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CRIMINAL LAW Page 1 of 139Lecture & Recitation Notes Atty. Maximo Amurao

NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) |

year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab

CRIMINALLAW1

June17,2011

IntroductiontoCriminalLaw

Q:Whatiscriminallaw?

CRIMINALLAWbranchoflawwhichdefinescrimes,treatsoftheirnatureandprovidesfor

theirpunishment

Q: Suppose Congress enacted a piece of legislation, and any violation of that law, penalty will be

paymentofdamages,isthatcriminallaw?

Q:Supposetheformofpenaltywillbeconfiscationoflicense,isthatcriminallaw?

Q:Howwillyoudefineacrime?

*what

particular

act

constitutes

the

crime

*whataretheelementsoftheacts

Q:Whatiscriminalprocedure?

CRIMINALPROCEDUREbodyofrulesthatenforcesorregulatescriminallaw,providesforthe

stepsintheprosecutionand/orconvictionofanaccused.

Q:Isthereanydifferencebetweencriminallawandcriminalprocedure?

Yes.

Q:Whatarethedifferences?

CRIMINALLAW CRIMINALPROCEDURE

*substantive

*procedural/remedial

*GENERALLYprospective, *prospective,BUTCANBEappliedRETROACTIVE

unlessfavorabletotheaccused,

providedaccusedisnotahabitual

delinquent

*onlycomesfromthelegislative *canbepromulgatedbythejudiciary

orlawmakingbody;neverfrom

theexecutiveorjudiciary

*infavoroftheendsofsubstantialjustice

Q:whoisahabitualdelinquent?

Aperson

who

within

aperiod

of

10

years

from

the

date

of

his

last

release

or

conviction

of

the

crimesof1)seriousor lessseriousphysical injuries,2)robo,3)hurto4)estafaor5)falsification,

heisfoundguiltyofanyofsaidcrimesathirdtimeoroftener(Art62,rpc)

Q:SupposeaccusedisaHD,willtherebeprospectiveorretroactiveapplicationofcriminallaw?


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Q:IscriminallawthesameastheRPC?

Yes

Q:Whatisacrime?

GenerictermusedtorefertoawrongdoingpunishedeitherinRPCorunderaspecial law

Q:

Who

has

the

power

to

enact

laws?

Congress(Legislative)

Q:IsthepowerofCongressabsolute?

No.Therearelimitations.Itshouldnotviolatetheconstitution

Q:Wecallourpenalcode,theREVISEDPENALCODE,why,whichpenalcodewasrevised?

TheSpanishPenalCode

Q:Howwasitrevised?

*A committee was formed pursuant to Administrative Order No. 94 by the Department of

Justice.

*Thecommittee

was

formed

on

Oct

18,

1827

*The committee was composed of Anacleto Diaz (head); Quintin Paredes; Alex Reyes and

MarianoDeJoya

Q:Howdidtherevisioncomeabout?

*theRPC containsprovisionsoftheSpanishpenalcode,USPenalCodeandSCdecisionsofthe

PhilippinesbeforethecreationoftheRPC

Q:Whatarethesourcesofcriminallaw?

*RevisedPenalCode

*Special Penal Laws enacted or passed by the Philippine Commission, Philippine Assembly,

PhilippineLegislature,

National

Assembly,

Batasang

Pambansa,

Congress

of

the

Philippines

*PenalPresidentialDecreesissuedduringMartialLaw (onlybecausethePresidentatthattime

hadlegislativepower,butgenerally,theExecutivebranchcannotissueEOorPPthatarepenal

innature)

*SpanishPenalCode

*USPenalCode(wecopiedtheffcrimesfromtheUSPenalCode:estafa,malversation,etc)

Q:Whohasthepowertodefinecrimes?

TheState

Q:WhydoestheStatehasthepowertodefinecrimes?

Becauseofitspolicepower.Therighttoprosecuteandpunishcrimesisvestedinthesovereign

power,whichistheFilipinopeople.

Q:WhendidtheRPCtookeffect?

Jan1,1932

Q:WhyistherealonglapseoftimeintheeffectivityandapprovaloftheRPC?


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SothatPHwillbefamiliarizedwiththenew provisionsoftheRPC

Q:WhoapprovedtheRPC?

USPresident

Q:

What

are

the

theories

in

criminal

law?

Classical,Positivist,Mixed

CLASSICAL

theobjectiveisretribution

theemphasisisonthecrime

consistentwiththesayinganeyeforaneye,atoothforatooth

manhasfreewilltodoornotto do

thecriminalliabilityarisesfromknowledgeandfreedom

manisarationalbeing

example:RA9372(HumanSecurityActof2007)

POSITIVIST

theobjectiveisreformation

theemphasisisonthecriminal

believesthatcrimeisasocialphenomenon

seesmanasamoral/humanbeing

manbynatureisgood

manisexposedtoenvironmentwheremaniscompelledtodoacrime

example: RA9344(JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof2006)

ProbationLawof1976

IndeterminateSentenceLaw

MIXED

combinestheclassicalandthepositivist

appliedclassicaltheoryforheinouscrimes

appliesthepositivistforeconomicandsocialcrimes

Q:WhatdoweapplyinthePhilippines?

Mixed.Oursystem isa littlebitofclassicalanda littlebitofpositivist.TheRPC isclassicaland

recentlawsenactedbythelegislaturearepositivistinnature.

Q:Whatisthedegreeofproofneededtoconvictanaccusedofacriminalcharge?

Proofbeyondreasonabledoubt

Q:Isthisabsolute?

No.

In the crime of treason, PBRD is not theonly requirement. There is a requirement of the 2

witnessrule

Q:Mayapersonbeconvictedbyreasonofthespiritofthelaw?


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No. Only by the language of the law. It should be clear and in case of doubt, it should be

favorabletotheaccused.

June21,2011

Q:

What

are

the

kinds

of

repeals?

1. AbsoluteorExpresstheeffectisdecriminalization

theobliterationofacrime

forpendingcases,thecaseshallbedismissed

forthoseservingsentence,theyshallbereleasedbecausethereisnomorereasonforthe

accusedtoservesentence

2. PartialorImpliedthecrimeisstillpunishable,butmodified(intermsof penalty)

example: the case of Robin Padilla, PD 1866waspartially repealed by RA 8294,which

reduced the sentence for illegal possession of firearms, thus qualifying Robin Padilla for

parole

3. Selfrepealingdeemedrepealedupontheexpirationofthedatespecifiedbythelaw

thelawdiesanaturaldeath

example:RA1700(AntiSubversion Law)andRentControlLaw

Q:Whatisthegeneralcharacteristicofcriminallaw?

CriminalLawisbindingonallpersonswholiveorsojourninthePhilippineterritory,regardless

ofrace,nationality,politicalaffiliation.

Q:Is

this

rule

absolute?

No.Theexceptionsare:1.Treaties

2.Lawsofpreferentialapplication

Q:Whatistheterritorialcharacteristicofcriminallaw?

OnlycrimescommittedwithinthePhilippineterritorymaybeprosecutedbeforePhcourt

Q:Whatistherationalebehindthis?

Acrimeisanoffenseagainstthedignity,authorityandsovereigntyofthePhterritory;andonly

the state inwhich thedignity, authority and sovereigntyhasbeenoffendedhas the right to

punishtheoffender.

Q:Istheterritorialityabsolute?

No.Theexceptionsare:1.Treaties

2.Lawsofpreferentialapplication

Q:Othercharacteristicofcriminallaw?

Prospective(nonretroactivity)


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Exception:favorabletotheaccused

Exceptiontotheexception:accusedisahabitualdelinquent

Q:Canyougiveanexampleofatreatythatisanexceptiontothegenerality&territorialityprinciplesof

criminallaw?

VFA

Q:WhyisVFAanexception?

Generality because even if the accused sojourn in the Philippines, the accusedwillnot be

prosecutedinphcourts

TerritorialitybecauseeveniftheaccusedcommittedthecrimeinthePhilippines,theaccused

willnotbeprosecutedinphcourts

Q:WhoarethepartiestoVFA?

USandPH

Q:whoarecoveredbytheVFA?

USmilitary

personnel

UScivilianpersonnelconnectedtotheUSmilitaryoperationsinthePhilippines

Q:WhoisaUSmilitarypersonnel?

militarymembersoftheUnitedStatesArmy,Navy,MarineCorps,AirForce,andCoastGuard

Q: IstheAmericanRedCrosspersonnelcoveredbytheVFA?

Yes.IsheispartoftheUSpersonnel

Q:WhatarethetypesofjurisdictioninVFA?

ExclusiveandConcurrent

Q:Whatdoyoumeanbyexclusive&concurrentjurisdiction?

Exclusiveexclusiveofothercourts;vestsjurisdictionononecourt

Concurrentbothcountrieshavejurisdiction

Q:Whenisitexclusive?

PHhaveexclusivejurisdictioncrimespunishableunderPH lawsbutnotpunishableunderUS

laws.

UShaveexclusivejurisdiction crimespunishableunderUS lawsbutnotpunishableunderPH

laws.

Q:Whenisitconcurrent?

CrimespunishablebothunderPHandUSlaws.

Q:But,evenifjurisdictionisconcurrent,whenwillPHhaveprimaryjurisdiction?

*Philippineauthoritiesshallhavetheprimaryrighttoexercisejurisdictionoveralloffenses

*Especially,whenitisathreattothesecurityofthePhilippines,

a)treason b)espionage c)sabotage


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EXCEPT:

*crimecommittedbyaUSpersonnelagainstthepropertyandsecurityoftheUSPhhasno

jurisdiction,theseincludes:

1.againstthepropertyoftheUS

2.

against

the

security

of

the

US

3.againstthepropertyofanothermilitarypersonnel

4.againstthesecurityofanothermilitarypersonnel

5.committedintheperformanceofofficialduties

Q:SupposeUSmilitarypersonnelwasdrivingatRoxasBlvd todelivera confidential letter to theUS

embassy,whiledriving,herunoverapedestrian,whichcourthasjurisdiction?

US.Committedintheperformanceofofficialduties.

