an analysis of changing trends in the international system of capitalism emphasizing the role of...

8/3/2019 An Analysis of Changing Trends in the International System of Capitalism Emphasizing the Role of Sovereign Wealt…

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]`n Orn}}ce [ccmz ikrnndne} z~jjnzza~hhw z}ioghgvnm acrngke npjìekn ri}nz iem gejrniznm

ge}nrei}gceih njcecdgj jcc|nri}gce }`rc~k` }riez|irnejw iem jhnirhw mnagenm ~egagnm cofnj}gqnz% ]`n

ikrnndne} ihhc{nm }`n ijjcd|iewgek ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez mnzgkenm }c rno~ghm }`n {ir }cre

N~rc|nie ei}gcez iem Fi|ie }`n }rij}gce }c onkge difcr rnjcez}r~j}gce% [g}`c~} j~rrnejw jceqnr}goghg}w(

}`nrn {iz i mchhir z`cr}ikn ge }`n {crhm njcecdw iem g} {iz knenrihhw ~emnrz}ccm }ì}( ‘_njcez}r~j}gce

jrnmg}z jc~hm `nh|2 o~} ge }`n nem }`n cehw `c|n acr ie nhgdgei}gce ca }`n |rcohnd hiw ge ageiejgek

`gk`nr hnqnhz ca geqnz}dne} c~}zgmn }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz( iem( iz i rnz~h}( i rnjcqnrw ca {crhm{gmn

|rcm~j}gce% ]`nzn di}nrgihgvnm iz i rnz~h} ca mgrnj} geqnz}dne} iem c}`nr ji|g}ih ahc{z ge }`n 97><z%—

Fidnz |%07'

]`n GO_M iem }`n Dirzìhh \hie `nh|nm ahccm {ir mnqiz}i}nm N~rc|n {g}` ^Z mchhirz acr

rnmnqnhc|dne} {`ghn }`n rnjcqnrw |hie acr Fi|ie achhc{nm i zgdghir z}ri}nkw% Z}rgj} dcen}irw |chgjw

ikrnndne}z bn|} npjìekn ri}nz {g}`ge i oiem }ì} {iz |rnmgj}iohn acr o~zgenzz iem geqnz}dne}% ]`n

np|iezgce ca }`n |rcm~j}gqn ji|ijg}w ca N~rc|n( z|njgagjihhw Knrdiew( iem Fi|ie {iz a~nhnm ow i

rnqnrzih ca j~rrne} ijjc~e} |czg}gcez% [`nrniz }`n ^Z {iz }`n hirknz} np|cr}nr ge }`n {crhm m~rgek

[[GG( rnjcez}r~j}gce ikrnndne}z rnhwgek ~|ce ^Z mchhirz naanj}gqnhw |~} }`n ^Z ge i |czg}gce }c on



jcezgmnrnm }`n jcez~dnr ca hiz} rnzcr} acr iew npjnzz ji|ijg}w |rcm~jnm ow Knrdiew iem Fi|ie% ]`gz

gd|hgjg} ikrnndne} `nh|nm }c }~re }`n ^Z ge}c i difcr gd|cr}gek |c{nr`c~zn% ‘I j~rrne} ijjc~e}

z~r|h~z ca -:(>>1 dghhgce ge 97>; }~renm ge}c i zdihh mnagjg} ca -> dghhgce ge 97>0 iem i mnagjg} ca ?(9:0

dghhgce ge 97>7% Ge 97>0 iem 97>7 ji|g}ih ahc{z |rcm~jnm hirkn oihiejn ca |iwdne}z mnagjg}z6 dniz~rnm

ce i hgy~gmg}w oizgz }`n mnagjg}z idc~e}nm }c -:(:1> dghhgce ge 97>0 iem -:(0;< dghhgce ge 97>7%—

Fidnz ||%9>=$9>>' ]`gz niznm zcdn ca }`n |chg}gjih }nezgcez izzcjgi}nm {g}` }`n hirkn j~rrne} ijjc~e}

z~r|h~znz ca }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz }ì} {nrn ca jcejnre }c `nr }rimgek |ir}enrz m~rgek iem mgrnj}hw ia}nr

[[GG% ]`n jcddg}dne} }c |~rjìzn enirhw iew }rimiohn kccm |rcm~jnm ge Knrdiew iem Fi|ie ihhc{nm

}`n jc~e}rgnz }c dige}ige np|cr} hnm krc{}` |chgjgnz ge ie i}dcz|`nrn ca enirhw a~hh nd|hcwdne}% Hc{

hnqnhz ca ~end|hcwdne} jrni}nm i |chg}gjihhw z}iohn neqgrcedne} ge }`n rnjne}hw mnani}nm ei}gcez%

\chg}gjih z}ioghg}w ihhc{nm ei}gcez }c o~ghm j~z}cdgvnm zcjgih iem dirbn} gez}g}~}gcez }ì} hnm }c

qirgi}gcez ge ei}gceih zwz}ndz ca ji|g}ihgzd ge oc}` Knrdiew iem Fi|ie% Diew jce}rij}~ih ij}gqg}gnz

rnk~hi}nm ow arnn dirbn} acrjnz ge }`n ^Z {nrn znhnj}gqnhw dieiknm ow ei}gceih oiebz {g}` qnrw jhnir

cofnj}gqnz ge dgem% Np|cr} hnm krc{}` {iz }c on }`n nekgen }c rno~ghm iem jc`nrne} ei}gceih |chgjgnz

nejc~riknm i ahc~rgz` ca geqnz}dne} ij}gqg}w% Fi|ie+z Ge}nrei}gceih Dgegz}rw ca ]rimn iem Gem~z}rw

DG]G' onjidn i dcmnh acr ei}gcez {gz`gek }c jccrmgei}n i ri|gm gem~z}rgih }riezacrdi}gce% DG]G

mgrnj}nm geqnz}dne} }c |rnqne} cqnr$geqnz}dne} ge i kgqne gem~z}rw( mn|rnzznm }`n npjìekn ri}n ca }`n

Wne }c rndige ge}nrei}gceihhw jcd|n}g}gqn( iem |rc}nj}nm mcdnz}gj dirbn}z arcd acrngke jcd|n}g}gce%

DG]G+z |chgjw {iz bec{e iz zngzie a~bbc zn}z~ {`gj` hccznhw }riezhi}nz }c dnie rnjcez}r~j}gce qgi

|rcm~j}gce% ]`gz jc`nrne} z}ri}nkw |rcqnm qnrw |c}ne} i} nejc~rikgek njcecdgj krc{}` iz }`n gem~z}rgih

die~aij}~rgek znj}crz np|cr}gek kccmz ge Fi|ie krn{ ri|gmhw {g}`c~} ennmgek }c rnhw ce }`n

ji|rgjgc~zenzz ca acrngke ageiejgnrz% Hcek }nrd ji|g}ih {iz |rcqgmnm onhc{ c|ne dirbn} ge}nrnz} ri}n

hnqnhz iem agrdz r~eegek ge}c }rc~ohn {nrn ec} rnimghw jhcznm iz jrczz `chmgek c{enrz`g| |rckridz

gejne}gqgvnm oiebz }c dceg}cr iem izzgz} }rc~ohnm agrdz gez}nim ca ihhc{gek oiebr~|}jw iem izzn}

hgy~gmi}gce%



]`n DG]G |chgjgnz hnm }c np}rndnhw `gk` hnqnhz ca z~z}igenm njcecdgj krc{}` ge Fi|ie acr cqnr

}`rnn mnjimnz% Ih}`c~k` dieiknm ji|g}ihgzd {c~hm nqne}~ihhw |rc| ~| genaagjgne} agrdz acr |rchceknm

|nrgcmz ca }gdn iem mn|rnzz rny~gzg}n mcdnz}gj dirbn} jcez~d|}gce ge Fi|ie( }`n |chgjgnz DG]G

~emnr}ccb {nrn qnrw naanj}gqn i} |rcm~jgek `gk` hnqnhz ca nd|hcwdne} iem g}z }rimg}gceih jc~e}nr|ir}(

mcdnz}gj ziqgekz( ihcek {g}` |rcqgmgek z~||cr}gqn( |rnmgj}iohn jcemg}gcez acr }`n `gk` hnqnhz ca

geqnz}dne} enjnzzirw }c np|iem np|cr} die~aij}~rgek ji|ioghg}gnz% \rcm~j}gqg}w rczn ri|gmhw }c

nejrcij` ~|ce }`n |rnqgc~zhw khcoihhw mcdgeie} êg}nm Z}i}nz hnqnhz% ‘Ge }`n |cz}{ir ìha$jne}~rw(

Fi|ienzn die~aij}~rgek |rcm~j}gqg}w ìm ec} f~z} ji~k`} ~|( o~} acrknm i`nim ca }ì} ca }`n ^Z ge diew

bnw hgenz ca |rcm~j}gce%— Orneenr ||%?=1$?=;'

M~rgek }`n |cz} [[GG |nrgcm( iz |rcm~j}gqn ji|ijg}w rczn ri|gmhw iem {iz jcezgz}ne}hw a~hhw

