worldviews final exam 2010

Worldviews Final Exam 2010

• Philosophy Paradigm Chart

ChristianityChristianity Naturalism Naturalism (Secular (Secular Humanism, Humanism, Marxism)Marxism)

Cosmic Cosmic Humanism Humanism (New Age)(New Age)

EpistemologyEpistemology(knowledge)(knowledge)

RevelationRevelation

RevelationRevelation ScienceScience

RevelationRevelation ScienceScience Inner truth Inner truth (intuition)(intuition)

Ontology (the Ontology (the nature of being)nature of being)

Ontology (the Ontology (the nature of beingnature of being

Super-Super-naturalismnaturalism

MaterialismMaterialism

MaterialismMaterialism Non-naturalismNon-naturalism

Cosmology (the Cosmology (the universe)universe)

CreationCreation

CreationCreation EvolutionEvolution

CreationCreation EvolutionEvolution EvolutionEvolution

EthicsEthics

EthicsEthics Rooted in Rooted in character of character of GodGod

Ethical Ethical relativismrelativism

Boundless Boundless ethical ethical relativismrelativism

Anthropology Anthropology (the nature of (the nature of man)man)

Created in Created in God’s image, God’s image, but fallenbut fallen

Product of Product of evolutionevolution

Evolving into Evolving into GodhoodGodhood

DeathDeath

DeathDeath After death, After death, judgementjudgement

AnnihilationAnnihilation

Ontology (the Ontology (the nature of being)nature of being)

AnnihilationAnnihilation ReincarnationReincarnation

• A) Naturalism• B) Non-naturalism• C) Supernaturalism• D) Anti-realism• E) Dialectical Materialism• F) Common Sense Realism• G) Faith and Reason• H) Deconstruction• _____Christianity

• C) Supernaturalism and G) Faith and Reason•

• A) Naturalism• B) Non-naturalism• C) Supernaturalism• D) Anti-realism• E) Dialectical Materialism• F) Common Sense Realism• G) Faith and Reason• H) Deconstruction• _____Islam

• C) Supernaturalism and G) Faith and Reason•

• A) Naturalism• B) Non-naturalism• C) Supernaturalism• D) Anti-realism• E) Dialectical Materialism• F) Common Sense Realism• G) Faith and Reason• H) Deconstruction• _____Secular Humanism

• A) Naturalism

• A) Naturalism• B) Non-naturalism• C) Supernaturalism• D) Anti-realism• E) Dialectical Materialism• F) Common Sense Realism• G) Faith and Reason• H) Deconstruction• _____Marxism-Leninism

• E) Dialectical Materialism

• A) Naturalism• B) Non-naturalism• C) Supernaturalism• D) Anti-realism• E) Dialectical Materialism• F) Common Sense Realism• G) Faith and Reason• H) Deconstruction• _____Cosmic Humanism

• B) Non-naturalism

• A) Naturalism• B) Non-naturalism• C) Supernaturalism• D) Anti-realism• E) Dialectical Materialism• F) Common Sense Realism• G) Faith and Reason• H) Deconstruction• _____Postmodernism

• D) Anti-realism and H) Deconstruction

• ________________is the study of the structure, origin, and design of the universe

• Cosmology is the study of the structure, origin, and design of the universe

• ______________is the belief that there is a “real world” independent of human subjects

• Realism is the belief that there is a “real world” independent of human subjects

• _________________is the study of knowledge

• Epistemology is the study of knowledge

• _________________is the study of ultimate reality

• Metaphysics is the study of ultimate reality

• _______________________is the study of the relationship of the mind (e.g. mental events, mental functions, mental properties, and consciousness) to the physical body

• Mind/Body Problem is the study of the relationship of the mind (e.g. mental events, mental functions, mental properties, and consciousness) to the physical body

• _______________is the study of existence and being

• Ontology is the study of existence and being

• ____________________A means of textual criticism that considers a text open to interpretation and laden with hidden bias, assumptions, and prejudices

• Deconstruction A means of textual criticism that considers a text open to interpretation and laden with hidden bias, assumptions, and prejudices

• How does the naturalist’s “monistic” view of the mind and body differ from the Christian’s “dualistic” view?

