200,000. Though the
U.S. did engage in several armed conflicts with some of its neighbours (Mexico) and had a
slight economic recession just before the turn of the century, it was, overall a prosperous and
industrious time for the Americans.
Politics/Society:
During the later half of the 19th century, there was great disparity between the poor and the
rich, which probably initiated the push for a labor union. Many unions formed and failed
until the American Federation of Labor, established under Samuel Gompers. The union made
clear that they did not want socialism. It served the sole purpose of negotiating with owners
for higher wages and better working conditions. At this time, President Theodore Roosevelt
began what was known as the Progressive Era. This was a period of social activism and
political reform in which the government sought to eliminate corruption left over from the
Gilded Age. Much was achieved during this time, including women’s suffrage, prohibition,
and the direct election of Senators. They also sought to modernize, investing in scientific
innovation. This period righted the wrongs from the Gilded age and led the United States
into a time of economic prosperity after the recession.
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Economy:
The last three decades of the nineteenth century were known as the “Gilded Age.” This was a
time of rapid industrial expansion for the U.S. Even though many made their fortunes during
this time, others were not so lucky. The end of the nineteenth century was marked by an
economic recession. This paved way for the Progressive Era, which led to many government
cuts and investments in new technologies, which helped boost the economy once more. By
the early twentieth century, the U.S had overtaken the United Kingdom on exports and
industrialization. Living standards of American improved dramatically: the gap between the
poor and the rich began to fill with an even larger, middle-class. The government also put in
large investments into building railways and highways that connected the nation like never
before.
Military:
The American military was modernized under the direction of the Secretary of War – Elihu
Root at the turn of the century. The military underwent a significant upgrade in its
equipment. Utilizing the technologies available, the military replaced horses with
automobiles, significantly cutting transportation costs and increasing the efficiency of the
military. U.S military size also grew in the years leading up to World War One. At the turn of
the century, the American army had approximately 100,000 soldiers, with a military budget of
134 million. Several years later, the size of the military doubled and it’s spending reaching a
whopping 1.6 billion dollars. Through these actions, the U.S. was very war-ready ensuring
preparedness in World War I.
Colonies:
The United States had no formal colonies, though they did gain Hawaii, Alaska, and spheres
of influence in the Philippines and many other Spanish colonies.
Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control a truly free nation. You are generally on friendly terms with
all European nations. You recently helped Russia recover from their defeat in the Russo-
Japanese war. You have also recently defeated Spain gaining their colonies and adding them
to your own. One of the most influential decisions you have made in the past few years is the
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Roosevelt Corollary. It basically states that you had the right to intervene in conflicts between
European countries and Latin American countries to enforce claims of the European powers.
This made you unpopular to many European nations, though they remained on friendly terms
with you. Your main objective as a delegate of the U.S is to fight for any country that is being
oppressed. You will also want to make a strong ally in Europe.
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Bulgaria:
Leaders:
Tsar - Knyaz Ferdinand I
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers - Aleksandar
Malinov, Ivan Evstratiev Geshov, Stoyan Danev,
Vasil Radoslavov
Brief History:
Bulgaria was not an independent state until 1908, when it declared its independence from the
Ottoman Empire. Tensions ran high between the two countries that would soon become
allies. Prior to the commencement of the First World War, Bulgaria was engaged in the
Balkan Wars. Bulgaria and its allies declared war on the Ottoman Empire in 1912. The
combined armies of the Balkan states defeated the disadvantaged Ottoman armies and
achieved rapid victory. The allies captured almost all remaining European territories of the
Ottoman Empire. This also led to the creation of the independent state of Albania. However,
unsatisfied with the gains of the First Balkan War, Bulgaria declared war on its former allies,
marking the star of the Second Balkan War. This was disastrous as the Bulgarians did not
gain any land, but lost much, including some territory to the Ottoman Empire.
Politics/Society/Religion:
Bulgaria was led by a tsar much like Russia was. The tsar is much like an emperor. The tsar
has complete control over the country. Bulgarians celebrate a verity of religions such as
Christianity, Islamic and Judaism.
Economy:
Bulgaria was a chief exporter of coal and minerals that were found within the borders.
Bulgaria imported food from Austro-Hungary. Its economy was based around mining.
Military:
The Bulgaria military suffered a recent defeat in the second Balkan war so the numbers of
recruits are down and the ranks of infantry are not full and demoralized. The military needs
more training and more recruits to restore it to the former glory.
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Foreign Relations:
The year is 1911 and you control a relatively new nation. Until recently Bulgaria was owned by
the Ottoman Empire. It is of utmost importance to preserve the impendence of the nation.
You will not allow Bulgaria to fall under the control of a larger more powerful nation. You
value your freedom and will sympathize with any nation struggling for independence. This
could cause potential problems with the great empires of the world, as you would be assisting
rebels.
You do have not any allies. You feel slightly indebted to Russia because they helped you gain
your independence. You also do not want to anger Austro-Hungary because you import food
for your people. Other then those two ties, you could support anyone in the impending crisis.
You are wary of any empire that may want to assimilate you into their lands. You do not want
anything to do with the Ottoman Empire, your former oppressors.
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Romania:
Leaders:
Monarchs: Carol I & Ferdinand I
Brief History:
Romania declared its independence from the
Ottoman Empire after the war between Russia and
the Ottoman Empire. In the 1878 Treaty of Berlin,
Romania was officially recognized by the other
European powers. It entered into the Second Balkan
War against Bulgaria. The time between its
independence towards the First World War was a stable and progressive period for Romania,
with Carol I as the King. He led Romania into many reforms and significantly improved their
economy and social structure.
Economy:
All sides wanted Romania to enter the war as natural resources such as petroleum was
abundant. Both sides were running low on supplies, and so looked to Romania for its natural
resources.
“It is certain that so relatively small a state as Rumania had never before been given a role so
important, and, indeed, so decisive for the history of the world at so favorable a moment.
Never before had two great Powers like Germany and Austria found themselves so much at
the mercy of the military resources of a country which had scarcely one twentieth of the
population of the two great states. Judging by the military situation, it was to be expected that
Rumania had only to advance where she wished to decide the world war in favor of those
Powers which had been hurling themselves at us in vain for years. Thus everything seemed to
depend on whether Rumania was ready to make any sort of use of her momentary advantage.”
-Hindenburg
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Military:
The Romanian military was quite large for such a small nation. It totaled around 600,000
people, though poorly trained and relied heavily on other nations on supplies.
Foreign Relations:
Your monarch is of German descent, and wishes to remain loyal to the German Empire. He
has signed numerous treaties and pacts with Germany, and has also promised to go to war on
the side of the German Empire should one occur. However, the people of your nation are
against this decision and wish to maintain close relations with Britain, France and Russia. As a
representative of your nation, you must choose between your monarch’s wishes or the wishes
of your people.
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Serbia
Brief history:
Serbia gained its independence from the
Ottoman Empire in two uprisings, and was
internationally recognized after the Russo-
Turkish War. In 1882, Serbia became a
Kingdom, though; internal politics were
turbulent as there was a large rivalry between
two royal families. In 1903, Petar I was crowned
King of Serbia. This foreign educated, progressive King made many changes in Serbia, giving
it a parliamentary democracy and a democratic constitution.
Foreign Relations:
Your nation is not yet a mature one. You have many anti-government and extremist groups in
your nation which your government can barely control. Ties between you and neighbouring
Austria Hungary are tense. Your military and people are not ready to take on such a large
opponent, unless you have secured powerful allies. Your main priority is to establish yourself
as a nation, rather than tangling yourself in armed conflicts. You wish to maintain peace in
order to advance your economy and military.
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