an adventure in thinking geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP Human Geography:An Adventure in
Thinking Geographically
CLICK
![Page 2: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What Is Geography?
On your globe:
•Write your definition of geography
• ID a place you want to learn about
• ID a contemporary geographic issue that interests you
![Page 3: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Defining Geography
word coined by Erathosthenes, a Greek scholar•geo = Earth•graphia = writing
so…•geography means “earth writing”
Note! Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century
Erathosthenes is known as the “Father of Geography”
![Page 4: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Geography is BOTH Physical and Human!
![Page 5: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Right Here… Right Now
many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise in memorizing place names
but…
geography exists in global issues such as •population growth
•terrorism
•cultural diffusion
•immigration
CLICK!
![Page 6: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Thinking Like A Geographer
ASK “where,” then “why there?”
DIFFERENTIATE between location and distribution
EXPLORE the impacts of globalization on local diversity
CATEGORIZE as physical geography or human geography
BE CURIOUS ABOUT YOUR WORLD!
![Page 7: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Spatial Perspective
our geographic framework that looks at
• the locations of specific features
•how and why that feature is where it is
•and how it is spatially related to features in other places
![Page 8: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Geography vs History
Geographers… Historians…
ID the location of important places and explain why human activities are located beside one another
ID the dates of important events and explain why human activities follow one another chronologically
Ask WHERE and WHY THERE Ask WHEN and WHY THEN
Recognize that actions at different points on Earth have important cause and effect consequences
Recognize that actions in time have a cause and effect implications
Think spatially Think chronologically
AND…geographers have the advantage of real-time, hands-on exploration and fieldwork!
![Page 9: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
![Page 10: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Key Issue 1:
How Do Geographers Describe Where Things
Are?
![Page 11: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How Do You Use Maps in“Everyday” Life?
2 Minute TNT… Turn and Talk
Share, Listen, Ask a Question
SWITCH and REPEAT
Stay on Task!
Watch our ideas EXPLODE!
![Page 12: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Geography’s Essential Tools
Maps have purposes:
•as reference tools to find locations, to find one’s way
•as communication tools to show the distribution of human and physical features
THINK ABOUT IT… maps both REPRESENT and CREATE our reality of the world
![Page 13: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Early Mapmaking
Oldest KNOWN maps:
7th century BCE plan for the town of Catalhöyök (Turkey)
6th century BCE world map depicting ancient Babylon area surrounded by water with the in the center.
![Page 14: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
But Wait! There’s More!
Many cartographers think humans have been mapping their locations for much longer!
Are these also maps?
![Page 15: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
MAPPING OUR WORLD
![Page 16: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cartography
the art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design… maps as reference tools
cartographers are also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns… maps as communication tools
![Page 17: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
World Geographic Grid
Latitude Longitude
Parallel Meridian
Prime Meridian
International Date Line
Equator
GMT
KNOW
THESE!
![Page 18: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Absolute Location
The absolute location of any place can be described by longitude and latitude- meridians and parallels
![Page 19: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
San Antonio on the Geographic Grid
Latitude:
29° 25' 26" N
Longitude:
98° 29' 35" W
![Page 20: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Map
a visual representation of the earth’s surface-
OR
any other observable occurrence- that occurs in the real world
![Page 21: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Map Scale
the degree to which a map “zooms in” on the area it is representing
cartographers represent a portion of the earth on every map- scale determines what is seen and unseen
![Page 22: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
For Example…
1 inch on a map may equal 10 miles in the real world… that scale can be written as 1 inch = 10 miles
scale can also be indicated as a fraction: 1/10 miles or as a ratio 1:10 miles
any way it’s written means1 inch on the map equals 10 miles in the real world
![Page 23: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
THIS IS THE TRICKY PART!
the more “zoomed in” the map is on an area, the larger is its map scale large-scale maps depict a smaller area
the less “zoomed in” the map is on an area, the smaller is its scalesmall-scale maps depict a larger area
![Page 24: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Scale
NOTE!
map scale affects both spatial association and spatial perspective… THINK about scale and what it shows- and doesn’t show!