• For the naturalist, mind is merely the product of _______ and evolution. For the Christian, the mind existed ______ matter and brought matter into existence. Christianity views the mind dualistically— as both _______(the brain) and ________(the soul).

• For the naturalist, mind is merely the product of matter and evolution. For the Christian, the mind existed before matter and brought matter into existence. Christianity views the mind dualistically— as both physical (the brain) and spiritual (the soul).

• First, a monistic view of the mind implies that mankind is not immortal and that there is nothing supernatural in our makeup that survives death (no life after death).

• Second, this viewpoint implies that we should not put confidence in the reasoning powers of a brain produced by evolution, since a “better _________ of mind could occur any day.”

• First, a monistic view of the mind implies that mankind is not immortal and that there is nothing supernatural in our makeup that survives death (no life after death).

• Second, this viewpoint implies that we should not put confidence in the reasoning powers of a brain produced by evolution, since a “better mutation of mind could occur any day.”

• What is the Marxist dialectic and how does it work?

• The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a constantly evolving process resulting from the clash of opposing forces:• Every established idea (______) is eventually opposed by another idea (________).• Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge from this opposition (________), which renders both thesis and antithesis obsolete.• This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is opposed by an antithesis . . . and so forth without end.

• The result of this philosophical view is that reality is constantly __________—nothing is ever _______.

• The Marxist dialectic is the view that life is a constantly evolving process resulting from the clash of opposing forces:• Every established idea (thesis) is eventually opposed by another idea (antithesis).• Eventually, an entirely new entity will emerge from this opposition (synthesis), which renders both thesis and antithesis obsolete.• This synthesis eventually becomes a thesis that is opposed by an antithesis . . . and so forth without end.

• The result of this philosophical view is that reality is constantly changing —nothing is ever certain.

• How can we historically divide the pre-modern, modern, and postmodern periods? How did each period view truth?

• Roughly speaking, the Western world can be divided into three different time frames:

• ______________ (< to ____) had a strong belief in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods, miracles, etc. – Authority and knowledge rested with those in power,

like the clergy and the monarchy. – Truth, while found in both our faculties and experience,

was predominantly discovered through __________.

• Pre-Modernism (< to ____) had a strong belief in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods, miracles, etc. – Authority and knowledge rested with those in power,

• Pre-Modernism (< to 1600) had a strong belief in the supernatural—God, the divine, gods, miracles, etc. – Authority and knowledge rested with those in power,

was predominantly discovered through Revelation.

• _________ (_____to _____) was much more skeptical of the supernatural. – Authority and knowledge rested with the educated—

scholars, scientists, etc. – Human knowledge was believed to be the source of

progress and the means to a better understanding of reality.

– Truth, while found in both revelation and experience, was predominantly uncovered through _______________(i.e. reason and the five senses).

• Modernism (_____to _____) was much more skeptical of the supernatural. – Authority and knowledge rested with the educated—

• Modernism (1600 to 1960) was much more skeptical of the supernatural. – Authority and knowledge rested with the educated—

• Modernism (1600 to 1900) was much more skeptical of the supernatural. – Authority and knowledge rested with the educated—

– Truth, while found in both revelation and experience, was predominantly uncovered through human faculties (i.e. reason and the five senses).

• _____________ (_____to _____) is skeptical of absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and reality, believing that in the past such claims led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam, Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2, Vietnam, and the Cold War). – Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress can be

realized. – Truth, while found in both revelation and human faculties, is

predominantly attained through _____ _________ and _________.

• Postmodernism (_____to _____) is skeptical of absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and reality, believing that in the past such claims led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam, Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2, Vietnam, and the Cold War). – Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress can be

realized. – Truth, while found in both revelation and human faculties, is

predominantly attained through _____ _________ and _________.