Q:SupposeonenightUSmilitarypersonnelwenttothebar,afterdrinkingandbeingsotipsy,rapeda

woman,whichcourthasjurisdiction?

PH.Notintheperformanceofofficialduties

Q:Suppose2FilipinocitizensworkingasUSmilitarypersonnelinthePHhadaquarrel.Filipino1shoots

Filipino2.Whohasjurisdiction?

US.Citizenshipisimmaterial.WhatisimportantisattachmenttotheUSmilitary

Q:Supposetheonewhowasinjuredfiledacivilcasefordamages,willitprosper?

No.VFAcoversonlycriminalaspect

Q:1USmarinestolethewalletofanotherUSmarine,whohasjurisdiction?

US.Propertyofanothermilitarypersonnel

Q:Suppose

you

are

ajudge,

the

US

wrote

aletter

for

you

to

waive

jurisdiction,

what

will

you

do?

Generally,thePHhastowaivejurisdictionuponrequestofUS.Therequestforwaivercannotbe

rejected.

Q:Isthisruleabsolute?

No.Therequestforwaivermayberejectedifthecrimeisofparticularimportance

RA9659 (heinouscrime)

RA7610(childabusecases)

RA9165(dangerousdrugs)

Q:SupposeUSmilitarypersonnelcommittedkidnapping,whohasjurisdiction?

PHcourts.Thisisacrimeagainstpersonalsecurity

Q:GiveanexampleofLawsofPreferentialApplicationthatislocalinnature?

Constitution

*immunitysuitofpresident

*absoluteimmunityofCongressforprivilegespeeches

*Congressimmunefromlibel


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NOTE:Art6,Sec11,1987Consti isnotanexception.BECAUSECongress isonly immune from

arrestnotfromprosecution

Q: Whatelse?

RA

75

Public

International

Law

Diplomaticimmunityandcannotbesued,arrestedorpunishedbythelawofthecountrywhere

theyareofficiallyassigned:

Ambassadors

SovereignorotherchiefofState

Ministersplenipotentiaryorministerresidents

Chargedaffairs

DomesticServantsofpersonsmentioned

NOTE:Consulsandotherconsularofficialsarenotexempt fromcriminal liabilitybecausethey

represent thebusiness,commercialmercantileof theircountry;while,ambassadors,chiefsof

State,etc.representthepoliticalinterestsoftheircountryoforigin.

WARSHIPRULE

warshipofanothercountry,eventhoughdocked in thePH isconsideredanextensionofthe

territoryofthatcountry

Q:supposethewarshipofUSisdockedatSubic,oneday,youwenttoSubicwithyourgf,broughtherto

theship,andthenrapedher.Willyoubeprosecuted?

No.WarshipisanextensionUSterritory

Q:supposeafterrapingher,youbroughtyourgftoherparents,willyoubeprosecuted?

No.Warshiprule

EmbassyRulesameaswarshiprule

Q:Supposeoneday,youshutapersonatRoxasBlvd,whenthepoliceofficerswererunningafteryou,

youjumpedover the fenceofUSembassy.May theofficersarrest you,while you are inside theUS

embassy?

No.

Q:Whatisthentheremedyoftheofficers(Phgovernment)?

Extradition

Q: suppose a Filipina legallymarriedhad sexual intercoursewith anAmerican at thePhembassy. Is

thereanycrimecommitted?

Yes. The crime of adultery, but she cannot be prosecuted under Ph courts because of the

embassyrule.

Q:whoelseisexempt/immunefromcriminalprosecution?

ExecutivedirectorsofWHO


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MembersoftheConstitutionalCommission

JusticesofSupremeCourt

Q:Howaboutconsularofficials?

Theyarenotcovered.Theyarenotexempt fromcriminal liabilitybecause they represent the

business,

commercial

mercantile

interests

of

their

country

of

origin.

Q: Suppose Ambassador of Japan to the US committed a crime in the Philippines, may he be

prosecuted?

Yes,becauseheisnotarecognizeddiplomaticrepresentativeofhiscountrytothePhilippines.

Article2

^par15ofArt2isnotanexemptiontotheterritorialityprinciple,itisEXTRATERRITORIALITY!

Q:ThefirstinstanceinArt2?

Should

commit

an

offense

while

on

Ph

ship

or

airship

Q:WhatisPhshiporairship?

ShipregisteredwithMARINA

AirshipregisteredwithCivilAeronauticsBoard

Q: Whataretherequirementsinorderaship/airshipbeaPhship?

ItmustberegisteredinaccordancewithPhlaws

Q:WhynotregisterinBureauofCustoms?

ThelawrequiringregistrationinBureauofCustomshadbeenrepealed.NowitsMarinaandCAB

Q:Does

PH

include

warship?

No.Warshiphasdifferentrule

Q: SupposeacargoshipinQuezongoingtoMalaysia,withinPhterritory,1crewcommittedhomicide

againstanothercrew,whohasjurisdiction?

PH.ThecrimeiscommittedinPHterritory

Itisnotimportantwhethercargoshipisregisteredornot,becausecrimecommittedinPh

territory. (Territorialityprinciple)

Q:SupposethatcargoshiptraversedthroughinternationalwatersthenreachedthewatersofMalaysia,

1crewmembercommittedhomicideagainstanother.Whichcourt?

Malaysia.Because

the

crime

is

committed

in

Malaysian

waters

^Art2,par1ceasestoapplyiftheshipisintheterritoryofforeigncountry

^Art2,par1appliesonlyiftheshipisininternationalwaters


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Q:Supposeyouliveinacoastaltown,thenyouhiredanunregisteredmotorboat,thenyouwenttointl

waters, then you shoot your gfbecause you are sodepressedbecauseof recitations in criminal law

review,willyoubeliable?

No.unregisteredmotorboat

Q:

suppose

in

the

same

motorboat,

a

married

man

with

his

new

gf

went

on

high

seas,

and

there

got

married.Isthemanliableforanycrime?

Yes.Heisliableforbigamy.(becausehecontractedasecondmarriage)

BUThecannotbeprosecutedbecauseoftheterritorialityprinciple.Thecrimewascommitted

outsidePhterritory.

Q:supposeaftertheweddingceremony,youwent toaresort,wherethere isabigreception. Inthat

resort,youhadyourhoneymoon;willyou(marriedman)beliableforanycrime?

No. Not concubinage because mere sexual intercourse not punishable, it must be under

scandalousmanner

Q:supposeafteryourhoneymoon,youlivetogetherinacondoinManila,willyoubeliable?

Yes.Concubinage

Cohabitation;livinginaseparatehomeashusbandandwife

Q:Whatarethe2rules?

EnglishRulevessel is in the territoryofanothercountry,crimescommitted in thatareaare

triableinthatothercountry,unlessthecrimescommittedinvolvepurelyinternalmatterswithin

thevessel;theemphasisisontheterritorialityofthevessel;wherethevesselisfound

FrenchRulevesselisintheterritoryofanothercountry,crimescommittedinthatareaarenot

triableinthatcountry,unlessthecrimescommittedhaveendangeredthepeaceandsecurityof

that country; the emphasis is on the nationality of the vessel; jurisdiction lies where the

merchantvessel

is

registered.

^ThePHadherestotheEnglishrule

Q:Cargoship,registeredinPanamawhileinManila,1crewmembershoottheothercrewmember,

whohasjurisdiction?

Phcourts.Crimecommittedinmanila

Q:Cargo ship,registeredinPanama,carriedshabu,whichcourthasjurisdiction?

Phcourts.

Q:SecondinstanceinArt2?

Art2par2.

ShouldforgeorcounterfeitanycoinorcurrencynoteofthePhilippineIslandsorobligationsand

securitiesissuedbytheGovernmentofthePhilippineIslands

Q:whatmaybethesubjectofforgery?


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Anycoin,CurrencyNote,obligationsandsecuritiesissuedbytheGovernmentofthePhilippine

Islands

Q:SupposeyouhaveaprintingpressinTaiwan,andyouprintedBagongLipunannotes(martiallaw),

liable?

No.

Because

Bagong

Lipunan

notes

are

not

legal

tender

Q:Supposecoinswithdrawnfromcirculation,liable?

Yes.Thelawdoesnotdistinguish.ItsaysANYCOIN

Q:Supposeinyoutamperedalottoticket,liable?

Yes.LottoticketisobligationsandsecuritiesissuedbytheGPI

Q:giveexamplesofobligationsandsecuritiesofGPI

Treasurybills,lottotickets,bondsoftheBSP

^ObligationsandSecuritiesofGSIS,SSS,LandbankarenotoftheGPIbecausetheyhavetheir

owncharter

Q:anyotherinstance?

Art2,par3

Shouldbeliableforactsconnectedwiththeintroductionintotheseislandsoftheobligationsand

securitiesmentionedinthepresidingnumber

^thosewhointroducedthecounterfeiteditemsarecriminallyliable,eveniftheywerenotthe

oneswhocounterfeitedtheobligations&securities

^ontheotherhand,thosewhocounterfeitedtheitemsarecriminallyliableeveniftheydidnot

introducethecounterfeititems

Q:any

other

instance?

Art2,par.4

Whilebeingpublicofficersoremployees,shouldcommitanoffenseintheexerciseoftheir

functions

Q: whoisapublicofficer?(seeArt203)

*takingpart in theperformanceofpublic functions in thegovernment,orperforming in said

governmentorinanyofitsbranchespublicdutiesasanemployee,agentorsubordinateofficial,

ofanyrankorclass;and

*that his authority to take part in theperformance ofpublic functionsor to performpublic

dutiesmustbe

a. bydirectprovisionofthelaw,orb. bypopularelection,orc. byappointmentbycompetentauthority


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Q: SupposePHambassadortoGermanywasgivenUSD200,000asafundtorenovatethePHembassy

building inGermany.HeusedonlyUSD50,000 for the renovation,and gave theUSG150,000 tohis

number2inGermany.Ishe(ambassador)liable?

Yes.Heisliableformalversationofpublicfunds.HemaybeprosecutedinPhcourts.

