your pain ≈ my pain
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Your pain ≈ my pain
‘Neural resonance’
Singer et al. (2006)
-1
0
1
2
Female Ss Male Ss
Activation in ACC
Fair playerUnfair player
Wicker et al., (2003), Neuron
Your disgust ≈ my disgust
‘Neural resonance’
see Rizzolatti & Craighero (2004), Annual Rev Neurosci
Your goals ≈ my goals
‘Neural resonance’
Thinking about self Thinking about other’s minds
Mitchell, 2009, Trends in Cognitive Sciences
To use myself as a basis for understanding another person, I must perceive us as appropriately similar
Experiment 1
He considers himself a typical college student. While he respects religion, his politics are relatively left of center. He deeply wanted Kerry to win the last election, and still can’t quite believe that Bush managed to be re-elected. In addition to his academic interests, he keeps himself busy at college with a variety of extra-curricular activities; for example, over the last year, he has participated in intramurals for his House and helped with his House Committee. After graduation, he plans to take a year or two off before returning to graduate school. He would ultimately like to have the kind of career where the work is fulfilling and rewarding.
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
Experiment 1
He considers himself a typical college student. While he respects religion, his politics are relatively left of center. He deeply wanted Kerry to win the last election, and still can’t quite believe that Bush managed to be re-elected. In addition to his academic interests, he keeps himself busy at college with a variety of extra-curricular activities; for example, over the last year, he has participated in intramurals for his House and helped with his House Committee. After graduation, he plans to take a year or two off before returning to graduate school. He would ultimately like to have the kind of career where the work is fulfilling and rewarding.
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
Experiment 1
He has considered himself a fundamentalist Christian for the past four years. He attends church every Sunday, in addition to several prayer services on his college campus, the University of Missouri. Because of his religious convictions, he is a strong supporter of the Republican party. He feels strongly about the Republican party’s social platform. In fact, during the last election, he was a very active member of the United Republican Brethren group on campus, which helped raise money for the Bush campaign through a variety of faith-based fundraising events. After college, he hopes to be able to settle down and start a family. He hopes to have the kind of career that would allow his future wife to stay at home and have a large family.
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
Experiment 1
L R
Worry about getting a good summer job?
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
1 = very unlikely2 = somewhat unlikely3 = somewhat likely4 = very likely
Experiment 1
L R
Worry about getting a good summer job?
1 = very unlikely2 = somewhat unlikely3 = somewhat likely4 = very likely
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
How do we mentalize? Experiment 4Experiment 1
L R
Worry about getting a good summer job?
1 = very unlikely2 = somewhat unlikely3 = somewhat likely4 = very likely
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
Experiment 1
L R
prefer to go grocery shopping over doing laundry prefer to go grocery shopping over doing laundry
• Prefer to go grocery shopping over doing laundry• Enjoy spending a few hours in a contemporary art museum• Believe that a man should pay for dinner on a date• Enjoy having a roommate from another country• Get frustrated sitting in traffic
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
Experiment 1
L R
prefer to go grocery shopping over doing laundry
me not-mememinemy
theytheirsthem
prefer to go grocery shopping over doing laundry
not-me me
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
Experiment 1
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Similarity to liberal target (IAT diff)
Mean diff = 81.3 mst(14) = 2.67, p < .02
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
Experiment 1
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Similarity to liberal target (IAT diff)
Implicitly similar to liberal other
Implicitly dissimilar from liberal other
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
Experiment 1
Simlar > Dissimilar
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
similar to liberal dissimilar from liberal
Mean parameter estimate
self liberal conservative
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
Experiment 1
Simlar > Dissimilar
Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006, Neuron
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
similar to liberal dissimilar from liberal
Mean parameter estimate
self liberal conservative
-2
-1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
-50 50 150 250 350
IAT difference (ms)
BOLD signal diff (con > lib)
r = .54, p < .05
Experiment 1
Experiment 1
Thinking about self
Experiment 2
Experiment 2
L R
hates traffic?
enjoys action movies?