• Postmodernism (1900 to ?) is skeptical of absolute claims to knowledge, truth, and reality, believing that in the past such claims led to war and oppression (e.g. Marxism, Islam, Christianity, Crusades, World Wars 1 and 2, Vietnam, and the Cold War). – Postmodern thinkers do not believe true progress can be

realized. – Truth, while found in both revelation and human faculties,

is predominantly attained through _____ _________ and _________.

is predominantly attained through human experience and _________.

is predominantly attained through human experience and community.

• Christianity is not the only worldview that must deal with existence of evil and suffering. Every worldview must explain its existence.

• Naturalism, which purports that only the physical world exists, sees no meaning behind evil. For the naturalist, evil is just bad luck.

• Another worldview that must deal with problem of evil is transcendentalism. This worldview purports that the physical world and everything in it is just an illusion. Thus, evil and suffering become mere illusions; some may also see it as the result of karma.

• Lastly, theistic worldviews purport that both the natural and supernatural exist. The theist must argue that God has allowed evil for some purpose.

• Naturalism, which purports that only the physical world exists, sees ____________behind evil. For the naturalist, evil is just __________.

• Another worldview that must deal with problem of evil is transcendentalism. This worldview purports that the physical world and everything in it is just _____________. Thus, evil and suffering become mere illusions; some may also see it as the result of _______.

• Lastly, theistic worldviews purport that both the natural and supernatural exist. The theist must argue that God has allowed evil for some _________.

• Naturalism, which purports that only the physical world exists, sees no meaning behind evil. For the naturalist, evil is just __________.

• Another worldview that must deal with problem of evil is transcendentalism. This worldview purports that the physical world and everything in it is just an illusion. Thus, evil and suffering become mere illusions; some may also see it as the result of _______.

• Lastly, theistic worldviews purport that both the natural and supernatural exist. The theist must argue that God has allowed evil for some purpose.

• What is the Biblical resolution to the problem of evil and suffering?

• The problem of evil and suffering is a very complicated issue. It cannot be answered in a truncated fashion. When considering the dilemma of how a good God and evil can coexist, it is helpful to consider the issue of time in three forms: past, future, and present.

• Past—According to the Christian worldview, when God formed the universe he considered his creation good. However, Adam and Eve freely choose to disobey God. This disobedience resulted in a fallen world and a fallen race. – That is, neither ________nor _______exists today as God

originally intended it to. Thus, we have ______evil (man-caused) and _______evil (non-man-caused). This is the Christian explanation for the existence of the evil and suffering.

– However, it does not explain how evil can exist with a good God. – If God could do anything and were truly good, then wouldn’t he

thwart all evil and suffering? Christians fully believe he could do so, but in regards to moral evil, human beings would no longer be __________. That is, God would be directing us.

– Just as it is difficult to image a good God existing with evil, it is equally difficult to image a good God that allows human choice.

• Past—According to the Christian worldview, when God formed the universe he considered his creation good. However, Adam and Eve freely choose to disobey God. This disobedience resulted in a fallen world and a fallen race. – That is, neither mankind nor _______exists today as God

originally intended it to. Thus, we have ______evil (man-caused) and _______evil (non-man-caused). This is the Christian explanation for the existence of the evil and suffering.

• Past—According to the Christian worldview, when God formed the universe he considered his creation good. However, Adam and Eve freely choose to disobey God. This disobedience resulted in a fallen world and a fallen race. – That is, neither mankind nor nature exists today as God originally

intended it to. Thus, we have ______evil (man-caused) and _______evil (non-man-caused). This is the Christian explanation for the existence of the evil and suffering.

intended it to. Thus, we have moral evil (man-caused) and _______evil (non-man-caused). This is the Christian explanation for the existence of the evil and suffering.

intended it to. Thus, we have moral evil (man-caused) and natural evil (non-man-caused). This is the Christian explanation for the existence of the evil and suffering.

thwart all evil and suffering? Christians fully believe he could do so, but in regards to moral evil, human beings would no longer be free agents. That is, God would be directing us.