Hewasincustodyofthemoneybyreasonofhisofficialfunctions

Q:

Suppose

our

AFP

high

officials

were

tasked

to

scout

for

firearms

abroad,

and

while

they

are

negotiatingwithforeigncompaniesabroad,thesecompaniesinsertedUSD1000intheproposalfolderin

anticipationthattheircompanywillbechosenbyAFPtobethesupplierofourfirearms.MaytheseAFP

officialsbeliable?

Yes.Theyareliableforbribery.

Q:(followup)Eveniftheactofacceptingthebribewascommittedabroad,willtheystillbeliable?

Yes,becausetheactwascommittedinrelationorwhiletheAFPareindischargeoftheirofficial

functions.

Q: Suppose ChairmanAbalos (comelec) while playing golf in Shanghai, China receivedUSD50,000 in

relationtotheZTE?Isthereacrimecommitted?Mayhebeliable?

Crime

anti

graft

&

corrupt

practices

act

BUT,hecannotbe liable/prosecutedbeforePhcourtsbecauseAbaloshasnothing todowith

ZTE (paki alamera lang siya). Therefore, he received the money not in connection with his

officialfunction.

Q:SupposethePHambassadortoAustraliaislegallymarried.Canhebeprosecutedforconcubinage?

No.CrimewascommittedoutsidePH

Crimewasnotinrelationtoofficialfunctions

Elementsofconcubinage:

1. Thatthemanmustbemarried.2. Thathecommittedanyofthefollowingacts:

a. Keepingamistressintheconjugaldwelling.b. Havingsexualintercourseunderscandalouscircumstanceswithawomanwhois

nothiswife.

c. Cohabitingwithherinanyotherplace.3. Thatasregardsthewomanshemustknowhimtobemarried

Q:CanthePHambassadoruseimmunityfromsuitasadefenseagainstPHcourts?

No

Q:PHambassador,married,hadsexualintercoursewithherAmericanboyfriendinthecomfortroomof

PHembassy.Mayhebeprosecuted?

Yes.PhembassyisanextensionofPhterritory

Forwhatcrimeadultery

Q:maytheAmericancitizenbfbeliableforanycrime?

Yes.Adultery

Elements:

*Thatthewomanismarried(evenifmarriagesubsequentlydeclaredvoid)


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*Thatshehassexualintercoursewithamannotherhusband.

*Thatasregardsthemanwithwhomshehassexualintercourses,hemustknowherto

bemarried.

Q:Lastinstance?

Art

2,

par

5

Shouldcommitanyofthecrimesagainstnationalsecurityandthelawofnations,definedinTitle

OneofBookTwoofthisCode.

Q:Giveexampleofcrimes againstnationalsecurity?

Treason,espionage,conspiracytocommittreason

Q:Howaboutrebellion?

No.rebellioniscrimesagainstpublicorder

Q:crimescommittedbytheMILF?

No.Crimeagainstpublicorder

Q:exampleof violationofthelawofnations?

Antiterrorlaw

Crimesagainsthumanity

Genocide

Q:whatarethe2kindsofpiracy?

PiracyundertheRPC

PiracyunderPD532

Q:whatdoesArt2covers?

Piracyunder

RPC

only.

Because

piracy

under

PD532

is

committed

within

PH

waters

Article3

Q:Whatarefelonies?

Actsandomissionspunishablebylawarefelonies(delitos).

Q:Whatdoyoumeanbypunishablebylaw

PunishablebytheRPC

Q:howfeloniesarecommitted?

Feloniesare

committed

not

only

be

means

of

deceit

(dolo)

but

also

by

means

of

fault

(culpa).

Q:Whatisdolo?Whatisculpa?

There isdeceitwhen theact isperformedwithdeliberate intentand there is faultwhen the

wrongfulactresultsfromimprudence,negligence,lackofforesight,orlackofskill.


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^ViolationsofRPCfelony

^Violationsofspecialpenallawoffenses

^violationsofordinancemisdemeanor(minorinfraction ofthelaw)

Q:Whataretherequisitesoffelony?

1.Act

or

omission

2. RPC3. Voluntary

a. Freedomb. Intelligencec. Intent

^ALLMUSTBEPRESENTINORDERTOINCURCRIMINALLIABILITY

Q:Isillegalpossessionofbladedweaponafelony?

No.ItisnotundertheRevisedPenalCode

Atty.AmuraoLectureHighlights:

*Tobe

considered

as

afelony

there

must

be

an

act

or

omission;

amere

imagination

no

matter

howwrongdoesnotamounttoafelony.

*Anactreferstoanykindofbodymovementthatproduceschangeintheoutsideworld.For

example,ifyouhaveinyourmindthatyouwillrapethisbeautifullady,butyoudidnotrapeher,

youwillnotbeliable.

*Actusnonfacitreum,nisimenssitrea(anactofacriminalshouldbecoupledbyacriminal

mind)

*ItdoesnotmeanthatifanactoromissionispunishedundertheRevisedPenalCode,afelonyis

alreadycommitted.

To

be

considered

afelony,

it

must

also

be

done

with

dolo

or

culpa.

*Ifyoudonothavefreedom,theactisnotvoluntary;theactisnotafelony

*TheseareamplifiedinthesomeprovisionsoftheRPC,like

Intelligenceart12insanity,imbecility,minority

Freedomart12undercompulsionofsomeirresistibleforce;fearofgreaterinjury

Intentart12bymere accidentw/outfaultorintenttocauseharm

*Mistakeoffactisavaliddefense

Q:WhatarethedifferencesbetweenMALAINSEandMALAPROHIBITA

MALAINSE MALAPROHIBITA

*intentisessential *intentisnotessential

*goodfaithisavaliddefense *goodfaithisnotavalid

defense


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*honestmistakeoffactisa

defense

*honestmistakeoffactisnota

defense

*punishableunderRPC *punishableunderspeciallaws

*condemnedbysociety *injurioustopublicwelfare

*actdonemustbecriminal

intent

*itissufficientthatthe

prohibitedact

was

done

Q:giveexamplesofMalaInse?

RPChomicide,murder,parricide,arsonandsoon

Q:giveexamplesofMalaprohibita

AntiFencingLaw

BouncingCheckLaw

IllegalPossessionofFirearms

AntiHumanTraffickingLaw

AntiHijackingLack

Q:Supposeyourbfisapoliceofficer,1daywhileyouwerehavingyourdateinLunetaPark,yourbfhad

to answer the callofnature, sohehanded to youhispistol,while youwereholding it, theofficers

arrestedyou,mayyoubeliableforillegalpossessionoffirearms?

No.TransientPossessionnotliable

AlthoughIwasinpossession,althoughIhavenolicensetoposses,StillnotliablebecauseIhave

nointent,andthisisanexceptiontomalaprohibita

Q:Supposethepoliceofficersarerunningafteraman,thenthemanthrowhis.45caliber,youwere

aroundthecornerandyouextendedyourarms,thenthefirearmfellonyourhands,mayyoubeliable

forillegalpossession?

No.Transientpossession

Q:SupposeI(atty.Amurao)mortagedmyfirearmtoyoufor30days,andonthe20thday,therewasa

raidinyourhouse,mayyoubeliableforillegal possession?

Yes.Thereisanimuspossendi

anactoromission

Actanyphysicalmovementofthebody(Amurao);anybodilymovement

tendingtoproducesomeeffectintheexternalworld(Reyes)

Omission

means

inaction;

the

failure

to

perform

apositive

duty

which

one

is

boundtodo;theremustbealawrequiringtheperformanceofanactand

punishingtheomission;eg.arbitrarydetention;misprisionoftreason

punishablebytheRevisedPenalCode

^WhenthereisaconflictbetweenspecialpenallawsandtheRevisedPenal


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Code,intermsoftheapplicationofpenalties,whattofollow?

^Whatisimportantisthedefinitionandtheclassificationoftheact(whetherit

isanoffenseorafelony)

SpecialPenal

Laws

=penalties

are

stated

in

terms

of

years,

months,

days

RevisedPenalCode=penaltiesarestatedintermsofdegrees,withdeathasthe

highestpenalty;classifiedasindivisibleordivisible

a.indivisible=deathandpubliccensure

b.divisible(has3periods;whatperiodtoapplyisdependentonthe

aggravatingandmitigatingcircumstancespresentinthecase)

PenaltiesundertheRPC(indescendingorderintermsofdegree)

DeathorCapitalPunishment indivisible

ReclusionPerpetua(20yrs&1day40yrs)

ReclusionTemporal

(12yrs

&

1day

20yrs)

PrisionMayor(6yrs&1day12yrs)

PrisionCorreccional divisible

orDestierro(6mos&1day6yrs)

ArrestoMayor(1mo&1day6mos)

ArrestoMenor(1day30days)

Fine

PublicCensureindivisible

theactsdoneshouldbevoluntary(Amurao)

voluntarythe

concurrence

of

intelligence,

freedom,

intent

(Ortega)

^allshouldbepresentinordertoincurcriminalliability

(a)intelligencenointelligence,nocriminalliability;eg.children15yrs

old&belowareexemptfromcriminalliability(RA9344)

(b)freedomnofreedom,actisnotvoluntary,nocriminalliability

(c)intentessentialtoafelony;prosecutionhastoproveintent;good

faithisadefense

Article12oftheRPC(ExemptingCircumstances)isamplifiedbytheimportance

oftheelementofvoluntariness:

(a)intelligenceinsanity/imbecility[Art.12(1)];minority[Art.12(2&3)]

(b)freedomunderthecompulsionofsomeirresistibleforce[Art.12(5)];fearof

greaterinjury[Art.12(6)];failuretoperformanactrequiredbylawwhen

preventedbysomelawfulorinsuperablecause[Art.12(7)]


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(c)intentbymereaccidentw/ofaultorintenttocauseharm[Art.12(4)]

Alibiusedindefensesayingthattheactoromissionwasnotdoneatall;intendsto

disprovetheexistenceofanactoromission;weakestdefense;caneasilybefabricated;

eg.VizcondecaseWebbsalibi=hearguedthathewasintheUSwhenthecrime

happened,therefore,

he

could

not

have

killed

the

victims,

claiming

that

he

is

innocent

Actusnonfacitreum,nisimenssitreaanactofacriminalshouldbecoupledbya

criminalmind

thedefenseofhonestmistakeoffact

theactdonebytheaccusedwouldhaveconstituted:

