an aging workforce - george mason...

An Aging An Aging WorkforceWorkforce

Implications for Miners’ Implications for Miners’ Safety and TrainingSafety and Training

By Bob Peters, Launa Mallett, Diana Schwerha and Charles Vaught

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

I.I. Age of the Current WorkforceAge of the Current Workforce

II.II. Relationships Between Age and InjuriesRelationships Between Age and Injuries

III.III. Employment and Safety: What Lies AheadEmployment and Safety: What Lies Ahead

IV.IV. Improving Miners’ OnImproving Miners’ On--TheThe--Job TrainingJob Training

Bureau of Labor StatisticsBureau of Labor StatisticsCurrent Population SurveyCurrent Population Survey

Monthly surveys of 60,000 US householdsMonthly surveys of 60,000 US householdsIncludes civilian noninstitutional population at Includes civilian noninstitutional population at least 16 years oldleast 16 years oldMiners are categorized into 3 groupsMiners are categorized into 3 groups

CoalCoalMetalMetalNonmetal and QuarryNonmetal and Quarry

Employees by Age GroupEmployees by Age Group

< 25

25-34

35-44

45-54

55+< 25

25-34

35-4445-54

55+

MiningAll Industry

Source: BLS 2004


< 25

25-34

35-44

45-54

55+ 25-34

35-4445-54

55+< 25

MiningAll Industry

5%

14%

Source: BLS 2004


< 25

25-34

35-44

> 44

< 2525-34

35-44

> 44

MiningAll Industry

51%39%

Source: BLS 2004

Percent of Workforce in Youngest Percent of Workforce in Youngest and Oldest Age Groupsand Oldest Age Groups

14.1%

4.7%3.4%

39.0%

50.7%

58.3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

< 25 > 44Age Groups

All IndustryAll MiningCoal Mining

Source: BLS 2004


< 2525-34

35-4445-54

55+< 25

35-44

45-54

55+25-34

Coal Metal

Source: BLS 2004

“We will need to replace a major “We will need to replace a major portion, approximately 50%, of the portion, approximately 50%, of the underground coal mining workforce underground coal mining workforce within the next 5within the next 5--7 years.”7 years.”

Source: Bruce Source: Bruce Watzman’sWatzman’s statement before the statement before the US House of Representatives Subcommittee US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Energy & Mineral Resources, July 8, 2004on Energy & Mineral Resources, July 8, 2004

Implication?Implication?

The mining industry needs The mining industry needs to hire and train many to hire and train many young new workers.young new workers.

Miners Lost Time Injury Rates BY AgeMiners Lost Time Injury Rates BY Age

4.89

3.13 2.89 2.77 2.96

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54

Age Groups

LT

inju

ries

per

200

,000

hou

rs

Source: BLS & MSHA 2003

Coal Miners Lost Time Injury Rates Coal Miners Lost Time Injury Rates BY AgeBY Age

5.67

4.08 3.913.45

5.55

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54

Age Groups

LT

inju

ries

per

200

,000

hou

rs


Metal Miners Lost Time Injury Metal Miners Lost Time Injury Rates BY AgeRates BY Age

1.18 1.23

0.86

1.37

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

<35 35-44 45-54 > 54

Age Groups

LT

inju

ries

per

200

,000

hou

rs


Safety Performance MeasuresSafety Performance Measures

Injury FrequencyInjury FrequencyRate of lost time injuries per 200,000 hoursRate of lost time injuries per 200,000 hours

Injury SeverityInjury SeverityNumber of lost work days following an injuryNumber of lost work days following an injury

Does age affect how long it takes to recover from injuries?

Days Lost Per Injury BY AgeDays Lost Per Injury BY Age

8

1720

3135

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54

Age Groups

Med

ian

Num

ber

of D

ays

Source: MSHA 2003

Days Lost Per Injury Days Lost Per Injury -- CoalCoal

14

2428

33

43

05

101520253035404550

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54

Age Groups

Med

ian

Num

ber

of D

ays

Source: MSHA 2003

Days Lost Per Injury Days Lost Per Injury -- MetalMetal

21 2117

2529

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54

Age Groups

Med

ian

Num

ber

of D

ays

Source: MSHA 2003

Days Lost Per Injury Days Lost Per Injury -- NonmetalNonmetal

613

16.5 15

61.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54

Age Groups

Med

ian

Num

ber

of D

ays

Source: MSHA 2003

Days Lost Per Injury Days Lost Per Injury -- StoneStone

5

1115

30 31.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54

Age Groups

Med

ian

Num

ber

of D

ays

Source: MSHA 2003

Days Lost Per InjuryDays Lost Per InjurySand and GravelSand and Gravel

57

9.5

20.522

0

5

10

15

20

25

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54

Age Groups

Med

ian

Num

ber

of D

ays

Source: MSHA 2003

Total Days Lost BY Age GroupTotal Days Lost BY Age Group

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

Num

ber

of D

ays

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54Age Groups

Total lost work days = 305,601

Source: MSHA 2003

Lost time Lost time vsvs NonNon--lost time injuries lost time injuries BY Age GroupBY Age Group

0200400600800

1,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000

Num

ber

of in

juri

es

< 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54Age Groups

Lost timeNon-lost time

Source: MSHA 2003

Conclusion Conclusion

Compared to older miners, young minersCompared to older miners, young miners

have higher injury rates,have higher injury rates,miss fewer days of work to recover from miss fewer days of work to recover from their injuriestheir injuries

Age related trends in type of injuryAge related trends in type of injury

Accident TypeAccident TypeSlips & FallsSlips & FallsHand ToolsHand Tools

Part of BodyPart of BodyBackBackFingerFingerKneeKneeShoulderShoulder

As miners get older, do slips & falls account for a …

GreaterGreater or LesserLesser

proportion of their total injuries?

