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1

. ., ., . ., .- ., , , // : , , .

- KazNU 20-22 2006. Almaty: “Kazakh Universiteti”, қ006, . 18-29.

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О О ФО О , О О , О О О О О О

ABSTRACT: “Geomorphology, geology, climate and hydrology of the Otrar oasis”. This article is

dedicated to the ecological features explaining the uniqueness of the Otrar oasis where converge 3 main

geological systems: fluvial valleys (Syrdarya, Arys, Bogun rivers), mountains (Big Karatau at NE) and

desert (Kyzylkum at SW). The climate, reconstructed during the last 2000 years, explain the formation of

the modern phases of aridization and the historical stages of the oasis. The groundwater table supported

the water level in the irrigation canals and controlled the repeated phases of salinization.

KEYWORDS: paleoenvironment, hydrogeology, irrigation devices, Middle Age, South

Kazakhstan

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- Қү9Қ Қ995 , ,

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1918- Қ9қ4 .

( ) .

– Ққ.6º ( -қ5, + 29.2°). 35, НТЮrЧКХТЭв 12).

– , 1969 – 1994 . –

қ0қ.ү ( - қ9.9, -1.5).

– , -

. – , .

Ү0 . – И қ950 / ( 6ү, 399) ҚҮ.Қ MJ/

2/ ,

. – Ү30 ,

3.6

– 3.Қ ./ ( -қ.қ, -

-3.5-4.0), - .

4

и . 2.1.1 – ( 2004)

и . 2.1.2 – ( 2004)

- 100 . ;

қ5 % Қ50 қ0қ / , . 3-4, 10-Ққ ,

20-қ5 , . Қүүқ Қ6.үº Қүү4 Қ6.0º.

Қүү5 ү.9º Қ950 9.үº. 40 30 қ0 .

: 1901 (291.5 / ), 1914 (305.1), 1928 (293.9),

Қ969 (30қ.Қ), Қ9үҚ (қ99.ү). Қүү4 (қ.Қ / !), 1890 (55), 1915

(76.3), 1925 (107), 1936 (78.5), 1983 (110.9), 1995 (103.4) ( . қ.қ.Қ . қ.қ.қ)

5

Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995)

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1891

1896

1901

1906

1911

1916

1922

1928

1933

1938

1943

1948

1953

1958

1963

1968

1973

1978

1983

1988

1993

Year

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)

и . 2.2.1 – 1891-1995.

- ; - ( ) (Sala, Meseth 2004)

Precipitation in Otrar (1891 - 1995)

8

58

108

158

208

258

308

358

1891

1896

1901

1906

1911

1916

1922

1928

1933

1938

1943

1948

1953

1958

1963

1968

1973

1978

1983

1988

1993

Year

Pre

cip

itati

on

(m

m/y

ear)

и . 2.2.2 – Қү9Қ-1995.

– ; - (Sala, Meseth 2004)

Continentality Index in Otrar (1891 - 1995)

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1891

1896

1901

1906

1911

1916

1921

1926

1931

1936

1941

1946

1951

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

и . 2.2.3 - Қү9Қ-1995.

- ; - , 2004)

6

-

(T , 1.2 ( ) , ү00 . , 1000-

). . VIII

IБ-XIII . БVII қ

.

и . 2.3 –

3200 , . (T) - ; (P) - ; (a) – ; (b) ; (c)

- , 14C

( , Sala, 2003)

- - O

, -

- -A .

қ : - .

3 :

– : rtemisia terrae albae, Salsola rigida);

– : (CХТЦКМШpЭОrК, SКХsШХК, PОЭrШsТЦШЧТК, Atriplex);

– : ( ) (EХКОКЧЮs, PШpЮХЮs) (HКХТЦШНОЧНrШЧ, TКЦКrТб)

қ : ;

Ж : РОrЛШК, , , ,

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; ; .

7

3 - и и

O , A o

3 Ka . , A - ,

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- а а , 30Қ9

. - 219 000

462 000 . .

K , . A ,

O . ,

, KК . , - , .

, - - 566 3/ .

KК ( Қ00 ) - 446 3/ , қ0 % , . O 10

, 300-500 , 0.8-0.9 / . ,

- ; - . Қ964 .

ү-Қ0 .

Қ95ү . . +3-4 ,

3-4 ( .

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8

и . 3.1 – - ,

ққ . A ,

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ү0бҚ50 , O .

50 ,

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Қ50 - , 40 . A . , -

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K , ( . Қ).

, K

. .

( 1970 . қ,қ 40

3 Қ4 3

, қ3,Ү 3/ (63 % ) .

5 , 3 ( ) TШ Қ9.5 3 Қ4 3, KК ( )

4.03 3 қ.55 3,

( ) 5.4 3 4.4 3

.

9

и .3.2 – .

O - ,

A .

- A

KК T - , 400

O . 3 : , . A ,

KК . 0.5 , 5-3 Қ ,

30-40 , 0.Ү / . , K ,

9 . .

3-4 Қ0-Ққ . Қ969-1994 . қ3 3/ ( - - 64.5,

- 6.34 3/ , 8 ). 80

3/ ( 1969 .); - 12.0 3/ (1983 .).

3Қү 3/ ( Қ969 .); Қ.46 ( Қ99Қ қ004 .). 10-30 ; Ққ-

6-Қ0 . ,

, .

, ,

, , .

, , 0.2-0.35 / ,

Қү . K ,

- . 3 . :

– 4 , 6-қ . – 1 .

10

– 3 K : - -Ky ; O

; , O , .

и . 3.3 – O .

. A . 3 (

2002)

и . 3.4 – A . K ,

(1), (2), (3), (4). , (Ф 2002)

.

: БVIII .

A ( )

,

11

. , қ0 3/ ,

. O , Қ3

. ,

( K ), .

- а Б Ka , - , қ00

- O .

- 30- A қ0 . қ50 , ү , Қ0

1.5-қ , 0.қ / . 3-4 3/ . , .

O A , , .

4- и и

O : -

( KК ); - ( A , ).

KК қ : - 6-Қ0 ,

, . . - .

- , O 350-400 .

и . 4.1 – KК

12

и . 4.2 - : Қ = <50 3/ ; ҚҚ => ү00 3/ . -

( . . . 1999)

A . .

Қ.5 3 .

.

(Қ93қ), ү-Қ0 . қ-3 / қ0-50 / .

, , .

. , қ.5-

3 .

и

A . ., . , . . . , - . (Қ96ү).

. . - (Қ995) : . (A . ),

Қ, - , .ҚҮ-45.

Қ9үҮ . . , Қ9үҮ.

- . I. . “ ”. , Қ953.

13

( ) - , .

. . , Қ960. A - - . I.

. “ ”. . , Қ94ү.

. 3. -

. K. , Қ994. , a ,

қҚҮқ4 / қҚ0үҮ. . ., .A., . , . , . , . .

( ). // - . A , « », Қ999, . Қ, .ҚүҚ-196.

.M, M.A. (Қ95ү-59) -K . - .

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