(a)ajustifyingcircumstance(Art.11,RPC)

inallinstances=nocriminalliability;nocivilliability

(b)anabsolutorycause[Art.247(2)]

(c)an

involuntary

act

Requisitesforhonestmistakeoffactasadefense:

1.thattheactdonewouldhavebeenlawfulhadthefactsbeenastheaccused

believedthemtobe

2.thattheintentionoftheaccusedinperformingtheactshouldbelawful

3.thatthemistakemustbewithoutfaultornegligence/carelessnessonthepart

oftheaccused

Casesonhonestmistakeoffact:

1.USv.AhChong(landmarkcase)

Ah

Chong

killed

friend

Pascual

thinking

he

was

athief/ladron

therewassufficientwarningonthepartofaccused;accusedwasacquitted

2.USv.Apego

accusedkilledherbrotherinlawinfearofbeingraped;guiltyofhomicide

3.Peoplev.Oanis

policemenkilledthewrongpersonw/owarning;guiltyofmurder

4.Peoplev.Bayambao

accusedkilledhisbrotherinlawthinkinghewasanoutlaw

brotherinlawactedasifhegoingtoattack;accusedwasacquitted

Motive

special

reasons

that

impel

the

accused

to

act

(Amurao)

themovingpowerwhichimpelsonetoactionforadefiniteresult(Reyes)

notanessentialelementofafelony

evidenceofmotiveisnecessaryonlyincaseof:(1)doubtintheidentityoftheaccused

(Amurao),(2)twoconflictingversionsofthecrime

motiveisestablishedbythetestimonyofthewitness

lackofmotivemaybeanaidinshowinginnocence


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Discernmentabilityoftheaccusedtodeterminerightfromwrong

Exceptionsto

the

general

rule

on

malum

prohibitum

crimes

(PLEASE

REFER

TO

REYES

BOOK)

1.Cuencav.People

CuencawasacquittedbytheSCfromthecrimeofillegalpossessionofanunlicensedfirearm;itissaid

thattheSCerredinitsdecision(Amurao)

2.Peoplev.Landicho

convictedbythetrialcourt;decisionreversedbytheCourtofAppeals

theCAheldthatconvictingtheaccusedwouldbesacrificingsubstantialjusticeformeretechnicality

3.Peoplev.Mallare

casewasaboutthedelayoftheissuanceofthelicense

the

accused

convicted

by

the

trial

court;

decision

reversed

by

the

CA

theCAheldthattheblameshouldbeputonthegovernmentnotontheapplicantofthelicense

4.meretransientpossessionofunlicensedfirearm

notcriminallyliable

inthecrimeofillegalpossessionofunlicensedfirearm,foranaccusedtobecriminallyliable,there

shouldbeanimusposidendiorintenttopossess

Article4

Conceptof

proximate

cause

injury

inflicted

Q:Whatisproximatecause?

Proximatecauseisthatcausewhichsetsintomotionothercausesandwhichunbrokenbyany

efficient supervening cause produces a felony without which such felony could not have

resulted

Asageneralrule,theoffender iscriminally liableforalltheconsequencesofhisfeloniousact,

althoughnot intended, if the felonious act is the proximate causeof the felonyor resulting

felony.

Aproximate

cause

is

not

necessarily

the

immediate

cause.

This

may

be

acause

which

is

far

and

remotefromtheconsequencewhichsetsintomotionothercauseswhichresultedin

thefelony.

Immediatecauseinfection


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Q:Whatisefficientinterveningcause?

EfficientInterveningCauseinterruptedthenaturalflowofeventsleadingtoonesdeath

*Victimisundernoobligationtosubmittomedicaltreatmenttoreduceormitigatetheliabilityofthe

accused.

Q:A,B,Choldupabus,apassengerranaway,hit bythecar,passengerdied.Whoisliable?

ABC

Q:Holdupinanearbygrocerystore,oldmansuddenlycollapsedseeingthecommotion,oldman

eventuallydied,whoisliable?

Robbers

Immediatecauseheartfailure

Q: SupposeAttyAmuraoduringrecit,youcollapsed,hitthetableandmassivebleeding,deadonarrival,

isamuraoliable?

No.Recit

is

not

acrime

Q:supposebecauseofyourwronganswers,amuraoshouteddefamatorywords,liable?

Yes.Amuraocommittedslander

Q:Isitwrongtoloveamarriedperson?

No.Aslongasitdoesnotgobeyondthatpoint

Q: Sexualintercoursewithamarriedwoman,whiledoingtheact,thewomanhadheartattack,willyou

beliable?

Yes.Youcommittedadultery

Q:Manmarried,hadasexualintercoursewithasinglewoman,thewomanhadheartattack,died.Will

youbeliable?

No.Concubinageisnotcommitted

Q:IfunderatreeinLuneta?

Yes.Liableforconcubinage,underascandalousmanner

Q:bothsingle,manisateacher,womanisastudent,liable?

No.Thereisnocrime

Q:Ifthestudentisunder18yearsold,willyouranswerbethesame?

No.Thistimethereisacrime.Qualifiedseductionorrapebygraveabuseofauthority

Q:Whatisanimpossiblecrime?

Q:GivethecaseofIntod


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Q:GivetheelementsofimpossiblecrimevisvisfactsofIntod

Q:Givethecaseof PPvJacinto?

Q:doyouagreewiththedecision?

Q:Howistheftcommitted?

Q:Isitanelementthattheaccusedshouldmakeoractuallyprofit?

No

Q:Mayapersonbeliableifhedidnotcommitacrime?

Yes.Impossiblecrime.Technicallynocrime,subjectivelythereisacrime

Q:Whatisthepenalty?

ArrestoMayororafinerangingfrom200to 500

^Urbanocase

Q:whatisthenegligencecommittedbyJavier?

Causeswhichmayproducearesultdifferentfromthatwhichtheoffenderintended,ascontemplated

inArt.4(1)

1.thereisamistakeintheidentityofthevictim

alsoknownaserrorinpersonae;ornapagkamalan

notadefenseinacriminalcase;notevenamitigatingcircumstance

2.thereisamistakeintheblow

also

known

as

aberration

ictus

notadefenseinacriminalcase;notevenamitigatingcircumstance

3.theinjuriousresultisgreaterthanthatintended

alsoknownaspraeterintentionem

Article4(1)contemplatesthatthereshouldbeafelonybeingcommitted

emphasisisnotonthemerewrongfulact;itshouldconstituteafelony

eg.theactofcommittingsuicideresultstoothersbeinginjured=punishableunderArt.4(1)because

althoughnotintended,theinjurywascausedbymeansofculpa,whichcanconstituteafelony

Article4(1)doesnotapplyiftheactcommittedconstitutesacrimepunishablebyspeciallaw

Concubinage instances ahusbandbringinghomeawoman,thatisnothiswife,totheconjugaldwelling

havingsexualintercourseunderscandalouscircumstances

cohabitation;livinginaseparatehomeashusbandandwife

ProximateCause


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thereisachainofcausesfromanoriginalactthatresultstoaninjury

iftheresultcanbetracedbacktotheoriginalact,thenthedoeroftheoriginalactcanbeheldliable

EfficientInterveningCauseinterruptedthenaturalflowofeventsleadingtoonesdeath

Q:Whatisimpossiblecrime?Whatisthereasonforpunishing?

Suppresscriminalpropensity

Q:Supposesonforgedsignatureofhisfatherinacheck,thedepositedthecheck,butwasdishonored,is

thisimpossiblecrime?

No.Falsificationofcommercialdocument.Forgeryisacrimeagainstpublicinterest

Givetheelementsofforgery

Q:Yourroommatekukuninyungjewelrynanasacabinetnanakalock,taposwalapalayungjewelry

dunsacabinet,impossiblecrime?

No.Theftofkeyungtamangsagot

^womanlang angpwedeforforcibleabduction

Instanceswhenthereisaproximatecauseandwhenthereisnone

Whenthereisaninterveningdiseaseandthediseaseis:

(a)closelyrelatedtothewound(s)=accusediscriminallyliable

(b)unrelatedtothewound(s)=accusedisnotcriminallyliable,

becausethediseasenotassociatedwiththewound(s),eg.brain

tumor

(c)acombinedforcewiththewound(s)=accusediscriminallyliable,

becausethemortalwoundisacontributingfactorto

thevictimsdeath

Amortalwoundisacontributingfactorwhen:

i.thewound(s)is/aresufficienttocausevictimsdeathalongwiththedisease

ii.themortalwoundwascausedbyactionscommittedbytheaccused

2.Whenthedeathwascausedbyaninfectionofthewoundduetothe unskilledmedicaltreatment

fromthedoctors:

(a)ifthewoundismortal=accusediscriminallyliable,becausetheunskilledtreatment

+infectionarenotefficientintervening causes


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mortalwound+unskilledmedicaltreatmentonly=accusediscriminallyliablebecause

themortalwoundnaturallyledtothedeathofthevictim

(b)ifthewoundisslight=accusedisnotcriminallyliable,becausethe unskilled

treatment+infectionareefficientinterveningcauses

*InUrbano

v.

IAC,

the

wound

caused

by

accused

Urbano

was

already

treated

and

was

in

the

normal

processofhealingwhich is inapproximately4weeks;butbecausedeceasedJavierdidnotwaitforthe

woundtohealandstillworkedbyfishing,hiswoundgotinfectedwithtetanuswhichcausedhisdeath.

Theactionsofthedeceasedwhenhestillworkedwithoutwaitingforhiswoundtohealwasanefficient

interveningcause,thustheaccusedisnotliableforhisdeathanymore.

Q:Whatisthepurposeforpunishinganimpossiblecrime?