~}ghgvnm( }`n khcoih dirbn} np|nrgnejnm i kh~} ca die~aij}~rnm |rcm~j}z hgbn i~}cdcoghnz% Hionhnm ow

njcecdgz}z hgbn _conr} Orneenr iz i jrgzgz ca cqnr|rcm~j}gce( }`gz |`necdnece hnm }c agnrjnhw

jcd|n}g}gqn |rgjn {irz }ì} mrcqn mc{e }`n dirkgeih ri}n ca |rcag} ge diew die~aij}~rgek znj}crz%

Immg}gceihhw( }c rnkige jcd|n}g}gqn imqie}ikn( ‘^Z |rgqi}n mgrnj} geqnz}dne} cqnrzniz krn{ i} }`n

z|nj}ij~hir iqnrikn iee~ih ri}n ca 9<%? |nr jne}(— iz êg}nm Z}i}nz d~h}gei}gceihz( ‘{nrn gejrnizgekhw

i}}rij}nm }c z~|nrgcr c||cr}~eg}gnz acr |rcag}$dibgek cqnrzniz( nz|njgihhw ge N~rc|n( {`nrn }`nw jc~hm

jcdogen rnhi}gqnhw j`ni| hioc~r {g}` rnhi}gqnhw imqiejnm }njèchckw iem |rcm~jn ikigez} rnhi}gqnhw

{nib jcd|n}g}crz ge ri|gmhw krc{gek dirbn}z%— Orneenr ||%=7$><' ]`gz ìm }`n naanj} ca hccznegek

hiocr dirbn}z ge }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz iem mn|rnzzgek {ikn krc{}`( iem( {`ne jc~|hnm {g}` }`n z}nimw

mnjhgen ge |rcag}z rnhi}nm }c j~} }`rci} jcd|n}g}gqn |rgjn mnqih~i}gcez( npijnroi}nm }`n hccdgek jrgzgz ca

ji|g}ih ijj~d~hi}gce |rnmgj}nm ow mndiem$zgmn Bnwenzgie njcecdgj }`ncrw% Qiz} kigez ge |rcm~j}gqg}w

ahccmnm }`n dirbn}|hijn {g}` kccmz( o~} {iknz ìm aighnm }c rgzn y~gjbhw nec~k` }c iozcro }`n npjnzz

kccmz% ]`gz {iz nqgejnm }`rc~k` i hijb ca ikkrnki}n mndiem( ji~zgek |rgjnz }c aihh( }ì} a~r}`nr nrcmnm

i{iw }`n dirkgez ca }`n ri}n ca |rcag}% I jrgzgz ca ji|g}ih ijj~d~hi}gce nez~nm iem hirkn z~dz ca ji|g}ih(

rnz}rgj}nm ow |chg}gjih rnk~hi}gcez onkie hccbgek acr dn}`cmz }c gejrnizn |rcag}ioghg}w%



Hiocr ̂ ernz}

Iz khcoih jcd|n}g}gce jce}ge~nm }c |~z` mc{e ikkrnki}n ri}n ca |rcag}z ge die~aij}~rgek

}`rc~k`c~} }`n gem~z}rgih {crhm( hiocr agrz} jcd|rcdgznm {iknz iem onenag}z }c i}}nd|} }c rndige

khcoihhw jcd|n}g}gqn iem |rcqgmn gejne}gqn acr a~r}`nr ji|g}ih geqnz}dne}% ]`n }gk`}hw ge}nrjceenj}nm

zcjgih gez}g}~}gcez rnhi}nm }c hiocr dg}gki}gce ge Fi|ie iem Knrdiew ikrnnm }c immrnzz }`n ennm acr {ikn

jcejnzzgcez iem mgm zc dcrn y~gjbhw iem acrjna~hhw }ìe }`n c|ne hiocr dirbn}z ca êg}nm Z}i}nz%

Khcoih jcd|n}g}gce ìm ~z`nrnm ge i en{ nri acr die~aij}~rgek iem hiocrnrz {c~hm ennm }c dibn

zijrgagjnz }c z~z}ige |rcag}ioghg}w ca geqnz}dne} ji|g}ih ge crmnr }c nez~rn }`nrn {nrn imny~i}n gejne}gqnz

acr ji|g}ih }c on geqnz}nm ge |rcm~j}gqn( iz c||cznm }c ageiejgih( geqnz}dne}z% ]`nzn }ij}gjz |rcqnm }c on

}nd|crirw agpnz% [ikn z~||rnzzgce mgm rnqgqn |rcag}ioghg}w o~} i} }`n jcz} ca a~r}`nr mn|rnzzgek

mcdnz}gj mndiem% Nqne}~ihhw( rnih {iknz z}ikei}nm cr mrc||nm nqne iz |rcm~j}gqg}w jce}ge~nm }c

np|iem ikkriqi}gek }`n z~||hw zgmn kh~} ge die~aij}~rgek hnimgek }c immg}gceih oc~}z ca |rgjn

mnqih~i}gce acr die~aij}~rnm kccmz%

]`gz jrgzgz ca ji|g}ih ijj~d~hi}gce jc~hm ec} on zchqnm ow mnqih~gek hiocr ihcen% [crbnr

|rcm~j}gqg}w rczn wn} {iknz aighnm }c rnahnj} }`nzn |rcm~j}gqg}w gejrniznz onji~zn }`n z~r|h~z kigez {nrn

ennmnm }c |rc| ~| geqnz}dne} rn}~rez zgejn dirbn} |rgjnz ìm aihhne |rnjg|g}c~zhw% Ge Knrdiew6

Die~aij}~rgek |rcag}ioghg}w ìm aihhne ow 9? |nr jne} ge 9719 iem i} ie iqnrikn iee~ih ri}n ca

>%: |nr jne} on}{nne 9719 iem 971>( onacrn rnjcqnrgek i} ie iqnrikn iee~ih ri}n ca ?%1 |nr jne}

on}{nne 971> iem 9717% On}{nne 9717 iem 97;:( g} anhh ikige( i} ie iqnrikn iee~ih ri}n ca 0%:>

|nr jne}( cr ow :< |nrjne} ge }c}ih% I} }`n zidn }gdn( |rcag}ioghg}w ge }`n |rgqi}n o~zgenzz

njcecdw iz i {`chn anhh i} ie iqnrikn iee~ih ri}n ca >%9 |nr jne}% Orneenr |%9:<'

[ikn jcejnzzgcez jc~hm ecr mgm ec} jce}ge~n ~eioi}nm gemnageg}nhw% I en{ ikrnndne} on}{nne ji|g}ih



iem hiocr {iz ~rkne}hw ennmnm }c |hiji}n zcjgih ~ernz}% ‘Ge 9710( }{c }`grmz ca }`n hiocr acrjn ge Ariejn

{iz geqchqnm ge z}rgbnz2 Ge Knrdiew( cen dghhgce {crbnrz {ne} ce z}rgbn( ge G}ihw ac~r dghhgce% ]`n

e~donr ca {crb miwz hcz} }`rc~k` z}rgbnz ge }`n êg}nm Bgekmcd gejrniznm nqnrw wnir arcd 971> }c

97;<%— Fidnz |%?<<' Z}rgbnz iem {crb z}c||iknz {nrn gejrnizgek ge zgvn iem arny~nejw( iem( {`ne

jc~|hnm {g}` gem~z}rgih zioc}ikn( }`nzn ij}gcez a~r}`nr j~} ge}c |rcag}ioghg}w jrni}gek i dcrn ~ejnr}ige

neqgrcedne} acr geqnz}dne} iem fco jrni}gce% ]`n jcejnzzgcez dimn ow hiocr }c rnz}crn |rcag}ioghg}w

{nrn znne ow {crbnrz iz }nd|crirw dniz~rnz iem hiocr onkie }c mndiem zcdn jcezgmnri}gce acr }`ngr

|rgcr jcejnzzgcez% Zcjgih rnij}gcez }c }`nzn |chgjgnz j~hdgei}nm ge }`n Diw 9710 Arnej` |rc}nz}z {`nrn

99 dghhgce {crbnrz acrdnm {ghmji} z}rgbnz iem z}c||nm {crb acr }{c a~hh {nnbz% ]`nzn z}rgbnz

np|rnzznm i en{ }rnem }ì} {iz }`rni}negek }c }`n chm zwz}nd ca hiocr enkc}gi}gce% êgqnrzg}w nm~ji}nm

dieiknrz jimrnz' zgmnm {g}` }`n gem~z}rgih hiocr acrjn {`ghn ~egqnrzg}w z}~mne}z jihhnm i knenrih z}rgbn

i} }`n zidn }gdn% Ge Ariejn( }`n zcjgih ~ernz} y~gjbhw y~gn}nm mc{e o~} z}r~j}~rihhw g} {iz i||irne} }ì}(

}`n ~e{rg}}ne r~hnz ca ji|g}ihgzd ennmnm }c jìekn }c immrnzz }`nzn en{hw np|rnzznm jcejnrez% ]`nzn

jìeknz irn knenrihhw qgn{nm iz i en{ hiocr$ji|g}ih jcd|rcdgzn% [crbnr ‘hcwih}w— }c }`n chm acrd ìm

onne z}rigenm iem }`n z}r~j}~rn ca i en{ hiocr$ji|g}ih jcd|rcdgzn ìm }c cqnrjcdn }`n en{hw

