x86 assembly - cs.tau.ac.il

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X86 Assembly

Mooly Sagiv

http://www.egr.unlv.edu/~ed/assembly64.pdf

https://godbolt.org/

https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~stevez/ CS341

https://godbolt.org/

Compiler Phases

2

Program

text

Parser AST

Syntax errors

Semantic

Analysis

Annotated

AST

Semantic errors

IR Optimizer IRCode

Generationassembly

Code Generation

Outline

• X86 history

• Memory hierarchy

• Stack frames

• Compiling a simple example

• Running a simple example

Intel’s X86 Architecture

X86 historyYear Invention

1978 Intel introduces 8086

1982 80186, 80286

1985 80386

1989 80486 (100MHz, 1μm)

1993 Pentium

1995 Pentium Pro

1997 Pentium II/III

2003 Pentium M(Banias), Intel Core

2006 Intel Core 2

2008 Intel Core i3/i5/i7

2011 SandyBridge / IvyBridge

2013 Haswell

2014 Broadwell

2015 Skylake (core i3/i5/i7/i9) (2.4GHz, 14nm)

2016 Xeon Phi

Memory vs. CPU Speed

Solutions

• Architecture & Compiler• Machine registers utilized by compiler

• Explore locality

Memory Hierarchy

Registers

Cache

1.Smaller2. Faster3. More expensive

RAM

Secondary Storage(disk drive, SSID)

Tertiary Storage(Remote storage, optical)

Stack Frames

• Allocate a separate space for every procedure incarnation

• Relative addresses

• Provide a simple mean to achieve modularity

• Supports separate code generation of procedures

• Naturally supports recursion

• Efficient memory allocation policy• Low overhead

• Hardware support may be available

• LIFO policy

• Not a pure stack• Non local references

• Updated using arithmetic10

A Typical Stack Frame

higher addressesprevious frame

current frame

lexical pointer

argument 1

argument 2

dynamic link

return address

temporaries

argument 2

argument 1

outgoing

parameters

lower addressesnext frame

frame size

frame pointer

stack pointer

outgoing

parameters

registers

locals

administrative

12

lexical pointer

Pascal 80386 Frame

higher addresses

previous frame

current frame

lexical pointer

argument 2

argument 1

locals

return address

temporaries

argument 1

argument 2outgoing

parameters

saved registers

lower addresses

next frame

rbp

rsp

previous ebp

13

Compiling a simple example

#include <stdio.h>main() {

printf("factorial(2)=%d", factorial(2));}

.LC0:.string "factorial(2)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi, 2call factorial(int)mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Compiling factorial

int factorial(int num) {if (num == 1) return 1 ;else return num * factorial(num -1 );

}

. factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

factorial(int):…

.LC0:.string "factorial(2)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi,2call factorial(int)mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777

factorial(int):…

.LC0:.string "factorial(2)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi, 2call factorial(int)mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

factorial(int):…

.LC0:.string "factorial(2)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi, 2call factorial(int)mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

factorial(int):…

.LC0:.string "factorial(2)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi, 2call factorial(int)

L4: mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

factorial(int):…

.LC0:.string "factorial(2)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi, 2call factorial(int)

L2: mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4777777777

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4777777777777777756

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4777777777777777756

777777740

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

cr

NE

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

2

eax

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]

.L3:leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

L5

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

L5

777777756

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

2

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

2

eax

L5

777777756

777777736

777777732

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

L5

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

L5

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

cr

E

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

L5

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

L5

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

L5

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

L5

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

L5

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

1

eax

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

2

eax

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):push rbpmov rbp, rspsub rsp, 16mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edicmp DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 1jne .L2mov eax, 1jmp .L3

.L2:mov eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]sub eax, 1mov edi, eaxcall factorial(int)

L5: imul eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4].L3:

leaveret

…

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

L4777777777777777756

7777777402

2

eax

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):…

.LC0:.string "factorial(3)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi, 3call factorial(int)

L4: mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

777777777777777756

7777777402

2

eax

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

factorial(int):…

.LC0:.string "factorial(2)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi, 2call factorial(int)

L4: mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

1

edi

777777777777777756

7777777402

2

eax

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

2

esi

factorial(int):…

.LC0:.string "factorial(3)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi, 3call factorial(int)

L4: mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

LC0

edi

777777777777777756

7777777402

2

eax

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

2

esi

factorial(int):…

.LC0:.string "factorial(3)=%d"

main:push rbpmov rbp, rspmov edi, 3call factorial(int)

L4: mov esi, eaxmov edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC0mov eax, 0call printfmov eax, 0pop rbpret

Code/DataStack

rbp

rsp

777777777777777777

LC0

edi

777777777777777756

7777777402

0

eax

777777756

777777736

777777732

7777777161

2

esi

Summary

• Pentium X86 is a powerful CISC architecture

• Stack frames provide memory locality• Simple allocation/deallocation

• Efficient even for recursive calls

• Architecture support may help

• Understanding compiler generated code is not easy

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