An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism,

1894 - 1914

Toward the Modern Consciousness: Developments in the Sciences

Science offers certaintyThought science would give complete understanding of the world and accurate picture of reality

Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906)RadiationAtoms

Max Planck (1858-1947)Energy radiated discontinuously

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)Theory of relativityFour dimensional space-time continuumEnergy of the atom

Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)Glorifies the irrational

• Claimed humans at the whim of irrational life forces

“God is dead”• Blame on Christianity

Concept of the superman

Henri BergsonReality could only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly

Georges SorelGeneral strike

Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900The unconsciousId, ego, and superegoRepression

The Impact of Darwinism: Social Darwinism and Racism

Social DarwinismSocieties are organisms that evolve

Radical ApplicationsNationalism

• Friedrich von Bernhardi

Racism• Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)• The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 1890

The Attack on ChristianityPolitical movements of the late 19th century hostile to Christian churches

Controls over church courts, religious orders, and appointmentsAnticlericalismErnst Renan

• Life of Jesus

Catholic ChurchPope Pius IX Syllabus of ErrorsCondemned Modernism in 1907Leo XIII

• De Rerum Novarum,

Culture of Modernity: LiteratureÉmile Zola (1840-1902)

NaturalismMust analyze life

SymbolistsObjective knowledge of the world was impossibleArt should function for its own sake

Modernism in the ArtsImpressionism

Camille Pissarro (1830-1903Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)

Post-ImpressionismLight and color with structure and formSubjective RealismVincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

Impact of photography on artCubism: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)Abstract Expressionism: Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944)

Expressionism in musicEdvard GriegClaude DebussyIgor Stravinsky (1882-1971)Sergei Diaghilev (1872-1929)

Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties

The Movement for Women’s Rights: Demands of WomenAmalie Sieveking (1794-1859)Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)Clara Barton (1821-1912)Growing demands of suffragists

• Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928)• Women’s Social and Political Union• Publicity

Peace movements• Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914)

The New WomanMaria Montessori (1870-1952)

• New teaching materials • Began the system of Montessori schools

Jews within the European Nation-State

Anti-SemitismActions against JewsMany emigrateTheodor Herzl (1860-1904)

The Jewish State, 1896Zionism

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The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain

Working class demandsCaused Liberals to move away from ideals

Trade UnionsAdvocate “collective ownership” and other controls

Fabian SocialistsNeither Unions nor Fabian Socialists are MarxistBritain’s Labour PartyDavid Lloyd George (1863-1945)

Abandons laissez-faireBacks social reform measuresNational Insurance Act, 1911Beginnings of the welfare state

Transformation of Liberalism: Italy and France

ItalyGiovanni Giolitti

FranceDreyfus affairThird RepublicAntirepublican

Growing Tensions in GermanyWilliam II (1888-1918)

Military and industrial powerConflict of tradition and modernizationStrong nationalists

Austria-HungaryUniversal male suffrage in 1907Social DemocratsEmperor Francis JosephCount Istva`n Tisza

Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia

By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steelDevelopment of working classDevelopment of socialist parties

Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905General strike, October 1905

Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, DumaCurtailment of power of the Duma, 1907 

The Rise of the United StatesShift to an industrial nation, 1860-19149 percent own 71 percent of wealthAmerican Federation of Labor

Included only 8.4 percent of industrial laborProgressive Era

ReformPure Food and Drug Act

Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921Income tax and Federal Reserve System

Growth of CanadaDominion of Canada

Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871

William Laurier, 1896, First French Canadian prime minister

Canada, 1871©

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The New ImperialismCauses of the New Imperialism

• Competition among European nations• Social Darwinism and racism• Religious humanitarianism, “White man’s burden”• Economics

The Creation of EmpiresScramble for Africa

• Cape Colony Afrikaners

• Great Trek, 1835 Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River, (Transvaal)

• Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) Diamond and gold companies Takes the Transvaal Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer Government

• Boer War, 1899-1902• Union of South Africa, 1910

Other Instances of ImperialismPortuguese

MozambiqueAngola

FrenchAlgeria, 1830West Africa and Tunis

British in EgyptLeopold II, 1865-1909

International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa, 1876CongoFrench reaction is to move into territory north of the Congo River

GermanySouth West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa

Africa in 1914©

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Imperialism in AsiaJames Cook to Australia, 1768-1771British East India CompanyEmpress of India bestowed on Queen Victoria, 1876Russian expansion

SiberiaReach Pacific coast, 1637Press south into the crumbling Ottoman EmpirePersia and AfghanistanKorea and Manchuria

British acquisition of Hong Kong Japan

Matthew Perry opens Japan, 1853-1854Southeast Asia

British & French controlPacific Islands

US and the Spanish-American War

Responses to ImperialismAfrica

New class of educated African leadersResentment of foreignersMiddle-class AfricansIntellectual hatred of colonial rule

• Political parties and movements

ChinaBoxer Rebellion, 1900-1901, Society of Harmonious FistsSun Yat-sen (1866-1925)Fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912, Republic of China

Asia, 1914©

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Japan and IndiaJapan

SamuraiMeiji Mutsuhito, 1867-1912

• Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)• Westernization of military and industry

IndiaBritish control results in peace and honest governmentExtreme povertyIndian National Congress, 1883 

International Rivalry and the Coming of War

New AlliancesTriple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, ItalyReinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890

New Directions and New CrisesEmperor William II and a “place in the sun”Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, RussiaTriple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908Serbian protest, Russian support of SerbiaFirst Balkan War, 1912

Balkan League defeats the OttomansSecond Balkan War, 1913

Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and defeated BulgariaSerbia’s ambitionsLondon Conference

The Balkans in 1878

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