![Page 25: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Scale Differences and Spatial Perspective Maps of Florida
What do you see/not see at different scales?
The effects of scale in maps of Florida. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000)
![Page 26: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Reference Map
shows locations of places and geographic features
![Page 28: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Thematic Maptells a “story” about the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution, or its movement
![Page 29: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Topographic Map (Isopleth)
isolines- lines on a map depicting areas of same or like values
isolines (contour lines) depict where the same elevation exists
the interval of a contour map shows the difference in elevation between contour lines
![Page 30: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Proportional Symbols Map
uses symbols of different sizes to represent data
![Page 31: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Dot Map
a dot is used to locate each occurrence of a phenomenon
dots indicate any number of characteristics, for example, one dot for every 100 voters
Military families
in Ohio
![Page 32: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Choropleth Mapshows statistical data aggregated over predefined regions, such as counties or states, by coloring or shading these regions
![Page 33: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cartogram
substitutes a thematic variable for land area or distance… the geometry or space of these maps is distorted in order to convey the information
![Page 34: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cool Cartograms
![Page 35: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Location Chart
adds text or statistical information to a map
![Page 36: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Visualization Map
uses software to create dynamic computer maps (some are 3D or interactive)
![Page 37: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mental Map
also called a cognitive map
maps drawn from memory
MENTAL MAPPING is a key skill in AP HUG! You will never see a labeled map on a test!
![Page 38: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, usually from aircraft or satellites
Modern Cartography: GIScience
![Page 39: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
GIS map
(GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information
GIS uses thematic layers to help geographers identify relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts
![Page 40: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
GIS Mash-upsCombining Data in New Ways
![Page 42: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Satellite Maps
![Page 43: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Global Positioning System Maps (GPS)
space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth
works where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
maintained by the U.S. government
is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver
![Page 44: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Modern Tools or Paper Maps?
Interested ? Read More…A Career in Cartography
Pass out Article???
![Page 46: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
MAP PROJECTIONS
![Page 47: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Earth is
ROUND!
![Page 48: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The “Orange Peel” Problem
transforming something spherical into something flat is impossible… a 2-D map will never exactly represent a 3D world!
geographers use numerous map projections to produce a variety of maps… for a variety of uses
![Page 49: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Trouble with 2D
All flat maps have some distortion in their representation of:•Shape
•Area
•Distance
•Direction
![Page 50: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Types of Projections
equal-area projections: maps that maintain area but distort other properties
conformal projections: maps that maintain shape but distort other properties
azimuthal projections: maps that maintain direction but distort other properties
equidistant projections: maps that maintain distance but distort other properties
![Page 51: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Mercator Projection
Characteristics:
•all lines are at 90 degree angles
•simplest to read
•accurate direction
•distorted size, distance, shape
Geography as a political statement… that we should refocus our attention to the tropics, home to large landmasses and many of the world’s poorest countries.
![Page 52: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Mercator Projection
useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction, longitude, and latitude
most accurate in the tropics
(from Cancer to Capricorn)
most distortion at the North and
South Poles- the poles appear
oversized
![Page 53: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Mercator… Meet Google!
the Mercator projection has been revived in recent years to meet the needs of digital mapping- for street-level maps, you can’t beat Mercator!
straight lines always represents a consistent direction and a rectangular building will appear as a rectangle
![Page 54: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Peters Projection
attempts to retain all the accurate sizes of all the world’s landmasses
distorts the shape of the continents especially near the poles
![Page 55: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Robinson Projectionlines of longitude are curved
shapes at the poles are flat and not as distorted
most accurate at the equator
most distortion around the outer edges
![Page 56: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Robinson Projection
attempts to balance several possible projection errors
does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each
used by National Geographic and many textbooks
![Page 57: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Interrupted Projection
seek a compromise by “cutting” Earth’s surface along lines, then depicting each section as a or lobe (orgore.Often lobe boundaries are designed to fall on less important (regarding the map's purpose) areas, like oceans.longer have any meaning.
