www.soran.edu.iq ecology m. saadatian an introduction to ecology 1

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Ecology

M. Saadatian

An Introduction To Ecology

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An Introduction To Ecology

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• Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and environment.

• Consists of abiotic (nonliving; i.e. temperature, light, etc) and biotic (living) factors.

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• Population – group of individuals of same species living in an area.

• Community – all organisms of all species that live in an area.

• Ecosystem – above plus abiotic factors.

• Biosphere – sum of all ecosystems.

www.soran.edu.iq Organism

Population

Community

Biosphere

Ecosystem

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POPULATION

a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed

Produce fertile offspring

Compete with each other for resources (food, mates, shelter, etc.)

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Community - several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and are interdependent.

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Ecosystem - populations in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact (ex. marine, terrestrial)

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Biosphere - life supporting portions of Earth composed of air, land, fresh water, and salt water.

•The highest level of organization

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• Distribution affected by temperature, water, sunlight, wind, and rocks and soil.

• Type of each will determine what can live there.

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Biosphere:

1. Atmosphere

2. Lithosphere

3. Hydrosphere

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Ecology= Organism Environment

Parts of ecology:1. Plant ecology: study of interaction between plants

and environment 2. Animal ecology: study of interaction between animals

and environment3. human ecology: study of interaction between human

and environmentsStudy of number organism:4. Autecology: individual ecology5. synecology: community ecology

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Ecosystem

All of organism with environments that interaction together

Type of ecosystem:1. Open: attend to stabilize and balance2. Close: use in labs

A

B C output

input

Open system

A

B C

close system

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Parts of ecosystems

Ecosystem:

1. Abiotic (soil,water,air…)

2. Biotic (biocenose)

Biotic Autotroph Hetrotroph micro consumer macro consumer

Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores

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Classification of ecosystems by ambit

1. Micro-ecosystem (aquarium)

2. Meso-ecosystem (jungle)

3. Macro-ecosystem (ocean or sea)