{g}enzznm }nemnejw acr {crbnrz }c ‘npg}— hiocr jce}rij}z ge crmnr }c aijghg}i}n }`n ‘qcgjn— iz|nj} ca

enkc}gi}gce }c rnz~dn zwz}ndi}gj |ir}gjg|i}gce% Znn6 @grzj`die'

Och}iezbg iem J`gi|nhhc `gk`hgk`} diew ca }`n gmnchckgjih iem z}r~j}~rih jìeknz }ì} }ccb |hijn

m~rgek }`n |nrgcm ca }riezg}gce ge }`n hi}n 971<z% ]`nw gmne}gaw iem }nrd ‘zcjgih jrg}gy~nz— iz knenrihhw

|nrjngqnm ahi{z ge }`n |rcm~j}gqn zwz}nd rnhi}nm }c {ikn iem gejcdn mgaanrne}gihz {`ghn }nrdgek

‘ir}gz}gj jrg}gy~nz— iz jcejnrez }ì} immrnzz i mnzgrn acr `~die znha$a~haghhdne}% Och}iezbg ! J`gi|nhhc

||%:0( :=1( =?=' Ahnpgohn ijj~d~hi}gce jìd|gcenm ow }`n FG] |rcm~j}gce dn}`cmz ca Fi|ienzn agrdz

ìm |c}ne}gih }c rngeqgkcri}n zh~d|gek |rcag}ioghg}w o~} }`gz {iz cehw |czzgohn {g}` a~r}`nr jcd|rcdgznz

arcd hiocr% Hiocr ennmnm }c ikrnn }c rndcqn zcjgih |rc}nj}gcez hgbn hganhcek nd|hcwdne} iem

k~irie}nnm |nezgce |rckridz ge }`n eidn ca rndigegek jcd|n}g}gqn% Zgejn gejrnizgek {iknz i||nirnm



}c on ~e}neiohn ge i agnrjnhw jcd|n}g}gqn khcoih zwz}nd( gejne}gqnz rnhi}nm }c {iknz {nrn ihhc{nm }c

hiek~gz` iz }`n jimrnz {`nrn caanrnm krni}nr |nrzceih i~}cecdw }ìe {iz |rnzne} ge i Acrmgz}

\rcm~j}gce zj`ndi% ]`gz }ij}gj gz |nrjngqnm iz i jcd|rcdgzn ow ji|g}ih ca rnhgey~gz`gek dieiknrgih

jce}rch }c }`n {crbnrz ge crmnr }c immrnzz dcrn oc`ndgie ir}gz}gj jrg}gy~nz rigznm ow }`n ~egqnrzg}w

krim~i}nz ca Ariejn% Hiocr jcd|rcdgznm iem }`n aijn ca Acrmgz}$nri die~aij}~rgek ~emnr{ne} ri|gm

iem |nrqizgqn z}r~j}~rih jìeknz }c nd|hcw en{hw iqighiohn jcd|~}nr }njèchckw% ]`gz z}r~j}~rih

rnimf~z}dne} }ibgek |hijn ge die~aij}~rgek( ji|iohn ca |hiji}gek }`n mndiemz ca hiocr iem ji|g}ih(

y~gjbhw ji~k`} ce ge c}`nr jc~e}rgnz iz {nhh% Jcejnmgek {ikn krc{}` iem zcjgih |rc}nj}gcez acr krni}nr

i~}cecdw {iz i jcd|rcdgzn oc}` hiocr iem ji|g}ih {nrn {ghhgek }c ikrnn }c% ]`n jrgzgz ca ji|g}ih

ijj~d~hi}gce {iz rnzj~nm ow }`nzn en{ rnk~hi}gcez ca {crb|hijn ecrdz acr i }gdn% ]`n

gd|hndne}i}gce ca jcd|~}nrz |rcqnm }c on i occe ca gejrnmgohn |rc|cr}gcez( wn} }`n geg}gihhw kriemgczn

kigez ge naagjgnejw {c~hm on achhc{nm ow dnrnhw gejrndne}ih gejrniznz ge |rcm~j}gqg}w% Cqnr }gdn( }`n

gejrndne}ih krc{}` jc~hm ec} c~}z}rg| }`n |rnzz~rnz ca khcoih jcd|n}g}gce%

Nqne}~ihhw( {`ne nec~k` die~aij}~rnrz imc|}nm }`n naagjgnejgnz ca ahnpgohn ijj~d~hi}gce( }`n

}nd|crirghw imqie}iknc~z jcd|n}g}gqn |czg}gce izzcjgi}nm {g}` }`n en{ dcmnz ca |rcm~j}gce {nrn

nrcmnm }`rc~k` iec}`nr rc~em ca |rgjn {ir mnqih~i}gcez% Ahnpgohn ijj~d~hi}gce {iz ~eiohn }c ìh} }`n

zwz}ndgj }nemnejw acr |rcag} ri}nz }c aihh iem nqne}~ihhw cehw a~r}`nr ikkriqi}nm }`n khcoih |rcohnd ca

cqnr |rcm~j}gce% [g}` ec gmne}gagiohn iem gd|hndne}iohn ih}nrei}gqnz }c gejrnizn {gmn zjihn

|rcm~j}gqg}w }c i hnqnh i |rcag}ioghg}w ijjn|}iohn }c dige}ige jce}ge~nm ji|g}ih ijj~d~hi}gce ge

die~aij}~rgek( ji|g}ihgz}z onkie hccbgek acr ih}nrei}gqn geqnz}dne} c||cr}~eg}gnz c~}zgmn ca |rcm~j}gce%

Mnjhgegek \rcag}ioghg}w [irrie}z Ndonmmnm Hgonrihgzd

]`n |nrgcm ca }gdn onkgeegek {g}` Orn}}ce [ccmz iem jcejh~mgek ge }`n nirhw 97;<z {iz jihhnm



ndonmmnm hgonrihgzd ow Fcè _~kkgn ge ie i||irne} \chiewgj ecm }c }`n ìrda~h naanj}z mgzndonmmnm

dirbn} acrjnz jie }`r~z} ce}c zcjgn}w% Znn6 _~kkgn' ]`n mnhnki}nz i} Orn}}ce [ccmz diw ìqn onne

aidghgir {g}` \chiewg+z 97== zndgeih {crb ]`n Krni} ]riezacrdi}gce }ì} mnzjrgonz dirbn}z iz zcjgihhw

jcez}r~j}nm gez}g}~}gcez irgzgek ec} arcd i jnr}ige Zdg}`gie ei}~rih |rc|nezg}w }c ‘}r~jb( oir}nr( iem

npjìekn— o~} ri}`nr( arcd jcejnr}nm naacr}z ow }`n z}i}n }c jrni}n i dnmg~d acr npjìekn {g}`ge i

zcjgn}w% Zdg}` |%?>' \chiewg jcgenm }`n |`rizn +mc~ohn dcqndne}+ }c mnzjrgon `c{ dirbn} acrjnz

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}`rc~k` zcdn }w|n ca ageiejgih geqnz}dne} ri}`nr }ìe rnih geqnz}dne}( {`ghn i{ig}gek dcrn

aiqcriohn jcemg}gcez acr mnjgmgek }c dibn i rnih geqnz}dne}% I} }gdnz ji|g}ihgz}z jie dibn `gk`

ri}nz ca rn}~re }`rc~k` ageiejgih iem z|nj~hi}gqn geqnz}dne}z {`ne }`n np|nj}nm rn}~re }c

|rcm~j}gqn geqnz}dne} gz ng}`nr qnrw ~ejnr}ige cr hc{% Z~j` i zg}~i}gce {c~hm ec} gd|nh }`nd }c

}riezacrd gez}g}~}gcez }c |rcm~jn i z`ga} arcd z|nj~hi}gqn#ageiejgih geqnz}dne}z }c |rcm~j}gqn

geqnz}dne}z% DjMcec~k` n} ih% |%>='



Kcqnredne}z }ì} |rnqgc~zhw dige}igenm diew ji|g}ih jce}rchz ce caagjgih ahc{z ca zcqnrngke ji|g}ih

hgonrihgvnm }c ndorijn }`nzn ri|gmhw jgrj~hi}gek |cchz ca |rgqi}n ji|g}ih% [g}` |rcag}z z`ga}gek arcd }`n

die~aij}~rgek znj}cr }c ageiejn( }`nrn onkie i jihh acr i dcmgagji}gce ca }`n r~hnz ca }`n dcen}irw

zwz}nd6

‘Nqne iz }`n hnkih r~hnz ca }`n zwz}nd rndigenm ece$hgonrih acr mnjimnz( i en{ nri ca khcoih

ji|g}ih {iz ge }`n dibgek% Ow }`n nirhw 970<z( |rgqi}n ageiejgih ahc{z ìm krc{e zgkegagjie}hw(

ge |ir} onji~zn }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz( }`n êg}nm Bgekmcd( Knrdiew( iem Fi|ie ìm z~oz}ie}gihhw

hgonrihgvnm ji|g}ih ahc{z ijrczz }`ngr ocrmnrz% Idnrgjie( Org}gz`( Knrdie( iem Fi|ienzn oiebz

iem agrdz onkie }c c|nri}n ge ageiejgih dirbn}z }ì} {nrn ec hceknr ei}gceih( o~} ihzc ec} wn}

khcoih% ]`n ~e{rg}}ne r~hnz ca }`n ge}nrei}gceih dcen}irw zwz}nd onkie }c nqchqn% Diew |chgjw

dibnrz( dieiknrz( iem oiebz onkie }c ie}gjg|i}n ie geacrdih }rnem }c{irm hgonrihgvi}gce ca

ji|g}ih ow c}`nr kcqnredne}z%— Iomnhih( ?<<; |%:'