Thepurposeofpunishinganimpossiblecrimeistopreventorsuppressthecriminaltendencyof

theaccused

Personsfoundguiltyofimpossiblecrimesaresentencedtoarrestormayor(1mo.1dayto6mos.)pursuant

to

Article

59

of

the

Revised

Penal

Code

Objectively,thereisnocrimeSubjectively,thecrimeispresent

Shouldtherebeacrimecommitted,inordertobeheldliableforanimpossiblecrime?YES;theact(s)shouldconstituteacrimeagainstpersonsorproperty

RequisitesforanimpossiblecrimeunderArticle4(2)

1.thattheactperformedwouldbeanoffenseagainstpersonsorproperty

2.thattheactwasdonewithevilintent

3.that

its

accomplishment

is

inherently

impossible

or

that

the

means

employed

is

either

inadequateorineffectual

4.thattheactperformedshouldnotconstituteaviolationofanotherprovisionoftheRevised

PenalCode

Rapeused tobeacrimeagainstchastity;butbecauseofRA8353, rapewas reclassifiedasacrimeagainst persons, therefore, one can now be held liable for the impossible crime of rape

InPeoplev.Intod,theCourterredinitsdecisionofconsideringtheactsoftheaccusedasanimpossible

crimeunderArt.4(2)of theRPCbecause the4th element/requisite was not satisfied. The acts of the

accusedofshootingatthehouseanddamagingthesame,canconstituteasmaliciousmischief,whichis

a

crime

against

property.

Therefore,

the

accused

should

have

been

charged

with

the

latter

instead

of

findingthemguiltyonlyoftheimpossiblecrimeofmurder.

July4,2011

Q:Whoincurscriminalliability?


22/139




Q:Whatisaproximatecause?

Q:ifthereisacrimeintendedandacrimecommittedisdifferent,whatistheextentofcriminalliability?

Thelesserpenaltywillbeimposed.

Ifthecrimeintendedhasalesserpenalty,thenthatwillbecharged

Ifthecrimecommittedhasalesserpenalty,thenthatwillbecharged

Q:Supposeyouwillrobajeepney,becauseoffear,thepassengerjumpedofanddied,willbeliable?

Yes.BecauseIamcommittingafelony,andIamliableforitseffects.

Q:SupposeAmuraoduringyourrecit,pointedagunatyoubecauseofyourwronganswers,thenyou

collapsedanddied.isamuraoliable?

Yes.Thereisgravethreat

Q:Supposethegunwasatoygun,liable?

Yes,stillliable.Thereisstillthreat

Q:Supposebecauseofyourlowgradeincriminallawreview,youbreakupwithyourboyfriendbeingso

sad,your

bf

collapsed

and

died,

liable?

No.Breakingupisnotafelony

Q:Supposewhileyouandyourboyfriendisdoingtheactitself(doIneedtoelaboratealammona

yan),yourbfcollapsedanddied,willyoubeliable?

No.Theactofhavingsexisnotafelony.

Q:evenifyouarenotmarriedtoeachother?

Yessir

Q:supposeyourbfismarried,areyouliable?

Yes.Concubinage

Q:Supposemanhadsexualintercoursewithmarriedwoman,butthewomanconsented,crime?

Adultery

Article5

Article5(1)Requirements:

1.theactcommittedbytheaccusedappearstobenotpunishablebylaw

2.but

the

court

deems

it

proper

to

repress

such

act

3.inthatcase,thecourtmustrendertheproperdecisionbydismissingthecaseandacquitting

theaccused


23/139




4.thejudgemustthenmakeareporttotheChiefExecutivethroughtheSecretaryofJustice

statingthereasonswhichinducehimtobelievethatthesaidactshouldbemadethesubjectof

penallegislation

BasisforArticle5(1):

Nullemcrimen,nullapoenasinelege. Thereisnocrimeifthereisnolawthatpunishestheact

Whydismiss?Intheabsenceofalawthatwillpunishtheaccused,thejudgecannotimposeapenalty

becausethedutyofthejudgeisonlytointerpretorapplythelaw;thejudgecannotreprimandorcurse

theaccusedbecauseitwouldequatetopubliccensure;thereprimandwouldbeinconsistentwiththe

acquittal

Article5(2)ExcessivePenalties

Q:Whataretherequirements?

1.thecourtaftertrialfindstheaccusedguilty

2.thepenaltyprovidedbylawandwhichthecourtimposesforthecrimecommittedappearsto

beclearlyexcessivebecause:

(a)theaccusedactedwithlesserdegreeofmaliceand/or

(b)thereisnoinjuryortheinjurycausedisoflessergravity

3.thecourtshouldnotsuspendtheexecutionofthesentence

4.thejudgeshouldsubmitastatementtotheChiefExecutivethroughtheSecretaryofJustice,

recommendingexecutiveclemency

ThePresidenthasthepowertograntexecutiveclemency,throughpardon,parole,commutation(reductionofsentence),reprieveoramnesty

Article5(2)maynotbeinvokedincasesinvolvingactsmalaprohibitabecausesaidarticleonlyappliestoactsmalainsebecausetherulingisbasedonthephraseintheprovision,takesinto

considerationthedegreeofmalice

Article6

Q:Whatarethestagesinthecommissionofafelony?

Consummatedafelonyisconsummatedwhenalltheelementsnecessaryforitsexecutionand

accomplishmentarepresent

Frustrated itisfrustratedwhentheoffenderperformsalltheactsforexecutionwhichwould

producethefelonyasaconsequencebut,nevertheless,donotproduceitbyreasonofcauses

independentofthewilloftheperpetrator


24/139




Attemptedthereisanattemptwhentheoffendercommencesthecommissionofthefelony

directlybyovertactsanddoesnotperformalltheactsforexecutionwhichshouldproducethe

felonybyreasonofsomecauseoraccidentotherthanhisownspontaneousdesistance

NOTE:AvailableonlyinRPC.

Q:Giveexampleofeach(consummated,frustrated,attempted)

Q:Whatarethephases?

Subjectivephasefromthetimetheoffendercommencesthecommissionuptothe

performanceofthelastactwherehestillhascontrol;anattemptedfelonyiscommittedwithin

thesubjectivephaseanddoesnotgobeyondthisphase

Objectivephasefrustratedandconsummatedfeloniesarewithintheobjectivephase

(a)frustratedthefelonyiscompletebutstillisstillnotproducedasfarastheoffenderis

concerned

(b)consummatedwhenalltheelementsundertheRevisedPenalCodearepresent

REMEMBER:inArson

(a)consummated=solongasapartofthebuildingisburned,nomatterhowsmall

(b)frustrated =ifonlythecontentsofthebuilding(eg.chairsandtables)areburned

(c)attempted=contentshaventbeenburned

^Intentisalwaysestablished.Kahitpaapprehendedatthetimeotintheactofbringing/getting

gasolineattemptedpadin

^Indeterminatestageintentisnotyetestablished

Q:Supposebuiltincabinets,burnedtheclothesinthecabinet,includingthecabinet?

Consummatedarson,deemedpartofthebldg

Q:Supposing,theaccusedbroughtgasolineintoabuilding,withtheintenttoburnthebuilding,but

wasapprehendedbythesecurityguard;didthecrimeofarsoncommence?

YES,thustheaccusedisliableforattemptedarson,becausethebringingofgasolinewas

alreadyanovertactwhiletheapprehensionwasthereasonotherthanhisownspontaneous

desistance.

Q:Supposing,usingthesamesetoffactsabove,butwithouttheintenttoburnthebuilding,isthere

criminalliability?

NO,infactthereisnocrime,becausetheactswereonlyinanindeterminatestage.

Q:Supposethewhiteboardwasburned?

Whiteboardnotanintegralpart


25/139




Q:whenisthecrimeintheattemptedstage?

IndeterminateStagewedonotknowwhatcrimeisinthemindoftheoffender;thecrimehasnotyetbeendetermined;therearestilltwopossibilitieswhentheaccusedwascaught

AccordingtoProf.Amurao,whenapersonisaccusedofcommittingafelony,wehavetofirstestablishthecrimeinthemindoftheoffendertoestablishthecommencementofthecommissionofthefelony;

otherwise,thesituationwhenhewascaughtwouldbeinanindeterminatestage,whereinthecrime

thattheaccusedintendedtodocouldnotbedetermined

Theft/Robbery

boththesecrimesarecommittedbytakingthepersonalpropertyofanotherand,withthe

intenttogain

thedifferenceisthatinrobbery,thereistheuseofforceorviolence

so

long

as

the

act

stated

in

the

RPC

is

done,

the

crime

is

consummated

itdoesnotmatterhowlongthepropertywasinthepossessionoftheaccused;itdoesnot

matterwhetherthepropertywasdisposedornot;whatmattersiswhetherornottherewas

asportacion=unlawfultaking

momentarypossessionconsummatesthecrimeoftheftorrobbery

returningtheitemtotheownerisimmaterial;hasnoeffecttothecrime

uponconsummationofthecrime,criminalliabilityautomaticallyattaches

Q:youarewalkinginrecto,cellphonewassnatched,butitwasreturntoyou.Whatstage?

Consummated

Q:supposeinaprivatesubdivision,withintenttocommitrobbery,youaretinkeringwiththelockofa

gate,thesecurityguardapprehendedyou.Liable?

Yes.Attemptedrobbery

Q:supposeyouintenttocommitrobbery,thenyouplacealadderatthewallofthehouse,whenyou

placetheladder,youwereapprehended.Liable?

Yes.Attemptedrobbery

Q:ifnointent?

Notliable

Q:accusedtryingtoopenyourcar,problemissilentwiththeintent,mayyoubeliableforattempted

theft?


26/139




No.

Openingthedoorofthecaronlyindeterminatestage

Q:Supposing,theaccusedwastinkeringwiththelockofthegateofaneighborshouse,withoutthe

intenttocommitafelony;isheliableforanything?

NO,

because

the

situation

was

in

an

indeterminate

stage

wherein

it

could

not

be

determined

whattheaccusedintendedtodo

Q:Supposing,theaccusedjumpedoverthefenceintoanotherpersonshousewithouttheintentto

commitrobbery,isheliableforattemptedrobbery?