L R
likes laundry?
looks forward to Xmas?
L R
enjoys skiing?
likes romance novels?
Experiment 2
L R
+
enjoys travel?
BUSH+
talkativeSELF+
daring+
BUSH+
politeSELF+
dependable
Explicit self-reference task
Experiment 2
Jenkins, Macrae, & Mitchell (2008), Proc Natl Acad Sci
BUSH+
talkativeSELF+
daring+
BUSH+
politeSELF+
dependable
Explicit self-reference task
Experiment 2
Jenkins, Macrae, & Mitchell (2008), Proc Natl Acad Sci
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0self other
Parameter estimate
Self > Bush
Experiment 2
Jenkins, Macrae, & Mitchell (2008), Proc Natl Acad Sci
Experiment 2
Jenkins, Macrae, & Mitchell (2008), Proc Natl Acad Sci
self only-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Parameter estimate
L R
+
enjoys skiing?
L R
enjoys skiing?
enjoys skiing?
Experiment 2
Jenkins, Macrae, & Mitchell (2008), Proc Natl Acad Sci
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Parameter estimate
self-after-self
self only
L R
likes laundry?
likes laundry?
Experiment 2
Jenkins, Macrae, & Mitchell (2008), Proc Natl Acad Sci
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Parameter estimate
self-after-self
self-after-dissimilar
self only
Jenkins, Macrae, & Mitchell (2008), Proc Natl Acad Sci
self-after-self
self-after-similar
self-after-dissimilarL R
hates traffic?
hates traffic?
Experiment 2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Parameter estimate
self only
Can we affect the use of self-reference to understand others?
Experiment 3
Meeting a friend for lunch
Ames, Jenkins, Banaji & Mitchell (2008), Psych Science
Experiment 3
I came back from the Guster concert around 3 in the morning & managed to catch a few hours of sleep before getting up to teach at the local Saturday school. My eyes are puffy from the lack of sleep; I hope Jennifer doesn’t notice when I meet her for lunch this afternoon. She’s been having trouble with her boss & I’ll have to try my hardest to look attentive & concerned.
“I came back from the Guster concert around 3 in the morning & managed to catch a few hours of sleep before getting up to teach at the local Saturday school. My eyes are puffy from the lack of sleep; I hope Jennifer doesn’t notice when I meet her for lunch this afternoon. She’s been having trouble with her boss & I’ll have to try my hardest to look attentive & concerned.”
Ames, Jenkins, Banaji & Mitchell (2008), Psych Science
Experiment 3
Going to class on the first day of a new semester
Ames, Jenkins, Banaji & Mitchell (2008), Psych Science
Experiment 3
“She was just dropped off at college. After a long drive to her new school, she is finally there. Her parents helped her move into her dormroom. As she was moving in, her roommate showed up. She seemed quiet and a little different from any of her old friends. After unpacking, she said goodbye to her parents. Her mom cried while her dad tried not to. It was sad, but she was happy to finally be at college and on her own. She went off to orientation a little concerned about fitting in and making new friends, but still excited to begin a new journey.”
Ames, Jenkins, Banaji & Mitchell (2008), Psych Science
Experiment 3
Generally prefers juice to soda
1 = very unlikely2 = somewhat unlikely3 = somewhat likely4 = very likely
Ames, Jenkins, Banaji & Mitchell (2008), Psych Science
Experiment 3
Generally prefers juice to soda
1 = very unlikely2 = somewhat unlikely3 = somewhat likely4 = very likely
Ames, Jenkins, Banaji & Mitchell (2008), Psych Science
Experiment 3
Generally prefers juice to soda
1 = very unlikely2 = somewhat unlikely3 = somewhat likely4 = very likely
Ames, Jenkins, Banaji & Mitchell (2008), Psych Science
Experiment 3
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Self First-person Third-person
self > (first + third)
p < .05
Ames, Jenkins, Banaji & Mitchell (2008), Psych Science
Experiment 3
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