]`n \rcdc}gce Ca Hgonrihgzd

]`n jchhi|zn ca }`n Orn}}ce [ccmz zwz}nd hna} |chgjw dibnrz {g}` i ennm acr i en{ dn}i$}`ncrw

}c rihhw on`gem iem }`n arnn dirbn} ne}`~zgiz}z {`c ìm onne ogmgek }`ngr }gdn i} J`gjikc iem c}`nr

gez}g}~}gcez i||nirnm {g}` rnimw dimn zch~}gcez% ]`n }`ncrw {ne} zcdn}`gek hgbn( ga cehw kcqnredne}

{c~hm z}n| izgmn }`n ri}gceih dirbn} {c~hm z}n| ge }c mnhgqnr }`n dcz} naagjgne} rnz~h}z% I knenri}gce ca

njcecdgz}z }rijgek }`ngr `nrg}ikn }c }`n 97=; Dce} \nhnrge Zcjgn}w crkiegvnm ow Arnmrgjb @iwnb( {`c

{iz ge }~re geah~nejnm ow H~m{gk qce Dgznz( |rcdc}nm enchgonrih gmnchckw% Hnc Z}ri~zz {iz iec}`nr

gd|cr}ie} agk~rn ca }`n }gdnz% M~n }c }`ngr |nrzceih np|nrgnejnz rnhi}nm }c Aizjgz} iem Jcdd~egz}

ij}gcez ge }`n nirhw ?<}` jne}~rw( Dgznz( @iwnb( iem Z}ri~zz {nrn np}rndnhw mgz}r~z}a~h ca kcqnredne}%

Znn6 O~}hnr( @iwnb( iem Z}ri~zz rnz|nj}gqnhw' ]c }`nzn }`ncrgz}z( kcqnredne} z`c~hm |hiw }`n dcz}



dgegdih rchn |czzgohn ge njcecdgj iaaigrz% Iew kcqnredne} ij}gce {c~hm ge}nranrn {g}` }`n ei}~rih

ny~ghgorg~d ca }`n dirbn}|hijn iem hnim }c mgz}cr}gcez( oiznm ~|ce |chg}gjih jhc~}( }`nrnow hgdg}gek }`n

njcecdgj arnnmcd ca gemgqgm~ih ij}crz ge }`n zwz}nd% ]`ngr mnageg}gce ca }`n |chg}gjih {iz z}rcekhw

zì|nm ow Jirh Zj`dg}}% ]`nw onhgnqnm }ì} |chg}gjih geah~nejn cqnr }`n dirbn} {ghh hnim }c z~oc|}gdih

rnz~h}z2 }`nrnacrn( |chg}gjz iem njcecdgjz z`c~hm on d~}~ihhw npjh~zgqn vcenz ca nekikndne}% Znn6

Arwn' Ge ie ir}gjhnm ne}g}hnm ‘Grri}gceih Onìqgcr iem Njcecdgj ]`ncrw— |~ohgz`nm ge 971?( Kirw

Onjbnr( ie geah~ne}gih J`gjikc \rcanzzcr( mndcez}ri}nm }ì} dirbn}z {ghh onìqn ri}gceihhw ge ikkrnki}n

nqne ga gemgqgm~ih ij}crz geg}gihhw dibn grri}gceih mnjgzgcez% ‘Gemnnm( }`n dcz} gd|cr}ie} z~oz}ie}gqn

rnz~h} ca }`gz |i|nr gz }ì} grri}gceih ~eg}z {c~hm on +acrjnm+ ow jìeknz ge c||cr}~eg}gnz }c rnz|cem

ri}gceihhw%— Onjbnr |%9?' Arcd }`gz agemgek( g} {iz jcejh~mnm }ì} dirbn}z {ghh ij} ri}gceihhw rnkirmhnzz

ca gemgqgm~ih qirgi}gcez arcd |nranj} ri}gceihg}w% ]`n znha$jcrrnj}gek ri}gceih dirbn} ijjc~e}nm acr ihh

ij}crz dirkgeih ~}ghg}w iem z`c~hm on |rc}nj}nm arcd |chg}gjih acrjnz }ì} jc~hm mgz}cr} arnn dirbn}

ny~ghgorg~d%

[g}̀ }`n aigh~rnz ca ndonmmnm hgonrihgzd jrni}gek |rnzz~rn acr jìeknz ge }`n ge}nrei}gceih

ageiejgih zwz}nd( }`n z|nj}r~d ca }`c~k`} z{~ek }c{irmz ijjn|}iejn ca higzznv$aigrn enchgonrih |chgjgnz%

]`n jcejn|} }ì} mnrnk~hi}gek dirbn}z gz g}znha i rnkgdn ca rnk~hi}gce( zgejn zcjgih gez}g}~}gcez acrd

dirbn}z iem nz}iohgz` }`n r~hnz ca ge}nrij}gce ge }`n dirbn}|hijn( {iz hcz} ce }`n |rc|cene}z ca

enchgonrih }`ncrw% Dgznz( @iwnb( iem Z}ri~zz geah~nejnm i hirkn e~donr ca z}~mne}z( hgbn Dgh}ce

Argnmdie( {`c jìd|gcenm }`n gmnchckw }ì} dirbn}z z`c~hm on arnn arcd kcqnredne}ih ge}nranrnejn(

cmmhw nec~k`( qgi }`n |chg}gjih rnihd%

]`n mgzzch~}gce ca ge}nrei}gceih ikrnndne} z~rrc~emgek ji|g}ih jce}rchz {iz ~z`nrnm ge ow }`gz

en{ enchgonrih nri% Ih}`c~k` i jceah~nejn ca hgbn dgemnm encjhizzgjih njcecdgz}z i} }`n êgqnrzg}w ca

J`gjikc {iz gez}r~dne}ih ge |rcdc}gek iem np|cr}gek enchgonrih |`ghczc|`w( }`n Zdg}`zcegie

Ikrnndne} ca 97;9 {iz i jhnir zgkeih }c }`n ge}nrei}gceih dirbn}|hijn }ì} }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz {iz

ioiemcegek ndonmmnm hgonrihgzd% ]`n K9< zgkenm }`n Zdg}`zcegie Ikrnndne} {`gj` naanj}gqnhw



ihhc{nm acrngke j~rrnejgnz }c i||rnjgi}n rnhi}gqn }`n }c ^Z mchhir geg}gi}gek }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz

{g}`mri{ih arcd }`n Orn}}ce [ccmz ikrnndne}% ]`n imc|}gce ca enchgonrih gmnihz ge }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz(

ih}`c~k` |nrqizgqn( {iz znndgekhw dcrn jcgejgmne}ih }ìe mweidgj iz }`n gmnihz mgm ec} hnim }c iew

zcr} ca hnkih jcmgagji}gce rnhi}gek }c }`n mnrnk~hi}gce ca ji|g}ih jce}rchz%

]`n }r~n mrgqgek acrjn ~emnrhwgek }`n hgonrihgvi}gce ca ageiejgih ahc{z jie on }rijnm }c N~rc|n

iem z|njgagjihhw }c Arnej` ijy~gnzjnejn }c Knrdie mnzgrnz acr hgonrihgvnm ji|g}ih jce}rchz% Ih}`c~k` }`n

êg}nm Z}i}nz geacrdihhw |rnzz~rnm jc~e}rgnz }c nhgdgei}n ji|g}ih jce}rchz ge oghi}nrih enkc}gi}gcez( }`n

hnkih gd|hndne}i}gce ca zigm |chgjgnz {nrn z|nir`nimnm ge N~rc|n% Iomnhih gemgji}nz }`n i||irne}

aihhijw izzcjgi}nm {g}` }`n onhgna }ì} }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz iem [ihh Z}rnn} ge}nrnz}z {nrn gez}r~dne}ih ge

|rcdc}gek }`nzn |chgjgnz ge `gz ?<<1 ir}gjhn ‘[rg}gek }`n _~hnz ca Khcoih Ageiejn—6

]`n zj`chirhw hg}nri}~rn( achhc{gek }`n jceqne}gceih {gzmcd( acj~znz ce }`n rchn ca }`n êg}nm

Z}i}nz ge |rcdc}gek ji|g}ih hgonrihgvi}gce% Ih}`c~k` }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz nejc~riknm ji|g}ih

hgonrihgvi}gce oghi}nrihhw( ^Z |chgjw dibnrz enqnr nd orijnm d~h}ghi}nrih r~hnz }ì} jcmgagnm }`n

ecrd ca ji|g}ih dcoghg}w% _i}`nr( N~rc|nie |chgjw dibnrz {rc}n }`n dcz} gd|cr}ie} r~hnz ge

aiqc~r ca }`n arnn dcqndne} ca ji|g}ih% \irimcpgjihhw( Arnej` |chgjw dibnrz ge |ir}gj~hir

|hiwnm mnjgzgqn rchnz% Acr }`n mnoi}nz }ì} di}}nrnm dcz} ge }`n N^( CNJM( iem GDA' }`n