NO,butheisliableforthecrimeoftrespassing

^Samewitharson,whenaperson isaccusedofcommittingafelony,wehavetofirstestablish

thecrimeinthemindoftheoffendertoestablishthecommencementofthecommissionofthe

felony; otherwise, the situation when he was caught would be in an indeterminate stage,

whereinthecrimethattheaccusedintendedtodocouldnotbedetermined

InPeoplev.Lamahang,theaccusedwasabletoopenoneboardofthedoortoprivaterespondentTanYusstore,whenthepolicecaughthim.TheSCruledthattheaccusedisnotliableforattempted

robberybecausetheintenttorobTanYusstorewasnotestablished,thuswhenaccusedwascaught,

itwasinanindeterminatestage.ButtheCourtheldhimliableforattemptedtrespasstodwelling

InPeoplev.Salvilla,theaccusedwereheldliableforthecrimeofrobberywithseriousillegaldetentionandseriousphysicalinjuries,andnotfrustratedrobbery,evenwithoutphysicaltakingorpossessionof

the money they demanded because the money was within the dominion, which the accused had

controloveranditwaswherethecrimewasbeingcommitted.Duringwholetimewhennegotiations

wentonbetweentheaccusedandthepolice,thecrimeofrobberywasdeemedconsummated

Q:suppose

hold

up

in

agrocery

store,

hold

uppers

asked

the

cashier

to

place

the

money

inside

abag,

no

oneholdthemoney.Isthecrimeconsummated?

Yes.Thereisconstructivecontrol

July5,2011

Crimesinvolvingthetakingofhumanlife/Crimesagainstpersons

thesecrimesarecommittedbykillingaperson(MHPI):

i.Murderkillingapersonwithattendingoraggravatingcircumstances

ii.Homicidekillingapersonwithoutattendingcircumstances

iii.Parricidekillingarelative,i.e.spouse,parent,child,sibling,etc.

iv.Infanticidekillingachildlessthanthree(3)daysold


27/139




evenwithoutintent,themomentthevictimdies,intentispresumedbyoperationoflawand

thecrimeisconsummated

ifthevictimdoesntdiebutthewoundinflictedismortal,itisfrustrated

ifthethereisnointenttokill,butthewoundinflictedismortalorfatal,thecrimeisnoteither

MHPIbutseriousphysicalinjuries

Mortalwhenthewoundinflictedcancausethedeathofthevictim;whendeathwillfollow

forfrustrated&attemptedcases,itisimportanttodetermineintenttokill

Q:Supposing,inacaraccident,theaccusedhitsapersoncausingmortalwounds,butthevictimdoes

notdie,isthedriveraccusedliableforfrustratedhomicide?

NO,heisonlyliableforseriousphysicalinjuries

Rulesoncrimesagainstpersons(MHPI)andthestagesofexecution

1.victim

dies,

with

or

without

the

intention

to

kill,

intent

is

conclusively

presumed

by

operation

oflaw,thecrimeisconsummatedMHPI

2.victimdoesnotdie,withtheintenttokill,mortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis

frustratedMHPI

3.victimdoesnotdie,withtheintenttokill,nonmortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis

attemptedMHPI

4.victimdoesnotdiebecausetherewasonlyanovertactandnowoundwasinflicted,butthere

wasintenttokill,thecrimeisattemptedMHPI

5.victimdoesnotdie,withouttheintenttokill,mortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis

seriousphysicalinjuries

6.victimdoesnotdie,withouttheintenttokill,nonmortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis

lessseriousorslightphysicalinjuries

Illustration:

Death Intent Gravityofthewound Crime

(1) YES presumed ofcoursemortal! ConsummatedMHPI

(2) NO YES mortalwounds FrustratedMHPI

(3) NO YES nonmortalwounds AttemptedMHPI

(4) NO YES overtactonly,nowound AttemptedMHPI


28/139




(5) NO NO mortalwounds Seriousphysicalinjuries

(6) NO NO nonmortalwounds Lessserious/Slight physicalinjuries

InPeople v. Trinidad, the trial courtheld the accused criminally liableof two countsofmurder (for

killingSorianoandLaroa)andfrustratedmurder(forshootingatTan).TheSCmodifiedthedecisionby

ruling that the accused was liable for two counts of murder and attempted murder, notfrustrated,

becausethewoundinflictedonTanwasnotmortalorfatal

InPeoplev.LimSan,thetrialcourtheldtheaccusedcriminallyliableofattemptedmurderforstabbing

KengKin in the lefteye.The SCmodified thedecisionby ruling that theaccused shouldbe liableof

frustratedmurderbecausenotonlywas itestablishedthattherewas intenttokill,butalsothewound

inflictedwasmortal.Itjustsohappenedthatthevictimdidnotdiebecauseofthepromptandefficient

medical assistance given to the victim. The treatmentwas the cause independent of thewillof the

accused.

InMondragon

v.

People,

the

SC

held

that

the

accused

was

only

guilty

of

less

serious

physical

injuries

becausewhentheaccusedandthevictimwerehackingeachotherwiththeirbolos,therewasnointent

tokillonneitherparty;andalsobecausethevictimdidnotdiesincethewoundswerenotmortal

RAPE

thecrimeofrapeisconsummatedbymerepenetrationofthemaleorgan,nomatterhowslight

Q:Supposing,thepenetrationwasonly2millimetersdeep,consummated?

YES,nomatterhowslightthepenetrationis,itisstillconsummated

Q:Supposing,therapewasconsummatedbecausetherewaspenetration,butaccordingtothemedical

examination,

the

victim

was

still

a

virgin,

can

the

accused

still

be

held

liable

for

consummated

rape?

YES,aslongasthereispenetration,therapeisconsummated.

InPeoplev.Orita,themedicalexaminertestifiedthatthevictimwasstillavirginthereforetherapemay

nothavebeenconsummated.ButtheSCruledthatthetestimonyofthevictimherselfshouldbegiven

greaterweightbecausesheherselfcanfeelwhetherornottherewaspenetration.

Instancesofattemptedrape:

whentheskirtofthevictimhasbeenlifted,nomatterwhatposition

whentheaccusedmountedonthebodyofthevictim

when

there

is

epidermal

touching

of

the

genital

organs

of

the

accused

and

the

victim

Thedifferencebetweenattempted rape andacts of lasciviousness is thatwith the former, there is

carnalknowledgeortheintenttohavesexualintercourseisestablished


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Thereisnosuchthingasfrustratedrape;theonlyexceptionwaswhentheSCruledinPeoplev.Eria

that the accused was guilty of frustrated rape. Thereafter, no one has since been held guilty of

frustratedrape.

ESTAFA

the

elements

for

the

crime

of

estafa

are

(1)

deceit,

and

(2)

damage

withoutoneofthetwoelements,estafawouldnotbeconsummated

In US v. Dominguez, the SC ruled that the accused was guilty offrustrated estafa because before

accusedcouldcausedamagebydisposingofthemoneythathedeceitfullytook,hewasapprehended

bytheirstoressupervisor,whichwasthecauseindependentofthewilloftheaccused.

OTHERINSTANCESFORHOMICIDEANDOTHERCRIMES

Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedpullsoutagunthenpointsitatsomeone,whatcrimeis

theaccusedliablefor?

Attemptedhomicide

Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedfiresagunatsomeonebutmisses,whatcrimeisthe

accusedliablefor?Attemptedhomicide

Q:Supposing,usingthesamesetoffacts,butwithouttheintenttokill,whatcrimeistheaccused

liablefor?

forpullingoutthegunandpointingit=gravethreat

forfiringthegun=illegaldischargeoffirearm(obsolete;mustbedeleted)

Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedfiresagunatsomeone,thenaccusedleavesthinkingthat

thevictim

is

already

dead.

The

accused

did

not

know

that

he

missed

because

the

victim

played

dead.

Whatcrimeistheaccusedliablefor?Attemptedhomicide,attemptedbecausetherewasnowound,but

therewasstillintenttokill.Whatisimportantisthattherewasnowound

Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedfiresagunatsomeone,thenaccusedleavesthinkingthat

thevictimisalreadydead.Thevictimishitbutitisnotfatalormortal.Whatcrimeistheaccusedliable

for?StillAttemptedhomicide,becausewhatisimportantistheextentorgravityofthewound.(People

v.Orinaga)

Q: supposeasalesladyinthedepartmentstore,placethejewelryinsideherbag,butthejewelrywas

recoveredbythesecurityguard,crime?

Consummatedqualifiedtheft

Q:willrecoveryaffectthestageofthecommission?

No

Q:Supposethesaleslady,voluntarilyreturned,crime?

Stillqualifiedtheft.


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Takingconsummatesthecrime

Q:supposethesaleslady,soldthejewelryandusedthemoney,crime?

Estafa

Q:

suppose

the

sales

lady,

sold

the

jewelry

and

returned

the

money

at

6pm?

FrustratedEstafa

Q:suppose2crewmembersdiscovered thepresenceofastowawayand theywant toeliminate the

stowaway,sotheydecidedthrowthestowawayinthesea,wherethereissharpobject,butafteryou

leave,afishingvesselwastheretohelpthestowaway,therewasnowound,crime?

Frustratedmurder

INTENTTOKILL

Q:3armarliteshotsneighborbutdidnothit?

Attempted

Q:distinguishfromillegaldischargeoffirearm

Nointenttokill

Q:distinguishfromgravethreat?

Thereisintenttokill

Q:supposethereare99wounds,butnonewasmortal?

Attempted

Q:whatisanovertact?

Somethingyou

see,

feel,

touch

(do

not

relate

to

criminal

offense

at

first)

Article7

Q:Whatarelightfelonies?

Lightfeloniesareinfractionsoflawwhichhavethepunishmentofarrestomenororafinenot

exceeding200pesos

GeneralRule:LightfeloniesarepunishableonlywhentheyhavebeenconsummatedReason:involvesinsignificantmoralandmaterialinjuries;ifnotconsummated,thewrongdoneisso

slightthatapenaltyisunnecessary

Exception:Lightfeloniescommittedagainstpersonsorpropertyarepunishableevenifintheattemptedorfrustratedstage

Reason:presupposesmoraldepravity

Forlightfelonies,theonlyoneswhocanbeheldliablearetheprincipalsandaccomplices.