• Future—The Bible informs us that although creation has fallen, it will someday be restored and evil be destroyed; fallen humanity will one day be redeemed. – In fact, we are told that the _____will be even

______ than the __________. And a world redeemed is better than a world that had never fallen.

• Future—The Bible informs us that although creation has fallen, it will someday be restored and evil be destroyed; fallen humanity will one day be redeemed. – In fact, we are told that the end will be even

______ than the __________. And a world redeemed is better than a world that had never fallen.

better than the __________. And a world redeemed is better than a world that had never fallen.

better than the beginning. And a world redeemed is better than a world that had never fallen.

• Present—Also unique to the Christian worldview is its view of the present. According to Scripture we have a God that does not merely allow suffering; he also _______________ and even _______.

• Present—Also unique to the Christian worldview is its view of the present. According to Scripture we have a God that does not merely allow suffering; he also suffered with us and even _______.

• Present—Also unique to the Christian worldview is its view of the present. According to Scripture we have a God that does not merely allow suffering; he also suffered with us and even for us.

Islamic Psychology

• Muslims believe that God breathed his Spirit into mankind, – But the only divine qualities entrusted to humans as a

result of God’s breath were those of • _________,• ____• and _______.

Islamic Psychology

result of God’s breath were those of • Knowledge,• ____• and _______.

Islamic Psychology

result of God’s breath were those of • Knowledge,• will• and _______.

Islamic Psychology

result of God’s breath were those of • knowledge, • will • and action.

• T/F Muslims believe that each person is born in a natural state of purity, with a true faith of Islam, but (in the case of all other religions) is falsely converted by his or her parents.

• True

• T/F According to Islam, the Fall was only a slip on Adam and Eve’s part that was completely forgiven after their repentance. It had no further effect on the nature of man or the world. (In other words, there is no original sin.)

• True

Post-modern Psychology

• • The traditional idea of an immaterial soul has

been replaced with the idea of socially constructed “______.”

Post-modern Psychology

• • The traditional idea of an immaterial soul has

been replaced with the idea of socially constructed “selves.”

• T/F Instead of viewing human beings as a “unified self,” Postmodern psychologists look at the individual as a multiplicity of “selves”.

• True

Biblical Christianity

• The Biblical view of ontology is dualistic:– Human nature consists of two fundamental types of reality

• ________• _________

• Physical• _________

• Physical • Spiritual

• Christian psychologists insist that the best method for mental healing involves– 1) the _______and _________of sin through Christ—1

John 1:9– 2) __________with God—2 Corinthians 5:17-21– 3) __________through the disciplining work of God’s Spirit

—1 Thessalonians 5:23 and Hebrews 12:1-11

• Christian psychologists insist that the best method for mental healing involves– 1) the confession and _________of sin through Christ—1

• Christian psychologists insist that the best method for mental healing involves– 1) the confession and forgiveness of sin through Christ—1

John 1:9– 2) reconciliation with God—2 Corinthians 5:17-21– 3) __________through the disciplining work of God’s Spirit

John 1:9– 2) reconciliation with God—2 Corinthians 5:17-21– 3) sanctification through the disciplining work of God’s

Spirit—1 Thessalonians 5:23 and Hebrews 12:1-11

• T/F Secular Humanists contend that suffering is to be avoided at all costs, but Christians believe that suffering can be both purposeful and instructive

• True

Christian Ethics—

• Christian ethics is grounded in the __________________________.

Christian Ethics—

• Christian ethics is grounded in the Character of God

• What are Christians called to do? Love _____ with all our hearts, souls, strengths, and minds and to love our __________ as ourselves. (Luke 10:27)

• What are Christians called to do? Love God with all our hearts, souls, strengths, and minds and to love our __________ as ourselves. (Luke 10:27)

• What are Christians called to do? Love God with all our hearts, souls, strengths, and minds and to love our neighbors as ourselves. (Luke 10:27)

Cosmic Humanist Ethics—

• T/F To the Cosmic Humanist there are such things as external moral precepts.

• False.

• T/F According to Cosmic Humanists it’s ok to decide whether another’s actions are right or wrong.

• False

• Tolerance traditionally meant a respectful attitude towards people you disagree with.

• Cosmic Humanists have twisted it to mean ___________ of differing moral views.

• Tolerance traditionally meant a respectful attitude towards people you disagree with.

• Cosmic Humanists have twisted it to mean acceptance of differing moral views.