êg}nm Z}i}nz {iz( rnz|nj}gqnhw( grrnhnqie}( gejcezny~ne}gih iem gemgaanrne}% N~rc|n mgm ec}

ji|g}~hi}n }c khcoih ji|g}ih% _i}`nr( Arnej` iem c}`nr N~rc|nie |chgjw dibnrz jrni}nm }cmiw+z

hgonrih ge}nrei}gceih ageiejgih rnkgdn% Arnej` iem N~rc|nie |chgjw dibnrz ìqn |rcdc}nm i

r~hn$oiznm( +dieiknm+ khcoihgvi}gce ca ageiejn( {`nrniz ^Z |chgjw dibnrz ìqn }nemnm }c

ndorijn ie im `cj khcoihgvi}gce oiznm ce }`n ijj~d~hi}gce ca oghi}nrih oirkigez% Cejn hgonrih

r~hnz {nrn jcmgagnm ge }`n N^ iem CNJM( }`nw jcez}g}~}nm }`n |chgjw |rij}gjnz ca +N~rc|nie+ iem

+mnqnhc|nm+ z}i}nz( acr {`gj` ji|g}ih jce}rchz irn ec hceknr jcezgmnrnm i hnkg}gdi}n |chgjw }cch%

Iomnhih( ?<<1 ioz}rij}'

Onkgeegek {g}` }`n zgkegek ca }`n ]rni}w ca _cdn( N~rc|n {iz ce i |i}` ca ge}nkri}gce acr }`n



N~rc|nie Jcdd~eg}w NJ' }c |c}ne}gihhw jrni}n i ~egagnm dirbn}|hijn {g}` `w|c}`n}gjihhw arnn

dcqndne}z ca kccmz( |nc|hn( iem hiocr% Z}n|z }c{irmz ge}nkri}gce( z|njgagjihhw dcen}irghw {g}` }`n

N~rc|nie Dcen}irw êgce( }ì} achhc{nm rny~grnm jchhiocri}gce on}{nne }`n njcecdgj |c{nr`c~znz ca

Ariejn iem Knrdiew% Knrdiew {iz i hcek}gdn imqcji}n ca arnn ji|g}ih dcoghg}w( o~} Ariejn( {g}` i

`gz}crw ca z}rcek ji|g}ih jce}rchz }c |rc}nj} }`n |ccr iem dgmmhn jhizz arcd izzn} geahi}gce( geg}gihhw

rndigenm ~e{ghhgek }c ijjcddcmi}n%

]ì} ihh onkie }c jìekn ge 9709 {`ne Dg}}nrriem+z |rnzgmnejw( z~||cr}nm ow i Zcjgihgz}

difcrg}w ge }`n Ei}gceih Izzndohw( z|ccbnm ge}nrei}gceih ji|g}ih dirbn}z% ]`n kcqnredne} {g}enzznm

hirkn idc~e}z ca ji|g}ih ahgk`} iem rnzcr}nm }c }gk`}negek dcen}irw jce}rchz ce }`rnn zn|iri}n cjjizgcez%

]`n ji|g}ih jce}rchz |~} ge |hijn {nrn ~eiohn }c ìh} ji|g}ih ahgk`} iem {nrn onkgeegek }c on qgn{nm ow

}`n Arnej` |~ohgj iz i jcez}rige} ce }`n |ccr iem {crbgek jhizz ihcen% @gk` gejcdn gemgqgm~ihz iem

}`czn {g}` |chg}gjih jceenj}gcez ac~em dniez }c ow|izz }`n hnkgzhi}gce% Ge}nrei}gceih ji|g}ih on} ikigez}

}`n ariej iem Dg}}nriem {iz acrjnm }c ~zn ei}gceih rnznrqnz }c dige}ige g}z qih~n% ]`n njcecdgj

zg}~i}gce ei}~rihhw ji~znm |chg}gjih ~enizn ge }`n jc~e}rw( iem |chg}gjgiez {crbnm }c rn$oriem }`ndznhqnz

iz dcrn hgonrih }c rnkige |c|~hir z~||cr}% Nqne}~ihhw( }`n Hna}gz} kcqnredne} jcejnmnm( }rg~d|ìe}hw(

}c }`n dcrn hgonrih Knrdie gmnchckw ca nhgdgei}gek ji|g}ih jce}rchz% G} {iz |rcdc}nm iz i z}n| }c{irmz

dcmnregvi}gce iem ge}nkri}gce ge}c ge}nrei}gceih ji|g}ih dirbn}z% Znn6 Iomnhih( ?<<; j`%='

Hnzz rnk~hi}nm |rgqi}n ji|g}ih dirbn}z {nrn i}}rij}gek qiz} idc~e}z ca geqnz}dne} dcenw iem

rndigenm i |chg}gjihhw jce}ne}gc~z }c|gj ~e}gh }`n NJ onkie }c zwz}ndi}gjihhw rndcqn ji|g}ih jce}rchz

iem mnrnk~hi}n ageiejgih ahc{z% ]`n CNJM iem NJ onkie }c rnqgzn }`ngr r~hnz ce ji|g}ih jce}rchz% ]`rnn

wnirz ia}nr zgkegek }`n ]rni}w ca _cdn( }`n NJ onkie z}nimghw rnm~jgek ji|g}ih jce}rchz% Geg}gihhw( NJ

r~hnz z}g|~hi}nm }ì} mgrnj} geqnz}dne}( hgz}$zìrnz }riezij}gcez( iem z`cr} iem dnmg~d }nrd jrnmg} on

hgonrihgvnm cehw acr }riezij}gcez idcekz} NJ dndonrz( rnzgmne}z( iem o~zgenzznz% Ia}nr iec}`nr }`rnn

wnirz |izznm( }`n |rgcr hgonrihgvi}gce ca jce}rchz cqnr z`cr} iem dnmg~d }nrd jrnmg} {iz np|iemnm }c

nejcd|izz znrqgjn rnhi}nm jce}rij}z on}{nne dndonrz( rnzgmne}z( iem o~zgenzznz% G} }ccb ie immg}gceih



egen wnirz }c np}nem |cr}gcez ca }`n dcrn hgonrihgvnm ji|g}ih jce}rchz }c ece$rnzgmne}z% Ge 9701( ia}nr }`n

Arnej` {nrn ce ocirm( NJ Dndonrz {nrn rny~grnm }c hgonrihgvn diew dcrn ece$z`cr} }nrd ji|g}ih

}riezij}gcez% Iem ageihhw( ge 9700 }`n NJ cohgknm g}z dndonrz }c gd|hndne} |chgjgnz }ì} a~hhw

hgonrihgvnm ji|g}ih dcoghg}w% Znn ogohgckri|`w acr i hgz} ca rnhi}nm NJ Jc~ejgh Mgrnj}gqnz'

\rnzne}hw( }`n N~rc|nie êgce ]rni}w z}i}nz ge Jì|}nr =( Ir}gjhn >1 }ì}( ‘[g}`ge }`n

aridn{crb ca }`n |rcqgzgcez zn} c~} ge }`gz Jì|}nr( ihh rnz}rgj}gcez ce }`n dcqndne} ca ji|g}ih on}{nne

Dndonr Z}i}nz iem on}{nne Dndonr Z}i}nz iem }`grm jc~e}rgnz zìhh on |rc`gog}nm%— Kcgek onwcem a~hh

hgonrihgvi}gce ca ji|g}ih dcoghg}w( }`n }rni}w jce}ge~nz }c gejh~mn |iwdne}z iz {nhh z}i}gek }ì}( ‘ihh

rnz}rgj}gcez ce |iwdne}z on}{nne Dndonr Z}i}nz iem on}{nne Dndonr Z}i}nz iem }`grm jc~e}rgnz zìhh

on |rc`gog}nm%— ]`n }{c z~o$|cge}z ge Ir}gjhn >; jhnirhw gmne}gaw immg}gceih ji|g}ih dcqndne}z }c on

jcd|hn}nhw hgonrihgvnm iem z}g|~hi}n }`n jcd|hn}nhw ~eiegdc~z |chg}gjih mnjgzgce rny~grnm }c ih}nr }`n

z}i}nm |rcqgzgcez6

9' ]`n |rcqgzgcez ca Ir}gjhn >1 zìhh on {g}`c~} |rnf~mgjn }c }`n i||hgji}gce }c }`grm jc~e}rgnz ca

iew rnz}rgj}gcez {`gj` npgz} ce :9 Mnjndonr 977: ~emnr ei}gceih cr Jcdd~eg}w hi{ imc|}nm ge

rnz|nj} ca }`n dcqndne} ca ji|g}ih }c cr arcd }`grm jc~e}rgnz geqchqgek mgrnj} geqnz}dne} ‚

gejh~mgek ge rnih nz}i}n ‚ nz}iohgz`dne}( }`n |rcqgzgce ca ageiejgih znrqgjnz cr }`n imdgzzgce ca

znj~rg}gnz }c ji|g}ih dirbn}z%

?' [`ghz} nemniqc~rgek }c ij`gnqn }`n cofnj}gqn ca arnn dcqndne} ca ji|g}ih on}{nne Dndonr