Accident Type: Slips and FallsAccident Type: Slips and Falls

16.0%17.8%

19.2%22.4%

29.3%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

% in

juri

es w

ithin

age

grp

<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54Age Groups

N = 2,233 Source: MSHA 2003

As miners get older, do hand tools account for a …



Accident Type: Hand ToolsAccident Type: Hand Tools

14.4% 13.7% 13.8%

10.8% 10.8%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

% in

juri

es w

ithin

age

grp

<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54Age Groups

N = 1,343

Source: MSHA 2003

Of all injuries that occur while miners are using hand tools…

18% are caused by knives

48% are cuts

What are the most commonly injured body parts?

1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4.

Parts of Body Injured Most FrequentlyParts of Body Injured Most Frequently

All other53%

Shoulder6%

Knee8%

Finger16%

Back17%

N = 10,717 injuriesSource: MSHA 2003

Part of Body: Part of Body: BackBack

16.0%17.0% 17.3% 17.5%

14.2%

0%2%4%6%8%

10%12%14%16%18%

% in

juri

es w

ithin

age

grp

<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54Age Groups

N = 1,805Source: MSHA 2003

As miners get older, do finger injuries account for a …



Part of Body: Part of Body: FingerFinger

19.4%

15.9% 15.4% 14.7%16.1%

0%2%4%6%8%

10%12%14%16%18%20%

% in

juri

es w

ithin

age

grp

<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54Age Groups

N = 1,683Source: MSHA 2003

As miners get older, do knee injuries account for a …

GreaterGreater or or LesserLesser


Part of Body: Part of Body: KneeKnee

6.3%7.4% 7.1%

9.4% 9.0%

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%

10%

% in

juri

es w

ithin

age

grp

<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54Age Groups

N = 862Source: MSHA 2003

As miners get older, do shoulder injuries account for a …

GreaterGreater or or LesserLesser


Part of Body: Part of Body: ShoulderShoulder

4.0%4.8% 5.2%

6.6%

8.1%

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%

% in

juri

es w

ithin

age

grp

<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 > 54Age Groups

N = 620Source: MSHA 2003

SUMMARYSUMMARY

As miners get older the following types of As miners get older the following types of injuries become injuries become moremore prevalentprevalent

Slips & FallsSlips & FallsKnee & ShoulderKnee & Shoulder

As miners get older the following types of As miners get older the following types of injuries become injuries become lessless prevalentprevalent

Hand toolsHand toolsFingerFinger

The US Energy Information Administration projects a 32% increase

in the demand for US coal by 2025

2004 production: 1.125 billion tons

2025 projected tons: 1.488 billion

Source: Energy Information Admin (2005) www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/coal.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/coal.html



Estimated Coal Production Estimated Coal Production (2004(2004--2025)2025)

0200400600800

1,0001,2001,4001,600

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Ton

s (m

illio

ns)

East West Total





The US Energy Information Administration projects a 12.8% increase in the number of jobs for coal

miners by 2025

2004 employment: 72,749 jobs

2025 projection: 82,103 jobs

Estimated Coal Mine Employment Estimated Coal Mine Employment (2004(2004--2025)2025)

010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Num

ber

of jo

bs

East West Total





Why is New Miner H&S Training Why is New Miner H&S Training Important?Important?

Many people are about to leave/join the Many people are about to leave/join the workforceworkforceHighest fatality rate among all U.S. industries Highest fatality rate among all U.S. industries (20 per 100,000 workers)(20 per 100,000 workers)Relatively high rate of lost time injuries (3.2 Relatively high rate of lost time injuries (3.2 per 100 workers)per 100 workers)More than 1,000 die of lung disease each yearMore than 1,000 die of lung disease each year

Source: Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report & MSHA

What Does History Tell Us?What Does History Tell Us?

NAS studied safety at 15 large underground NAS studied safety at 15 large underground coal companies during late 1970scoal companies during late 1970sAnalyzed age and injury data during 1978Analyzed age and injury data during 1978--8080Miners age 18Miners age 18--24 had injury rates nearly twice 24 had injury rates nearly twice that of miners 25that of miners 25--34, and nearly three times as 34, and nearly three times as high as miners over 44.high as miners over 44.

Source: National Academy of Sciences,“Toward Safer Underground Coal Mines” (1982)

Will History Be Repeated?

Coaching Skills WorkshopCoaching Skills Workshopfor Onfor On--TheThe--Job TrainersJob Trainers

Topics Include:

• How Adults Learn

• Preparing Training

Materials

• Assessing a Trainee

• Steps to Successful

Coaching

They Know the Job Skills.

Now Teach Them the Training Skills.

Target Audience:Target Audience:

Mining company Mining company personnel who are personnel who are

interested in teaching interested in teaching people with good mining people with good mining skills to be effective onskills to be effective on--

thethe--job trainersjob trainers

Next SeminarsNext Seminars

June 21, 22 or 23June 21, 22 or 23National Mine Academy (Beckley, WV)National Mine Academy (Beckley, WV)To Register:To Register:

Contact Kim SpencerContact Kim Spencer(304)256(304)256--3252 or 3252 or

[email protected]@dol.gov

Bob Peters

Team Leader

Human Factors Research

Pittsburgh Research Laboratory

Phone: 412-386-6895

E-mail: [email protected]

Thank You!

an aging workforce - george mason...

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