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Forgraveorlessgravefelonies,thosewhocanbeheldliableareprincipals,accomplicesandevenaccessories,becausethedegreeofthepenaltytobeimposeddependson3factors:

(1)stagesofexecution

(2)thedegreeofparticipation

(3)thepresenceofattendingcircumstances

Q:Whenpunishable?

Onlywhenconsummated

Q:Isthisabsolute?

No.Ifagainstpersonsorproperty

Q:Reason.

Q:Whoshallbecriminally liable?

Principals

Accomplices

NOTACCESSORIES

^Penaltyforaccomplices onedegreelower(censure)

^Penaltyforaccessoriestwodegreeslower(WALANANGLOWEPA.KAYANGAHINDILIABLE

ANGACCESSORIES)

Q:Whoisaprincipal?AnAccomplices?AnAccessories?

Article8

Q:whatisconspiracy?

Conspiracyexistswhentwoormorepersonscometoanagreementconcerningthe

commissionofafelonyanddecidetocommitit

Proposalexistswhenthepersonwhohasdecidedtocommitafelonyproposesitsexecutionto

someotherpersonorpersons

Generalrule:Conspiracyandproposaltocommitafelonyarenotpunishable

Reason:becausetheyaremerepreparatoryacts(Reyes)

Exception:Conspiracyandproposalarepunishableonlyinthecasesinwhichthelawspecially

providesapenaltythereof

Q: giveanexampleofconspiracy&proposal

Q:theeffectsofconspiracy


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Therewillbecollectiveresponsibility

Q:effectofnonestablishmentofconspiracy?

Accusedwillbeliableonlytotheextentofparticipation

Q:

if

established?

Collectiveresponsibilityactofone,actofall

Q:degreeofevidenceneededtoproveconspiracy?

NOTbeyondreasonabledoubt

Sufficientthattheactiscloselyrelatedtothecrime/felonyintendedtocommit

Q:isitnecessarythateachparticipate?

No.Theymusthavecommoncriminaldesign

Q:whatdoyoumeanbycommoncriminaldesign?

Q:what

is

implied

conspiracy?

Q:fromwhatfactorsmayyouimplyconspiracy?

Actsandwordsbeforeandafterthecommissionofthefelony

Q:isitenoughthatthereisanagreementtocommitfelony?

No.theymustexecutetheovertact

Q:howwouldyouknowifcommunityofpurposeexists?

Fromtheactsandremarksoftheaccused

Theremustbeunityofcriminalthough

BEFORE,DURING,

AFTER

acts

of

each

of

the

accused

may

be

separate,

independent

of

each

otherbutmustshowclosepersonalassociation;closelyrelatedtoeachother,thereis

coordination.

Q: ABCDE(robbers)agreedanddecidedtocommitbank robbery.Astayedinthegetawaycar100

metersfromthebank;BlookoutCdisarmthesecurityguardD&Ecommitrobbery.Eshottodeaththe

bankmanager.WillAbeliable forthedeath?

YES.Thereisconspiracy.Actof1,actofall

Q:1,2,3,4,5metinsafehousediscussed,agreedanddecidedtocommitrobbery.Whentheywere

abouttorobthebank,theysawthepolicearoundthebank.Liable?

No.Mereconspiracynotpunishable

Q:5membersofarmydecidedtocommitcoupdetat,metinsafehousetodiscussplan,liable?

Yes.Conspiracytocommitcoupdetatispunishable

Q:distinguish conspiracyasafelonyandasmannerofincurringcriminalliability.

FELONYRPCpunishesmereconspiracy


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LIABILITYTheremustbeoveract

Q:1,2,3,4,5,agreedtocommitafelonywhenaboutto meetthenextmorning.5didnotarrivefor

emergencypurposes.1,2,3,4committhefelonyandwascaught.Isnumber5liable?

No.Heisnotaconspirator.

A

conspirator

must

agree,

decide

and

execute

the

over

act

5wasnotpresent

Q:suppose5drovefor1,2,3,4butwenthomeearly.Liable?

Yes.Drivingalreadyanovertact

Q:suppose5wasnotthedriver,buthewassittiginfrontofthevan,thenafteralightingwenthome,

liable?

No.Thereisnoovertact(pasaherolangsiyasavan)

^GeneralRuleifnotpresentinthesceneofthecrimeNOliability

^Exceptionspresenceistoprovideformoralsupportortoensurecommissionofthefelony

Casesofconspiracypunishablebylaw

(i)Article115oftheRPCConspiracytocommittreason

(ii)Article136Conspiracytocommitcoupdetat,rebellionorinsurrection

(iii)Article141Conspiracytocommitsedition

(iv)Article186Monopoliesandcombinationsinrestraintoftrade

(v)Conspiracytocommitterrorism undertheHumanSecurityAct(RA9372)

(vi)Conspiracy

to

commit

crimes

under

the

Comprehensive

Dangerous

Drugs

Act

(RA

9165)

Casesofproposalpunishablebylaw

(i)Proposaltocommittreason

(ii)Proposaltocommitcoupdetat,rebellionorinsurrection

thereisnocrimeofproposaltocommitsedition

Q:Whatisthelegaleffectofthepresenceofconspiracy?

theactofoneistheactofall,meaningeveryonewhoparticipatedisequallyliable;thereis

collectiveresponsibility

Forconspiracy,takenoteofthewordagreementAgreementmaybeoralorwritten,expressorimplied


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Itistheburdenoftheprosecutiontoprovetheexistenceofconspiracythroughcircumstantialevidenceunlessthereisaconfessionorwrittenagreement,whichisseldombecausecriminalswillusuallydeny

theirparticipationorthecommissionofthecrime

Q:WhatisImpliedConspiracy?

Implied

conspiracy

can

be

inferred

from

the

acts

of

the

perpetrators/accused

before,

during

orafterthecommissionofthecrime

Q:Howabouttheuseofwords,remarksorlanguageoftheperpetrators,canconspiracystillbe

ascertainedorestablished?YES

Q:Maytherebeconspiracywhentheperpetratorsperformseparate,distinctandindependentactsin

thecommissionofacrime?YES

Q:Maytherebeconspiracyevenifotherconspiratorsdonotknowwhotheotherconspiratorsare?YES

*InPeoplev.Manlolo,itwasheldthattherewasimpliedconspiracyonthepartoftheaccusedbecause

theywere

acting

in

concert,

one

performing

an

act,

the

other

doing

another

act,

all

aimed

at

the

same

object

Ruleondeterminingwhetherthereisconspiracy

basedonthe(1)actsdonebefore,duringorafterthecommissionofthecrime,or,basedon

the(2)words,remarksorlanguageusedbefore,duringorafterthecommissionofthecrime,it

isnecessarytodetermineaftertheseactsweredonewhethertheconspiratorshadthe

following:

1.concertedaction 3.communityofpurpose

2.commoncriminaldesign 4.jointcriminalobjective

allofwhicharegearedtowardstheattainmentofthefelonyorcrime

Suggestedcasesforconspiracyonthisrule

Peoplev.Salcedo;Peoplev.Briones;Medija,Jr.v.Sandiganbayan

Q:Supposing,onlyminoractsweredone,willtheactorstillbeliable?YES

Q:Supposing,therewasnoconspiracy,whatwillhappen?Theperpetratorsofthecrimewillbe

individuallyliabledependingtheextentofthedegreeofeachonesparticipation

InPeoplev.Agapinay,theSCruledthattherewasnoconspiracyincommissionofthemurderbecause

theincident

was

only

aspur

of

the

moment

or

in

this

case,

achance

stabbing,

which

cannot

be

considered conspiracy, thus they were held individually liable, some as principals and some as

accomplicesonly


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Q:Supposing,therewasonlymerepresenceofapersonwhenthecrimewasbeingcommitted,willhe

beliable?

NO,thatpersonnotparticipatingshallnotbeliablebecausehedidnotperformanyovertact;

thereshouldbeanovertacttoestablishtheparticipationandliabilityofaperson

Q:

Supposing,

the

persons

presence

when

the

crime

was

being

committed

was

to

provide

was

to

providemoral support, or to persuade the participants from performing the acts constituting the

crime,willhebeliable?

YES,inbothcasesthepersonshallbeheldcriminallyliable

Inorder tohold someonecriminally liable, inaddition tomerepresence, there shouldbeovertacts

that are closelyrelated and coordinated to establish thepresenceof common criminaldesign and

communityofpurposeinthecommissionofthecrime.

In People v. Taaca, the SC ruled to acquit Regalado because there was no evidence to prove that

RegaladoassistedhisbrotherHerminiointhekillingofAlfredoGabuat;therewasnoprooftoshowthat

Regaladospresencewasaccompaniedbyovertactsforthecommissionofthecrimeandthattherewas

noproof

of

conspiracy

between

the

Taaca

brothers.

InPeoplev.DeLaCruz,theSCalsoruledthatthemerepresenceoftheGalaweyswerenotenoughto

prove that they conspired to the commission of the crime despite the fact Galawey had a grudge

againstoneofthevictims;hisparticipationinaconspiracycannotbeassumedespeciallywhennoacts

bytheGalaweysprovedtobeconnectedwiththecrime.

InPeoplev.Manero,however,theSCruledthateventhoughtheaccusedappellantswerenotpresent

intheactualcommissionofthecrimes, itwasestablishedthattheymet inaneateryandconspiredto

liquidatecommunistsympathizers;thereforetheywerestillheldcriminallyliable.

Q:Supposing,

one

person

desisted

from

participating

in

the

actual

crime

and

instead

decided

to

stay

insidethegetawaycartowaitfortheothers,isheliable?

YES,heisstillliabledespitedesistancetoparticipateintheactualcrimebecausehecanstill

assisttheotherswiththeescapeusingthegetawaycar

Q:Supposing,whilecommittingthecrimeofrobbery,anadditionalcrimewascommittedthatwasnot

partoftheoriginalplan,eg.homicide;canalltheparticipantsbeconvictedofthecrimeofrobberywith

homicide,eventhoughsomeofthemperformedveryminoracts(i.e.lookoutsordrivers,etc)?