Z}i}nz iem }`grm jc~e}rgnz }c }`n krni}nz} np}ne} |czzgohn iem {g}`c~} |rnf~mgjn }c }`n c}`nr

Jì|}nrz ca }`gz ]rni}w( }`n Jc~ejgh diw( ij}gek ow i y~ihgagnm difcrg}w ce i |rc|czih arcd }`n

Jcddgzzgce( imc|} dniz~rnz ce }`n dcqndne} ca ji|g}ih }c cr arcd }`grm jc~e}rgnz geqchqgek

mgrnj} geqnz}dne} ‚ gejh~mgek geqnz}dne} ge rnih nz}i}n ‚ nz}iohgz`dne}( }`n |rcqgzgce ca

ageiejgih znrqgjnz cr }`n imdgzzgce ca znj~rg}gnz }c ji|g}ih dirbn}z% êiegdg}w zìhh on rny~grnm

acr dniz~rnz ~emnr }`gz |irikri|` {`gj` jcez}g}~}n i z}n| oijb ge Jcdd~eg}w hi{ iz rnkirmz

}`n hgonrihgzi}gce ca }`n dcqndne} ca ji|g}ih }c cr arcd }`grm jc~e}rgnz



Znn6 N~rc|nie êgce% Ca ]`n ]rni}w%%% ||%1:$1='

]`n N^ gz ne}grnhw jcddg}}nm }c hgonrih ji|g}ih jce}rchz iem( ow jcemg}gcegek }`n jìekn ca r~hnz ~|ce i

~eiegdc~z ikrnndne}( ìz nzzne}gihhw nez~rnm }ì} jìekgek }`nzn r~hnz {ghh on np}rndnhw |chg}gjihhw

mgaagj~h}( ga ec} gd|czzgohn( }c cqnr }~re {g}`c~} }`n mgzzch~}gce ca }`n N^ g}znha% Ca ec}n gz }`n

|nfcri}gqn qnrogikn ~emnrhwgek z~o$|cge} ? ca Ir}gjhn >; {`gj` z}i}nz }ì} rngd|hndne}gek ji|g}ih

jce}rchz ge }`n N^ {c~hm on ‘i z}n| oijb—%

Npidgegek Hgonrih ]`ncrw

Iz |chgjw dibnrz {nrn hccbgek acr {iwz }c gd|rcqn kcqnreiejn( }`n gzz~n ca hgonrihgvgek ji|g}ih

jce}rchz {iz jìd|gcenm ce qnrw {nib njcecdgj nqgmnejn% Jcrrnhi}gcez on}{nne hgonrih ageiejgih

ahc{z iem hcek }nrd njcecdgj krc{}` mgm ec} npgz}% ]`n enchgonrih jìd|gcez( `c{nqnr( {nrn y~gjb }c

|rigzn iew ij}gce }ì} rnm~jnm }`n rchn ca kcqnredne} ge }`n dirbn}|hijn% Ia}nr ihh( }`n dcz} |rcz|nrc~z

njcecdgnz ca }`n {crhm ìm naanj}gqnhw hgonrihgvnm ageiejgih ahc{z {g}`c~} iew i||irne} }`rni} }c

njcecdgj z}ioghg}w% Zc }`n irk~dne} {ne}( ga i mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rw {ie}nm }c on |rcz|nrc~z( g} z`c~hm

nd~hi}n }`n ihrnimw |rcz|nrc~z mnqnhc|nm jc~e}rgnz% Ijjcrmgek }c enchgonrih }`ncrw( dirbn}z {nrn i

ei}~rih |`necdnece iem }`n rchn kcqnredne} |hiwnm ge jrni}gek dirbn} gez}g}~}gcez( hgbn z}iohn

ageiejgih dirbn}z( {iz ec} immrnzznm% ]`n njcecdgj }`ncrgz}z ca }`n }gdn onhgnqnm }ì} }`n njcecdw

z`c~hm on gez~hi}nm arcd |chg}gjih acrjnz ge crmnr }c c|nri}n ge }`n dcz} naagjgne} {iw |czzgohn% Znn6

Argnmdie 970?' _njnzzgcez iem ~end|hcwdne} {c~hm nqne}~ihhw {crb }`ndznhqnz c~} ga cehw

kcqnredne} {c~hm ec} ge}nranrn {g}` ri}gceih dirbn} acrjnz%

Enchgonrih }`ncrw z~kknz}nm }ì} ndnrkgek dirbn} njcecdgnz ennmnm ge}nrei}gceih geqnz}dne} ge

crmnr }c mnqnhc| iem nhgdgei}gek ji|g}ih jce}rchz {c~hm on i {iw }c kirenr }r~z} arcd ge}nrei}gceih

geqnz}crz% Ga i kcqnredne} hijbz }`n hnkih ioghg}w }c jce}rch ji|g}ih dcqndne}z( ie geqnz}cr jc~hm(



}`ncrn}gjihhw( mgqnz} z`c~hm iew zgkez ca }rc~ohn i||nir% A~r}`nr( nhgdgei}gek ji|g}ih jce}rchz {c~hm

mgzjg|hgen ndnrkgek kcqnredne}z% Ga }`nw dcqnm c~} ca hgen {g}` ge}nrei}gceihhw ijjn|}nm ecrdz ca

onìqgcr( c~}ahc{z ca ge}nrei}gceih( iem nqne mcdnz}gj( ji|g}ih {c~hm |~egz` }`n kcqnredne} acr g}z

onìqgcr% ]`n hi}nr |cge} {c~hm nez~rn }ì} kcqnredne}z {c~hm onìqn ge }`n dcz} naagjgne} dieenr

|czzgohn% Ih}̀ c~k` }`n kcihz ca `nh|gek ndnrkgek njcecdgnz mnqnhc| irn hi~miohn( }`nrn npgz} i} hniz}

agqn |rcohndi}gj gzz~nz izzcjgi}nm {g}` }`gz }`ncrn}gjih i||rcij` jne}nrnm ~|ce }`n qgi nhgdgei}gce ca

ji|g}ih jce}rchz6

9' Geah~nejnm ow mnqnhc|dne} }`ncrgz}z hgbn _cz}c{( enchgonrih gmnchckw jh~ek }c i arnn dirbn}z {crb

onz} dn}i$eirri}gqn }ì} cqnrhccbnm }`n ge}rgjijgnz ca zcjgih gez}g}~}gcez ge ei}gcez }ì} a~emidne}ihhw

ih}nr }`n |rnzjrg|}gqn dniez }`rc~k` {`gj` mnqnhc|dne} {ghh cjj~r% ‘]`n ei}gceih z}crgnz {ghh z`c{(

agrz}( }`n qnrw {gmn qirgi}gce on}{nne }`n rnk~hi}crw zwz}ndz iem }`n gez}g}~}gcez zn} ~| }c imdgegz}nr

}`nd% Iem znjcemhw }`nw {ghh z`c{ }`n gd|cr}ie} |ir} |hiwnm ow mcdnz}gj iem acrngke |chg}gjz%—

Z}riekn |%9=<' Gd|cr} e~iejnz ge zcjgih gez}g}~}gcez hnim }c qirgn}gnz ca ji|g}ihgzd }ì} rny~grn

mgaanrne}gi}nm |chgjgnz onz} z~g}nm }c |ir}gj~hir j~h}~rih dirbn}z% Znn6 @ihh ! Zczbgjn' Ei}gcez ec}

z~g}nm acr ri|gm hgonrihgvi}gce ca ji|g}ih ahc{z np|nrgnejn |nrgcmz ca }rndnemc~z zcjgih ~ernz} iem ca}ne

mgzjcqnr }ì} hirkn ~enirenm }riezanrz ca |~ohgj izzn}z agem }`nrn {iw ge}c }`n ìemz ca |chg}gjihhw

jceenj}nm gemgqgm~ihz% Znn6 Bhnge'

?' Zgd|hw hgonrihgvgek ji|g}ih jce}rchz mcnz ec} ~z~ihhw jcrrnhi}n {g}` ie gejrnizn ge acrngke geqnz}dne}%

Hgonrihgvgek ji|g}ih ahc{z {ghh cehw gejrnizn geqnz}dne} ge mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rgnz ga }`nrn gz i mndiem acr

geqnz}dne} ihrnimw |rnzne}% ]rimg}gceihhw( diew ca }`n jc~e}rgnz {`nrn geqnz}dne} ji|g}ih ahc{nm {nrn

ihrnimw jìrij}nrgvnm ow `gk` |rgqi}n iem |~ohgj ziqgekz ri}nz% Ca}ne( hijb ca |rcm~j}gqn geqnz}dne} gz

ji~znm ow i hc{ geqnz}dne} mndiem iem ec} mrgqne ow hc{ ziqgek ri}nz cr i hijb ca iqighiohn ji|g}ih%