Islamic Ethics

• How do Christianity and Islam differ in relation to their beliefs about ethical absolutes?

• Christians know morals because of God’s character.

• Muslim’s know morals by God’s ______ alone.• Why? The Qur’an teaches God

_______________________. (That’s why ethics cannot be related to his character, but only to his commands.)

• Muslim’s know morals by God’s decree alone.• Why? The Qur’an teaches God

_______________________. (That’s why ethics cannot be related to his character, but only to his commands.)

• Muslim’s know morals by God’s decree alone.• Why? The Qur’an teaches God cannot be

known. (That’s why ethics cannot be related to his character, but only to his commands.)

Secular Humanist Ethics

• T/F There is disagreement over the foundation of morality in a world without God and this is the reason there are such diverse views and conflicts regarding humanistic ethics.

• True.

• T/F Arthur E. Gravatt, a leading secular humanist ethicist, viewed morality and immorality as staying the same no matter what the situation.

• False

Marxist Ethics

• T/F Marxists believe morality is constantly evolving.

• True

• What is the Marxist-Leninist morality of the future? A ______________.

• What is the Marxist-Leninist morality of the future? A Classless Utopia

• Scientific Communism defines ethics as follows: “Devotion to the cause of ________________.”

• Scientific Communism defines ethics as follows: “Devotion to the cause of the working class.”

Post-Modern Ethics

• For Postmodernists, moral standards are decided by both ________ and __________ .

Post-Modern Ethics

• For Postmodernists, moral standards are decided by both coercion and __________ .

Post-Modern Ethics

• For Postmodernists, moral standards are decided by both coercion and consensus.

• T/F According to the post-modernist, since there is no absolute standard, every culture develops its own set of moral standards and These standards are not stagnant; they change, adapt, and are constantly evolving according to the dictates of the group.

• True

Bio-Ethics

• Stem cells are cells that can 1) self-replicate indefinitely, and 2) can develop into _________________ (e.g. red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, etc).

Bio-Ethics

• Stem cells are cells that can 1) self-replicate indefinitely, and 2) can develop into other types of cells (e.g. red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, etc).

• Medical researchers believe stem cells have the potential to cure diseases by __________ tissues or growing organs

• Medical researchers believe stem cells have the potential to cure diseases by repairing tissues or growing organs

• Stem cells are often divided into two types: embryonic and non-embryonic (or adult) stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most controversial since the harvesting of these cells necessitates the __________________.

• Stem cells are often divided into two types: embryonic and non-embryonic (or adult) stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most controversial since the harvesting of these cells necessitates the killing of an embryo.

● Christianity● Traditional Family, Church, State● Polygamy, Mosque, Islamic State● Non-traditional Family, Church, State● Sexual Egalitarianism● Classless Society

Traditional family, church, and state

Islam● Traditional Family, Church, State● Polygamy, Mosque, Islamic State● Non-traditional Family, Church, State● Sexual Egalitarianism● Classless Society

Polygamy, Mosque, Islamic State

Secular Humanism● Traditional Family, Church, State● Polygamy, Mosque, Islamic State● Non-traditional Family, Church, State● Sexual Egalitarianism● Classless Society

Non-traditional family, church and state

Marxism-Leninism● Traditional Family, Church, State● Polygamy, Mosque, Islamic State● Non-traditional Family, Church, State● Sexual Egalitarianism● Classless Society

Classless society

Cosmic Humanism● Traditional Family, Church, State● Polygamy, Mosque, Islamic State● Non-traditional Family, Church, State● Sexual Egalitarianism● Classless Society

Non-traditional family, church and state

Postmodernism● Traditional Family, Church, State● Polygamy, Mosque, Islamic State● Non-traditional Family, Church, State● Sexual Egalitarianism● Classless Society

Sexual egalitarianism

• T/F Muslims do not see Islam as a social institution to be distinguished from the state. It is a comprehensive reality encompassing the state just as much as it does the mosque.

• True

• What two forms of government do Muslims promote?