YES,theycanallbeheldliableforthatsamecrime,becauseitisnotrequiredthatallthe

participantsperformeachandeverydetailinthecommissionofthecrime;aslongastheacts

performedarecloselycoordinatedandthattheyhavethesamecriminalpurpose.

Q:merepresencewillonebeacoconspirator?

No

Q:presencetogivemoralsupport?

Liable


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Acts before separateanddistinct concertedaction

Impliedconspiracy during closenessassociation, commoncriminaldesign

Coordination,personal

words,

after

association

with

each

other

community

of

crimes

remarks

jointcriminalobjective

Article9

Q:Howdoyouclassifyfelonies?

AccordingtoPenalty

1.GraveFeloniesthosethatthelawattachesthecapitalpunishmentorpenaltiesthatare

afflictivebasedonArticle25oftheRPC

2.Less

Grave

Felonies

those

that

the

law

punishes

with

penalties

whose

maximum

periods

are

correctional

3.Lightfeloniesinfractionsoflawthatarepunishablebyarrestomenororfines

Illustration:Death

Gravefelonies ReclusionPerpetua afflictivepenalties

ReclusionTemporal

PrisionMayor

PrisionCorreccional

Lessgravefelonies ArrestoMayor correctionalpenalties

Suspension

Destierro

ArrestoMenor

Lightfelonies Fines lightpenalties

PublicCensure

TheclassificationinArticle25oftheRPCassumessignificanceonArticle91oftheRPConPrescription:


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TherearetwootherswhicharefoundelsewhereintheprovisionsoftheRevised

PenalCode:

(1)Absolutorycause;and

(2)Extenuatingcircumstances.

In

justifying

and

exempting

circumstances,

there

is

no

criminal

liability.

When

an

accused

invokes

them,

heineffectadmitsthecommissionofacrimebuttriestoavoidtheliabilitythereof.Theburdenisupon

him to establish beyond reasonable doubt the required conditions tojustify or exempt his actsfrom

criminalliability.Whatisshiftedisonlytheburdenofevidence,nottheburdenofproof.

Article 11

Q:Whatisajustifyingcircumstances?

JustifyingCircumstancesarethosewheretheactofapersonissaidtobeinaccordancewith

lawsothatsuchpersonisdeemednottohavetransgressedthelawandisfreefromcriminal

andcivilliability

Q:Istherecivilliability?Generallyno,exceptinArticle11(4)

Q:Whatelementofvoluntarinessislacking?

Intent;withoutintent,thereisnovoluntariness;withoutvoluntariness,thereisnofelony;

withoutafelony,thereisnocriminalliabilitybecausethereisnocrime

Article11,par1SelfDefense

Q:WhataretheElementsofSelfdefense?

1.UnlawfulAggressiononthepartoftheoffendedparty

2.Reasonable

Necessity

of

the

Means

Employed

by

the

person

defending

3.LackofSufficientProvocationonthepartofthepersondefending

Q:Whatmaybethesubjectofselfdefense?

Person,right,property,honororhome

(i)defenseofpersonthereisdangertothelifeorlimboftheperson

(ii)defenseofrights

(iii)defenseofpropertyshouldbecoupledwithdangertotheperson

(iv)defenseofhonor

Q:Burdenofproofinselfdefense?

burdenlies

with

the

defense

Q:Howisselfdefenseestablished?

throughclearandconvincingevidence

Q:Istheaccusedrequiredtoadmithavingkilledthevictim?


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whenthedefenseinvokes,selfdefense,defenseofarelative,ordefenseofastranger,becausethe

accusedmustalwaysadmitfirstthefactofkillingthevictim,thustheburdenisliftedfromthe

prosecutionandshiftstothedefense

Iftheevidenceforbothsidesisweak,theaccusedwillbeacquittedTheprosecutionsweaknessiscuredwhenthedefenseinvokes,selfdefense,defenseofarelative,or

defenseofastrangerbecausethereisanadmissionofthekilling

Iftheevidenceofthedefenseisnotclearandconvincing,convictionwillbesure,assurethesunrisesattheEast

Theadmissioninvolvedisonlyanadmissionoffacts,backedupbyclearandconvincingevidence;itnotanadmissionofguilt,becauseifso,theCourtcanstoptheprosecutionandrenderjudgment

TheCourtshouldputitselfintheshoesoftheaccusedduringthetimewhentheaccusedallegedlydefendedhimself

Q:Supposing,afteryouwrestedtheknifefromtherobber(whoistheobviousaggressorinthiscase),

therobber/aggressorrunsaway,istherestillunlawfulaggression?

NO,whentheaggressorfleesunlawfulaggressionnolongerexists;andifyoustillkillthe

aggressorinthissituation,selfdefensecannotbeinvokedanymore

Q:Supposing,usingthesamefactsmentionedearlier,buttheretreatoftheaggressorwaswiththe

purposetotakeamoreadvantageouspositionortogetamoreeffectiveweapon,toinsurethesuccess

ofhisattack,istherestillunlawfulaggression?

YES,whenthepurposeofretreatingistotakeamoreadvantageouspositionortodosomething

toinsure

the

success

of

his

attack,

unlawful

aggression

is

continuing,

therefore

the

danger

is

stillcontinuing;inthiscase,theaccusedorthepersondefendinghimself,doesnothavetowait

fortheaggressortogetanotherweapon

Q:Supposing,thereisanagreementtofightorachallengetofightwasaccepted,isthereunlawful

aggressionononeoftheparties?

NO,thereisnounlawfulaggressioninagreementstofightbecauseselfdefensecannotinvoked

sincebothpartiesareassailantandassaulted

Q:Supposing,usingthesamefactsabove,thereisagreement,butoneofthepartiesattackstheother

evenbeforetheagreedtimearrives,isthereunlawfulaggression?

YES,

when

the

attack

is

made

ahead

of

the

time

agreed

upon,

there

is

unlawful

aggression

Q:Supposing,theaggressorusedatoygunandthepersondefendinghimselfkilledtheaggressor,

believingthatthegunwasreal,ishestillcriminallyliable?

NO,assumingclearandconvincingevidenceisprovided,andthattheaccusedbelievedthe

weapon/guntobereal,thenhonestmistakeoffactwhileinselfdefensecanbeinvoke


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ReasonableNecessityoftheMeansEmployed thereisacontinuingnecessitytoeliminatethedanger

involvestwoelements:

1.necessityforthecourseofaction,necessitytoeliminatedanger

2.necessityofthemeansemployedtopreventorrepelthatdanger

BothshouldbereasonableItisnotnecessarytohavematerialequalityormaterialcommensurabilitybetweenthedangerandthemeansemployedtopreventorrepelthatdanger

Indeterminingreasonablemeans,thesomefactsandcircumstancescanbeconsideredasfactors,suchas:

1.emergencytowhichthepersondefendinghimselfhasbeenexposedto

2.presenceofimminentdanger

3.impelledbytheinstinctofselfpreservation

4.natureoftheweaponusedbytheaccusedcomparedtotheweaponoftheaggressor

5.sizeand/orphysicalcharacteroftheaggressorcomparedtotheaccusedandother

circumstancesthatcanbeconsideredshowingdisparitybetweenaggressorandaccused

Factors: age, size, location, other circumstances, character or nature of weapon,physical character,

reputation

Q:WhatisLackofSufficientProvocation?

sufficientprovocationshouldcomefromthepersondefendinghimself/accused

sufficientprovocationshouldimmediatelyprecedetheaggression

Insultinganotherorcommittingoraldefamationisconsideredsufficientprovocation

achallengetofightisconsideredsufficientprovocation

Q:Whenisprovocationsufficient?

proportionatetotheactofaggressionandadequatetostirtheaggressortoitscommission

Q:Whohasthedutytoproveelementsofselfdefense?

Accused

Q:Whatistheeffectofclaimofselfdefensesonburdenoftheprosecution?

Shiftingtheburdenofproof

Prosecutionisrelievedofitsdutytoproveguiltofaccused

Q:Mayaccusedbeconvictedevenifevidenceofprosecutionisweak?

Yes,iftheselfdefensenotestablishedby clearandconvincingevidence

Q:doesadmissionofguiltamountstoconfessionofguilt?

No.Onlyanadmissionoffact

Accusedmustestablishtheelementwhichismissingtoprovethatheisnotguilty

Q:Whatarethelegaleffects


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Confessionofguiltnonecessityfortrial,excepttoprovemitigating&aggravating

circumstances

Admissionoffactnecessityfortrial

Q:Maytherebeselfdefenseevenwithoutunlawfulaggression?

No.

UA

is

the

foundation

Q:howaboutinincompleteselfdefense?

No.UAisalwaysanindispensableelementofselfdefense,whethercompleteorincomplete

Throughreasonablemeans

Reasonable(needstoeliminatethedanger)

Underinstinctofselfpreservation

(Life&Limb)Thereisdanger(actual,real,imminent)notmerelyimaginary,fanciful,false

UnlawfulAggression, sudden,unprovoked,illegalattack

DefendingProperty

Defenseofpropertyshouldbecoupledwithdangertothepersondefendingoneself;ifthereisnodangertothepersonortheperson'slifeorlimb,defenseofpropertycannotbeinvoked.

Q:In

defending

property,

when

is

killing

the

aggressor

justified?

*Necessityofunlawfulaggression(uponthepersondefendinghisproperty)

*Mustbecoupledwithanattackonyourownperson

*Suchacase,youarenotdefendingyourownproperty,butyourown person?

DefenseofOWNpropertynotOFproperty

Q:Supposehittingonlythelowerportionofthebody,notkillingtheaggressor,defenseofproperty,

maybeclaimed?

YES.Aslongasnottotheextentofkilling

^pagnapataymo,dapatmayassaultonyourownperson,righttolifeissuperiortorightto

property

Q:Supposing,usingaknife,someoneslashedyourbagtogetitscontents,afterwhichyouwereableto

wresttheknifefromhim,andyoustabbedhim,causinghimtodie,canyouinvokedefenseofproperty?

NO,becausetherewasnoimminentdangertoyourlifeorlimbsinceyoualreadyhavecontrolof

theknife


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NOTES BY:Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (20

amurao notes 01

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