Dcz} jc~e}rgnz }ì} i}}rij}nm ji|g}ih mgm ec} aigh }c mnqnhc| m~n }c hc{ hnqnhz ca ziqgekz( }`nw

np|nrgnejn geqnz}dne}$jcez}rige}( ‘Ih}`c~k` zcdn ei}gcez diw on znqnrnhw jcez}rigenm ow geimny~i}n

ijjnzz }c ageiejn( c}`nrz”iem |nrì|z i difcrg}w”irn jcez}rigenm |rgdirghw ow geimny~i}n geqnz}dne}



mndiem iz }`n rnhnqie} ogemgek jcez}rige}%— _cmrgb |%99=' ‘]`n bnw mgaanrnejn gz }ì} ageiejgih

jcemg}gcez( iem ge |ir}gj~hir dirbn} ge}nrnz} ri}nz( {ghh ec} on i difcr mn}nrdgeie} ca }`n qch~dn ca

ikkrnki}n geqnz}dne}%— _cmrgb |%9:9' I jc~e}rw gz knenrihhw jhizzgagnm iz geqnz}dne} jcez}rigenm {`ne

g} hijbz }`n ~emnrhwgek gez}g}~}gceih ac~emi}gcez rny~grnm acr |c}ne}gihhw |rcag}iohn geqnz}dne}%

Knenrihhw( i rnhi}gqn rnm~j}gce ge ji|g}ih jce}rchz {ghh ec} g}znha jrni}n gejne}gqnz acr geqnz}dne}% ]`n

rndnmw }c {nib gez}g}~}gceih z}r~j}~rnz jcdn arcd }`n |~ohgj znj}cr iem jieec} on zchqnm ow rnhwgek ce

enchgonrih arnn dirbn} ecrdi}gqn |chgjw z~kknz}gcez%

:' Dirbn}z {ghh cqnrz`cc} iem |~egz` ge i rnahnpgqn aiz`gce nz|njgihhw {g}`ge ageiejgih dirbn}z zgejn

}`n z~||hw ca ageiejgih gez}r~dne}z gz geageg}nhw hirkn iem ec} }gnm }c |`wzgjih |rc|nr}gnz }ì} jcez}rige

kccmz dirbn}z( ec} rnz} i} ie ny~ghgorg~d6

RGTe ageiejgih dirbn}z i oihiejn gz mgaagj~h} }c rnij` onji~zn ageiejgih dirbn}z mc ec} mnih {g}`

bec{e y~ie}g}gnz2 }`nw }rw }c mgzjc~e} i a~}~rn }ì} gz jce}gekne} ce `c{ }`nw mgzjc~e} g} i}

|rnzne}% [ì} ì||nez ge ageiejgih dirbn}z jie iaanj} }`n njcecdgj /a~emidne}ihz/ }ì} }`czn

dirbn}z irn z~||cznm }c rnahnj}” {`gj` gz {`w rnjne} wnirz ìqn |rcm~jnm z~j` i mridi}gj iem

znndgekhw grri}gceih z}cjb dirbn} rgzn( achhc{nm ow ie ny~ihhw mridi}gj iem znndgekhw grri}gceih

aihh% Gez}nim ca i cen${iw jceenj}gce on}{nne z~||hw iem mndiem qgi dirbn} |rgjnz( }`nrn gz i

}{c${iw jceenj}gce6 Dirbn} |rgjnz jie ihzc ih}nr }`n jcemg}gcez ca z~||hw iem mndiem ge i

jgrj~hir aiz`gce% Zcrcz |%90'

A~r}`nr( ce }`n aihhijgc~z gmni }ì} arnnhw ahnpgohn npjìekn ri}nz gez~hi}n i jc~e}rw arcd khcoih

jcemg}gcez( Jìrhnz Bgemhnonrknr np|higez }ì}6

Np|nrgnejn oc}` ge }`n 97:<z iem ge }`n 97;<z( `c{nqnr( znndz }c gemgji}n c}`nr{gzn% Ge i {crhm

ca mnahi}gce( iz ge }`n 97:<z( ahnpgohn npjìekn ri}nz {g}` cqnrz`cc}gek irn mnahi}gceirw%

Mn|rnjgi}gce hniqnz mcdnz}gj |rgjn ~ejìeknm iem rnm~jnz |rgjnz ge jc~e}rgnz {`nrn npjìekn

ri}nz ìqn i||rnjgi}nm% Ge i {crhm ca geahi}gce( ce }`n c}`nr ìem( iz ge }`n 97;<z( }`n ri}j`n}

{crbz ge }`n c||czg}n znezn6 mn|rnjgi}gce rigznz mcdnz}gj |rgjnz2 i||rnjgi}gce hniqn acrngke



|rgjnz ~ejìeknm% Bgemhnonrknr ||% ?7:$7='

Ge naanj}( hgonrihgvgek ji|g}ih jce}rchz {ghh ec} jrni}n z}iohn np|nj}nm jcrrnj}gcez o~} {ghh rnz~h} gez}nim

ge grri}gceih cqnrz`cc}gek% Iegdih z|grg}z hgbn anir iem ~ejnr}ige}w ca}ne mgrnj} dirbn} zne}gdne}

ji~zgek diew dizz dcqndne}z ca ji|g}ih }c on ac~emnm ec} ~|ce dirbn} a~emidne}ihz o~} ndc}gce%

Znn6 Ibnrhca ! Zj`ghhnr'

=' I ̀ ihhdirb ca ge}nrei}gceih njcecdgjz acr wnirz( }`n D~emnhh$Ahndgek dcmnh ìz onne |rcqne

geijj~ri}n% Nhgdgei}gek ji|g}ih jce}rchz mgm ec} ihhc{ acr dcen}irw |chgjw i~}cecdw( gez}nim g}

z~ofnj}nm kcqnredne}z }c }`n {`gdz ca }`n dirbn}|hijn }ì} ~h}gdi}nhw ~emnrdgenm }`n |chg}gjih

hnkg}gdijw enjnzzirw acr njcecdgj krc{}` iem }rimn% Immrnzzgek `c|nz iem anirz izzcjgi}nm {g}`

j~rrnejw hgonrihgvi}gce( cr rndcqgek ji|g}ih jce}rchz( @irchm Fidnz {rc}n }ì}( ‘}`n `c|nz ge |ccrnr

jc~e}rgnz%%%}ì} g} dgk`} hnim }c en{ geahc{z ca a~emz( iem }`n anir }ì} }`czn a~emz {c~hm hgdg} }`n

zjc|n acr ei}gceih |chgjwdibgek%— Fidnz |%0>' Np|nrgnejn ìz z`c{e }ì} dcz} |ccr ei}gcez( ia}nr

rndcqgek ji|g}ih jce}rchz( ìqn }`ngr `c|nz miz`nm {`ghn }`ngr anirz ca hgdg}i}gcez ce |chgjwdibgek irn

dimn dieganz}%

>' êmnr }`n rirn cjjizgce }ì} i ece$ziqgekz jcez}rigenm mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rw gz iohn }c znj~rn a~emgek(

acrngke ji|g}ih geqnz}dne} mcnz ec} hnim }c njcecdgj krc{}` ge }`n hcek r~e onji~zn g} dibnz i

jc~e}rw+z npjìekn ri}n hnzz jcd|n}g}gqn rnm~jgek }`n i}}rij}gqnenzz ca g}z np|cr}z% ‘]`n bnw |cge} gz

}ì} }`nrn gz i jr~jgih mgaanrnejn on}{nne mcdnz}gj iem acrngke ageiejn6 gd|rcqndne}z ge }`n acrdnr

mn|rnjgi}n }`n rnih npjìekn ri}n( o~} gd|rcqndne}z ge }`n hi}}nr i||rnjgi}n g}%— _cmrgb |%9:>'

Z~z}igeiohn hcek }nrd krc{}` gz dcz} naanj}gqn {`ne ageiejnm ow mcdnz}gj ziqgekz% Immg}gceihhw( {`ne

ageiejnm ow acrngke ji|g}ih( i |cr}gce ca a~}~rn njcecdgj krc{}` {ghh ih{iwz on m~n }c }`n acrngke

hnemnr naanj}gqnhw j~}}gek ge}c }`n krc{}` ri}n acr i mnqnhc|gek ei}gce6

RZT~j` ahc{z irn zgd|hw ocrrc{gek jce}rij}z6 }`n |ccr jc~e}rw ijy~grnz ji|g}ih arcd }`n rgj`

ec{( ge rn}~re acr |rcdgznm kccmz ahc{z ge }`n c||czg}n mgrnj}gce hi}nr ce% Z~||czn jc~e}rgnz I

iem O irn nekiknm ge z~j` i }riezij}gce( iem }ì} }`n ji|g}ih z}cjbz ge }`n }{c jc~e}rgnz irn



krc{gek ce |i}`z }ì} {ghh nqne}~ihhw jceqnrkn }c i jcddce qih~n% Ga {n hccb i} kccmz ahc{gek

}`rc~k` }gdn on}{nne }`nzn }{c jc~e}rgnz( {n znn i |ìzn ge {`gj` kccmz ahc{ arcd imqiejnm

I }c oijb{irm O( achhc{nm ow i |ìzn {`gj` hiz}z acrnqnr' ge {`gj` kccmz ahc{ arcd O }c I ge

}`n acrd ca ge}nrnz} |iwdne}z cr rn|i}rgi}nm |rcag}z% H~jiz |%1;'