![Page 58: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Polar ProjectionCharacteristics:
•distances and direction are accurate from the center along the longitude lines
•size and shape are accurate at the center of the map
•most accurate at the poles
•most distortion around the outer edges
•used for navigation of air planes (Great Circle Routes)
![Page 59: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Types of Map Projections
CLICK TO LEARN MORE!
![Page 60: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Why Does Projection Matter?
•Different projections have different uses
•Perception of our world cultural equality
•Think about it… is projection more apparent on small or large-scale maps? WHY?
CLICK TO LEARN MORE!
![Page 61: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
REMEMBER!
Be aware of projection- what aspects of the map are represented accurately, and which are distorted — and are those choices appropriate to what’s being communicated?
There is no perfect projection, but there aren’t necessarily any bad ones, either — just bad uses of them!
![Page 62: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Learn More
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4wgFSHZXBg&list=PLSfHj8toBl19xfQnz3EcC23PGQ8FR0ywj&index=7
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AI36MWAH54s&index=4&list=PLnb7trVkQzM_-3aRhQ6q1lG_40i6MM1JZ
![Page 63: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Can You…
•Compare key geographers and ID their contributions?
•Explain the tools of modern cartographers?
![Page 64: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Looking Critically at Maps
Every cartographer makes choices when making a map… look carefully!
What is included? What is left off? What is distorted?
![Page 65: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
World Time Zones
The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection.
CLICK TO LEARN MORE
CLICK TO LEARN MORE!
Time zones are 15° apart
360 ° divided by 15 °= 24
![Page 66: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Can You…
•Explain scale and why it matters?
•Explain map projections and ID most commonly used?
•Use the geographic grid to locate places?
•Explain the development and use of time zones?
![Page 67: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Key Issue 2:
Why Is Each Place on Earth Unique?
![Page 68: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Place: Unique Location of Features
•Toponyms (place names)
•Site
•Situation
ASK…What combination of physical and human features makes this place different?
![Page 69: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Place Names - Toponyms
•Longest name in US-comes from the Algonquian language
•Longest name in Europe- means “St. Mary’s Church” in Welsh
![Page 70: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Naming San Antonio
CLICK the picture for primary sources that explain how we got our toponym.
![Page 71: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
A Place By Any Other Name…
Toponyms are often reflect
1. migration history OR indigenous peoples
2. values and aspirations
3. specific events (positive or negative)
or people
4. physical characteristics of the area
5. inaccurate or deceptively description of
physical characteristics
![Page 72: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Site: Lower Manhattan Island
Site of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. There have been many changes
to the area over the last 200 years.
Site (physical characteristics) of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. There have been many changes to the area over the last 200 years.
1650
1800
1965
1980
![Page 73: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Situation: Singapore
Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade. It has a positive relative location for global economics.
![Page 74: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
• Cultural landscape• Types of regions• Regional integration of culture• Cultural ecology
Regions: Areas of Unique Characteristics
![Page 75: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Regional Studies: The Cultural Landscape
•A unique combination of social relationships and physical processes
•Each region = a distinctive landscape
•People = the most important agents of change to Earth’s surface
![Page 76: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Physical Processes
•Climate
•Vegetation
•Soil
•Landforms
These four processes are important for understanding human activities
![Page 77: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Regions: A Unique Area
Formal (uniform) regions• all people share a common, predominant
characteristic
Functional (nodal) regions• organized around a single focal point
Vernacular (cultural) regions• exist because people believe it
ASK…
• What distinctive characteristics do these places share?
![Page 78: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Formal Regions
![Page 79: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Functional Regions
The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of
various television stations are examples of functional regions.
![Page 80: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Airline Route Networks
Delta Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a
“hub and spoke” system.
