wwi 1914-1918

WWI1914-1918

Causes(See the Dynamite Notes)MilitarismAlliances ImperialismNationalism

Beginning AlliancesTriple Alliance:

CentralPowers

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy

Beginning Alliances

Britain

France

Russia

Triple Entente:

Allied Powers

Immediate CauseArchduke Francis Ferdinand, (heir to Austrian throne) was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist

Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

Member of the “Black Hand”

Supported Serbian Nationalism

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife some minutes before they

were assassinated

Gavrilo Princip was taken into custody after the

assassination

Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife,

Sophie, riding in an open carriage at Sarajevo shortly before their assassination,

June 28, 1914.

Austria blamed Serbia for killing Ferdinand and declared war

Because of the alliances, “friends” joined war tooRussia –– Serbia

France and Britain join too

Germany –– Austria-Hungary

War Starts: 1914

Because of the Alliance System, a dispute between two countries full European war

“Total War”

Animated Map: Europe Plunges Into War

Central Powers Austria-

Hungary Ottoman

Empire Germany Bulgaria

Allied Powers Britain France America (entered

1917) Italy – changed

sides! Russia (withdrew

1917)

VS.

Sides

Schlieffen Plan: Germany invaded France

Goal: defeat France quickly to avoid war on two fronts

Chose to go through neutral Belgium

1st Stage: 1914-1916

Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914) Germans stopped 60 miles from Paris

Ended goal for quick victory on Western Front

Both sides dug trenches trench warfare

WWI primarily fought in trenches of France

German soldiers in their trenches near Antwerp (September 1914)  

American soldiers in their trenches  

British trench – soldier on the right is on guard, the others are resting. 

Dead bodies in a trench after an attack

Life in the Trenches

Trench foot

Trenches Today

Major Theaters: Multi-Front War

Western Front – France–Trench warfare–Stalemate – no one is winning

–War of Attrition – just trying to wear down the other side

Eastern Front – Russia–Russians invade Germany on the east but are beaten back

British entered the war:Naval blockade around Europe so Germany couldn’t get supplies

Germans started building submarines

WWI = NEW kind of War

First industrialized war using machines

New weapons stalemate–Most deadly war to date

1. New types of artillery (huge cannon, grenade, mortars, shrapnel)

2. Machine guns ended frontal assault trench warfare

3. Tanks (originally British – not as advanced as in WWII)

4. Zeppelins (airships; used mainly for observation of troop movement)

5. Poison gas (first used by Germans)

Poison gas attack

British troops blinded by tear gas

A soldier with mustard gas burnsVarious gas masks employed on

the Western Front during WWI

6. Submarines (U-boats, developed and used by Germans)

German U-Boat U-Boat Crew

United States entered the war

Russia left the war because of the Communist (Bolshevik) Revolution of 1917

2nd Stage: 1917-1918

Sussex Pledge: Germans promised not to sink any more American ships

Why did the US enter?

Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by German U-boats – 128 US citizens killed

Americans really were

carrying ammunitio

ns and supplies to Britain and the allies

on the Lusitania, despite it being a

passenger ship.

Still, the American public was outraged.

Unrestricted German submarine warfare against neutral countries

Ties with Great Britain–Trade and loans–Allied propaganda

Zimmerman Note – Germany promised Mexico part of US territory if they fought with the Central Powers

Woodrow WilsonPresident who brought the

US into the warHoped to make

this the “War toEnd All Wars”to make theworld safe fordemocracy

US Entry More manpower, money,

and weaponsTurned the tide in favor of

AlliesEnded American

isolationism

Wilson’s 14 Points January 1918 – Wilson’s

speech before CongressListed 14 ideas he had for

a lasting peace settlement

First 5 points: to settle problems that caused the war

1.No secret deals between countries

2.Freedom of the seas3.No economic/trade

barriers4.Reduce arms supplies in

all countries5.Peaceful settlement of

colonial claims

Next 8 points: to settle problems of conquered nationalities

Last point: create a League of Nations to prevent future wars

“A general association of nations” to protect countries and settle

problems

Effects of the 14 Points

Raised morale of Allied soldiers

Encouraged Germans to surrender, knowing they would be treated fairly

End of the WarUS troops got to Europe

in 1918 and strengthened Allies

Allies won – Central Powers surrendered

Armistice – an agreement to stop fighting until a treaty could be written–Signed on 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918

Treaty of

Versailles

Treaty of Versailles

Meeting held in Paris between leaders of winning countries

“Big Four”

Big Four and Their Goals

David Lloyd George – Britain –Expand British power

–Make Germany payGeorges Clemenceau –

France –Ensure French security

–Make Germany pay

Woodrow Wilson – US –Provide just peace

–Create better world

Vittorio Orlando – Italy –Expand Italy's European lands and empire abroad

Big Four and Their Goals

Treaty of VersaillesBlamed Germany for WWI

(war guilt clause) Germany had to pay

reparations Payment for damages$33 billion over 30 years

League of Nations created

Territories of defeated nations became mandates –Governed by the League of Nations until deemed ready for independence

Became “colonies” of the League

–People in mandates were angry because they wanted independence after supporting the Allies in the war

Treaty of Versailles

German DisarmamentReduced army and navy

War industries prohibited

Problems that caused WWI and hatred still existed

Treaty of Versailles

Organization of countries to keep world peace

US never joined because Senate votes “no” – went back to policy of isolation

Weak organizationFailed to keep dictators like Hitler down

Dissolved when WWII began

League of Nations

Effects of WWI

SocialAlmost 10 million soldiers

were killed and over 20 million wounded

Millions of civilians diedWorld aflame with hatred

and nationalismFamine and malnutrition

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

WWI Casualties

EconomicCost $350 billion

–Heavy taxes, inflation –Lower standards of living

International trade suffered

Russia began new socialist/ communist economic system

Economic problems 1929 depression

PoliticalUS emerges as world

powerDynasties in Austria,

Russia, and Germany fellNew nation-states createdLeague of Nations

established to promote peace

Struggling countries dictatorships (ex: Russia)