• Muslims are divided into 2 views. • _____________ (distinct nations, with laws

and constitutions distinct from other nations)• ___________ (the vision that the Muslim

community should be united, with diminished or non-existent national boundaries.)

• Muslims are divided into 2 views. • Nation-States (distinct nations, with laws and

constitutions distinct from other nations)• ___________ (the vision that the Muslim

• Muslims are divided into 2 views. • Nation-states (distinct nations, with laws and

constitutions distinct from other nations)• Pan-Islam (the vision that the Muslim

• How does Marxism’s reliance on evolution as the basis for its social theory influence its perception of the mechanisms of society?

• • Just as Marxists believe that we are evolving

_____________, we are also evolving ________________. The scientific fact of biological evolution guarantees both the truth of Marxist social ____________________________.

biologically we are also evolving ________________. The scientific fact of biological evolution guarantees both the truth of Marxist social ____________________________.

biologically we are also evolving sociologically The scientific fact of biological evolution guarantees both the truth of Marxist social ____________________________.

biologically, we are also evolving sociologically. The scientific fact of biological evolution guarantees both the truth of Marxist social theory and the outcome of the process: a communist world.

• How do Cosmic Humanists view marriage?• They view it as ________ and

______________. In fact, they say in most such cases of divorce the marriage has actually been a _____ _______—it’s helped each person to ______ to the point where they no longer need the old form of marriage.

• How do Cosmic Humanists view marriage?• They view it as outdated and

______________. In fact, they say in most such cases of divorce the marriage has actually been a _____ _______—it’s helped each person to ______ to the point where they no longer need the old form of marriage.

• How do Cosmic Humanists view marriage?• They view it as outdated and unenlightened In

fact, they say in most such cases of divorce the marriage has actually been a _____ _______—it’s helped each person to ______ to the point where they no longer need the old form of marriage.

fact, they say in most such cases of divorce the marriage has actually been a total _______—it’s helped each person to ______ to the point where they no longer need the old form of marriage.

fact, they say in most such cases of divorce the marriage has actually been a total

• success it’s helped each person to ______ to the point where they no longer need the old form of marriage.

• How do Cosmic Humanists view marriage?• They view it as outdated and unenlightened.

In fact, they say in most such cases of divorce the marriage has actually been a total success—it’s helped each person to grow to the point where they no longer need the old form of marriage.

• How do Post-Modernists view relationships?• One of their leading thinkers claims “The only

sane foregone conclusion about any relationship is that it is an ____________ . . .”

• How do Post-Modernists view relationships?• One of their leading thinkers claims “The only

sane foregone conclusion about any relationship is that it is an experiment . . .”

• In the beginning, God created the Cosmos and every living thing, including Adam.

• Out of God’s entire creation, only _____ uniquely bore God’s image.

• And only Adam was given responsibilities over the rest of creation.

• God commanded Adam to ____________________, and ____________________________.

• Out of God’s entire creation, only Adam uniquely bore God’s image.

• God commanded Adam to ____________________, and ____________________________.

• God commanded Adam to name all the animals, and ____________________________.

• God commanded Adam to name all the animals, and take responsibility for them.

• Some believe that although God’s creation was deemed good, Adam was told ________________ over all the earth.

• To help Adam, God _________________.• After the fall, God cursed Adam, Eve, and the

serpent (Satan), but in the curse of the serpent came the promise of redemption. God said the _______ of the woman would eventually ______ the serpent.

• Some believe that’s why Satan hates man and wants to destroy the family.

• Some believe that although God’s creation was deemed good, Adam was told extend the garden over all the earth.

• To help Adam, God _________________.• After the fall, God cursed Adam, Eve, and the

• To help Adam, God created woman• After the fall, God cursed Adam, Eve, and the

serpent (Satan), but in the curse of the serpent came the promise of redemption. God said the seed of the woman would eventually ______ the serpent.

• Some believe that although God’s creation was deemed good, Adam was told to extend the Garden over all the earth.

• To help Adam, God created Woman.• After the fall, God cursed Adam, Eve, and the

serpent (Satan), but in the curse of the serpent came the promise of redemption. God said the seed of the woman would eventually crush the serpent.

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