![Page 81: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Vernacular Regions
A number of factors are often used to define the South as a vernacular region,
each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.
![Page 82: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Perceptual Regions: Texas
![Page 83: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Election 2008: “Regional” Differences
Be careful! Do not overlook the differences within regions!Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences within regional voting patterns.
McCainMcCain
ObamaObama
![Page 84: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Culture
Origin from the Latin cultus, meaning “to care for”
Two aspects:• what people care about:
beliefs, values, and customs
• what people take care of-earning a living, obtaining food, clothing, and shelter
![Page 85: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Spatial Association at Various Scales
Death rates from cancer in the U.S., Maryland, and Baltimore show different patterns that can identify associations with different factors.
![Page 86: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Can You…
•ID ways geographers use toponyms to learn more about place??
•Differentiate between site and situation?
•Explain the 3 different types of regions?
•Define culture?
•Explain the uses of regional scale?
![Page 87: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Key Issue 3:
Why Are Different Places Similar?
![Page 88: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Similarity of Different Places
Scale: From local to global• Globalization of economy• Globalization of culture
Space: Distribution of features• Density• Concentration• Pattern• Cultural Identity in space and thought
Connections between places• Diffusion• Spatial interaction
![Page 89: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Globalization of the Economy•global movement of money made easier by improvements in electronic communication
• rise and role of transnational corporations
•corporations identify local assets for suitability
•global investment flows
• local specialization in location of production
![Page 90: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Recession of 2008
•1st time there has been a GLOBAL recession
•Resulted from a “burst” of the housing bubble in USA, but affected many other countries
•Crisis spread to other parts of the country as people had less money to spend
![Page 91: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Globalization of the Economy
The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional
headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.
![Page 92: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Globalization of Culture
•elements of culture
• customary beliefs
• social forms
• material traits
![Page 93: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Costs and Benefits:Globalization of Culture
• fewer local differences
•enhanced communications and knowledge
•unequal access
•maintenance of local traditions
•greater range of products
![Page 94: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Distribution Properties:The Arrangement of Features in Space
The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may each
vary in an area or landscape.
three types of distribution:
•density• concentration• pattern
![Page 95: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Densitythe frequency with which something occurs
involves 2 measures:
• frequency and land area
![Page 96: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Concentrationthe extent of a features spread over an area
dispersed- spread out
clustered- close together
geographers use concentration to show changes in distribution
REMEMBER! Density and concentration are different!
![Page 97: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000
The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates
the differences between density and concentration.
![Page 98: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Pattern
the geometrical arrangement of features in space
many places use a geometrical or grid system, other are random
A, B, C… 1, 2, 3… That’s How Easy Maps Can Be!
![Page 99: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785
established townships, sections, and range system•township = 6 sq. miles on each side•north–south lines = principal meridians
•east–west lines = base lines
![Page 100: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Township and Range System in the U.S.
Principal meridians and east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in northwest
Mississippi and topographic map of the area.
![Page 101: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Cultural Identity
Distribution Across Space
•behavioral geography-emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological reasons people make decisions
•humanistic geography- emphasizes the different ways that we perceive our environment
![Page 102: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
The Use and Perception of Space
•gender and ethnicity color the way we see/use space
•different people value space differently
•poststructuralist geography emphasizes the need to understand multiple perspectives regarding space, and concentrate on those people(s) traditionally under-represented in cultures.
![Page 103: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
The Heart of Geography“A deep respect for the dignity of all cultural groups lies at the heart of geography’s understanding of space.”
Rubenstein, page 25
![Page 104: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Diffusion• the movement of people, ideas, and information between places
• regions can possess similarities based upon characteristics that spread from one place to another over time
•hearth-an area where an innovation originates, and is embraced
![Page 105: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Two Big Categories of Diffusion
• relocation diffusion
•expansion diffusion ( 3 types)–hierarchical diffusion
–contagious diffusion
–stimulus diffusion
![Page 106: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Relocation Diffusion
map shows the distribution of euro coins minted outside France
![Page 107: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Relocation Diffusion
international trade has driven relocation diffusion for centuries…
•the silk road
•columbian exchange
•modern transnational corporations
![Page 108: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Expansion Diffusionhierarchical- from bigger/more powerful to smaller/less powerful
contagious- rapid and widespread
stimulus- the underlying idea spreads, rather than the exact characteristic or item
![Page 109: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
AIDS Diffusion in the U.S., 1981–2001
New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in 1981. They spread through
the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.
![Page 110: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Spatial Interaction
•interdependence exists among places based upon the degree of spatial interaction.
• it is established through the movement of people, ideas, and objects between regions.
![Page 111: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Spatial Interaction
• transportation networks
•electronic communications and the “death” of geography?
•distance decay
![Page 112: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Space-Time Compression1492–1962
The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how
transport improvements have shrunk the world.
![Page 113: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Can You…
•ID ways geographers use toponyms to learn more about place??
•differentiate between site and situation?
•explain the 3 different types of regions?
•define culture?
•explain the uses of regional scale?
![Page 114: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Key Issue 4:
Why Are Some Human Actions Not
Sustainable??
![Page 115: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Sustainability and Resources
the use of Earth’s natural resources in ways that ensure availability in the future
![Page 116: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
BLAH
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
![Page 117: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Resources are Part of BLAH
![Page 118: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Types of Resources
nonrenewable
renewable
alternative/inexhaustible resources
![Page 119: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
What’s the Difference?
conservation
preservation
sustaianability
![Page 120: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
3 Pillars of Sustainability
•Environmental- is it good for the PLANET?
•Economic- is it good for business?
Society- do PEOPLE support the action?
![Page 121: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
What Next?
•some environmental groups believe too much damage has been done.
•others believe that positive environmental decisions can still be made
•key to success- an international approach between developed and undeveloped countries and an equitable approach to the distribution of resources.
![Page 122: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Cultural Ecology
the geographic study of human–environment relationships has two perspectives:
• Environmental determinism- the physical environment causes social development
• Possibilism-the physical environment may limit some human activity, but people have the ability to adjust to their physical surroundings
![Page 123: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
The Verdict Is…
Modern geographers generally reject environmental determinism in favor of possibilism
POSSIBILISM
![Page 124: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
The NetherlandsBuilding a Sustainable Ecosystem
“God Made the Earth, but the
Dutch made the Netherlands.”
•Polders and dikes have modified the country: polders are farmland, dikes hold back the sea
•The Dutch are returning lands to wetland biomes, reducing use of pesticides/fertilizers, and expanding solar and wind technologies.
![Page 125: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
The NetherlandsSustainable Ecosystem
Polders and dikes have been used for extensive environmental modification in
the Netherlands.
![Page 126: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
South FloridaBuilding an Unsustainable Ecosystem
Straightening the Kissimmee River has had many unintended side effects.
•draining of everglades
•levee around lake okeechobee
•growing population
•pollution from commercial farming and ranching
![Page 127: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
LOCAL GLOBAL
Thinking Geographically
Think and act both global and local!
ALL scales- from local to global- are important depending on the issue!
![Page 128: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Can You…
•differentiate between renewable and nonrenewable resources?
•describe the 4 physical spheres that combine to make earth’s environment?
•differentiate between environmental determinism and possibilism?
•id real-life examples of sustainable and non-sustainable human activity?
![Page 129: An Adventure in Thinking Geographicallymrreinhard.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/7/50974185/... · Erathosthenes’ map exists today only as a reconstruction from the 19th Century ... distance,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041719/5e4d9965bfaf8147f2401a23/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Quiz Yourself!
Quizlet 1 Quizlet 2
These questions are
from an older edition
of our text- it is not a
perfect match for our
class, but MOST of
the questions will help
you review!