Dcz} mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rw krc{}` z}ghh cjj~rz }`rc~k` ie np|cr} hnm dcmnh% _njne}hw( imqiejnz ge

ijimndgj }`ncrw jc~|hnm {g}` rnih {crhm np|nrgnejn ìqn onk~e }c dibn }`nzn nrrcrz izzcjgi}nm {g}`

enchgonrih }`ncrw dcrn i||irne}%

Hgonrihgvnm ji|g}ih ahc{z mgz}cr} ge}nrnz} ri}nz iem dizb rgzb% M~n }c i hgdg}nm( ihong} np|iemgek(

z~||hw ca ji|g}ih m~rgek }`n |nrgcm ca ndonmmnm hgonrihgzd( `gk` ge}nrnz} ri}nz zgkegagnm }ì} i |ir}gj~hir

geqnz}dne} jirrgnm {g}` g} ie gejrniznm rgzb% ]`n `gk`nr ge}nrnz} ri}nz {nrn gejne}gqnz acr geqnz}crz

}chnrie} ca `gk`nr rgzb |rndg~dz }c jìzn hirknr |c}ne}gih rn}~rez% ]`nzn zgkeihz {nrn mgz}cr}nm iz

hgonrihgvnm ji|g}ih ahc{z ihhc{nm immg}gceih ji|g}ih }c ne}nr }`n ge}nrei}gceih ageiejgih dirbn}z% ‘]`n

krc{gek z~||hw ca a~emz ahc{gek }c ndnrkgek dirbn}z z`c{nm ~|%%%ge i mgz}gej} eirrc{gek ca }`n z|rnim

ca ge}nrnz} ri}nz ce ndnrkgek dirbn} mno} cqnr }`n wgnhm ce ^%Z% ]rniz~rw cohgki}gcez ca }`n zidn

di}~rg}w%— Zchcdce |%991' Hirkn idc~e}z ca ji|g}ih {nrn zgd|hw ongek rnjwjhnm arcd }`n np|cr}gek

iem mnqnhc|gek ei}gcez ca }`n {crhm oijb }c }`n jrnmg} `~ekrw mnqnhc|nm ei}gcez%

Mnjrnizgek ge}nrnz} ri}n z|rnimz {nrn ec}( `c{nqnr( zgkegawgek i mnjrniznm geqnz}dne} rgzb2

ri}`nr( }`nw {nrn dnrnhw gemgji}gek }ì} |ne} ~| geqnz}dne} ji|g}ih {iz jcd|n}gek acr }`n zidn

geqnz}dne} c||cr}~eg}gnz naanj}gqnhw mgzjc~e}gek iew rgzb |rndg~d% ]`n npjn|}gceihhw hc{ ge}nrnz} ri}nz

nqgejnm ge }`n Krnnez|ie nri jcrrnz|cem }nd|crihhw {g}` }`n hgonrihgvi}gce ca ji|g}ih ahc{z% ]`nrn gz

hg}}hn nqgmnejn }c z~kknz} }ì} ndnrkgek dirbn} njcecdgnz ìm onjcdn hnzz ca ie geqnz}dne} rgzb( iem

{`ne jc~|hnm {g}` }`n jcejnrez ca |c}ne}gih ji|g}ih ahgk`} |rnzne} {`ne i jc~e}rw rn}igez ec ji|g}ih

jce}rchz( mnai~h} rgzb m~n }c dirbn} qchi}ghg}w ìm ij}~ihhw gejrniznm% ]`n `gmmne rgzbz izzcjgi}nm {g}`

hc{nr ge}nrnz} ri}nz {nrn ec} cehw midikgek }c ndnrkgek dirbn} njcecdgnz% Hcek }nrd hc{ hnqnh

ge}nrnz} ri}nz h~hhnm gem~z}rgih jc~e}rgnz ge}c ~ez~z}igeiohn ocrrc{gek ìog}z% Ge ?<<1( ie GDA Z~rqnw



ir}gjhn ne}g}hnm ‘[`w irn hcek$}nrd ge}nrnz} ri}nz zc hc{3— iz}~}nhw |rnmgj}nm }`n imf~z}dne} |rcohndz

i{ig}gek }`n khcoih ageiejgih zwz}nd6

Hcek$}nrd ge}nrnz} ri}nz ìqn rndigenm hc{ ge }`n Krc~| ca Znqne K;' difcr gem~z}rgih

jc~e}rgnz mnz|g}n hirkn agzjih mnagjg}z iem rgzgek |~ohgj mno}z%%% Hc{ hcek$}nrd ri}nz”ow

ihhc{gek kcqnredne} mno} }c rgzn {g}`c~} d~j` gejrnizn ge ge}nrnz} np|nemg}~rnz”rnm~jn }`n

gejne}gqn }c immrnzz o~mkn}irw gdoihiejnz2 ge immg}gce( }`n z~om~nm onìqgcr ca ocem wgnhmz”ge

}`n |rnznejn ca agzjih gdoihiejnz iz {nhh iz z}rcek njcecdgj krc{}` iem i }gk`}negek ca

dcen}irw |chgjw ge zcdn jiznz”ìz |rcd|}nm rnen{nm mc~o}z ioc~} }`n ~emnrhwgek hgebz

on}{nne kcqnredne} mnagjg}z iem mno} iem ge}nrnz} ri}nz%%% Iec}`nr aij}cr ce {`gj` zcdn

coznrqnrz ìqn acj~znm gz }`n hirkn j~rrne} ijjc~e} z~r|h~znz ca aiz}$krc{gek ndnrkgek dirbn}

cr cgh$np|cr}gek njcecdgnz% ]`nw ìqn nd|ìzgvnm }`n ~e|rnjnmne}nm ijj~d~hi}gce ca

gem~z}rgih jc~e}rw kcqnredne} znj~rg}gnz ow }`ngr jne}rih oiebz% Dc}gqi}nm ow }`n ennm acr

‘gez~riejn— cr ongek i zgmn naanj} ca }`n npjìekn ri}n rnkgdn( }`nzn |~rjìznz irn hgbnhw }c on

rnhi}gqnhw geznezg}gqn }c np|nj}nm rn}~rez%%%[`ghn agzjih mnagjg}z ìqn immnm ie nz}gdi}nm >< oizgz

|cge}z }c K; hcek$}nrd ge}nrnz} ri}nz( ce iqnrikn( m~rgek ?<<9‚<>( rnznrqn ijj~d~hi}gce

z~o}rij}nm ~| }c 7< oizgz |cge}z% ]`n rnz~h}z irn ca jcejnre onji~zn }`nw z~kknz} }ì} }`n difcr

mc{e{irm geah~nejn ce ge}nrnz} ri}nz ìz onne i aij}cr }ì} diew coznrqnrz onhgnqn }c on

}riezg}crw6 ~e|rnjnmne}nm }riezanrz ca ziqgekz arcd }`n mnqnhc|gek }c }`n gem~z}rgih {crhm(

|rcd|}nm ow gez~riejn cr npjìekn ri}n rnkgdn ri}`nr }ìe geqnz}dne} dc}gqnz iem geqnz}nm ge

agpnm$gejcdn kcqnredne} znj~rg}gnz% @i~kenr ! B~dir ||%9=<$9=9'

]`n gez~riejn iem npjìekn ri}n rnkgdn dc}gqi}gcez ir}gj~hi}nm iocqn irn }{c ca }`n dige {iwz

mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rgnz {nrn iohn }c nez~rn }`ngr njcecdgj hgqnhg`ccm% [g}`c~} imny~i}n zcjgih

gez}g}~}gcez }c |rc}nj} zcjgn}w arcd gd|nrzceih dirbn} acrjnz( }`n mnqnhc|gek {crhm z}ir}nm }c `cirm

ji|g}ih rnznrqnz( rgk`}hw kgqne }`ngr |czg}gce ge}nrei}gceihhw( iem nekikn ge oc}` arnn dirbn} |~rjìznz

iem ji|g}ih jce}rchz% Jcd|ghgek hirkn acrngke rnznrqnz iz gez~riejn ikigez} i hgy~gmg}w jr~ej` {iz i



hnzzce {nhh hnirenm achhc{gek }`n mnqiz}i}gce {rc~k`} ~|ce mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rgnz m~rgek }`n jrgzgz

|rcen hi}}nr y~ir}nr ca }`n ?< }` jne}~rw% Npjìekn ri}n rnkgdnz {nrn ~znm }c jc~e}nrij} }`n

~e|rnmgj}ioghg}w ca }`n acrngke npjìekn dirbn}z {g}`ge ie ge}nrei}gceih zwz}nd {g}` jcd|hn}nhw

hgonrihgvnm ji|g}ih ahc{z }c dige}ige ie np|cr}$argnemhw j~rrnejw qih~i}gce% Onwcem geqnz}gek ge `~die

ji|g}ih( g} gz ìrm }c }`ncrgvn i krc{}` dcmnh }ì} mcnz ec} rnhw ~|ce np|cr}gek2 }`nrnacrn( jce}rchhgek

}`n ei}gceih npjìekn ri}n gz ie naanj}gqn {iw }c ìqn np|cr}z rndige jcd|n}g}gqn ge}nrei}gceihhw iem

acz}nr njcecdgj krc{}`%

Z`ga}gek C|gegcez

Iz }`n GDA ìz onne i hcek }gdn |rc|cene} ca ri|gm iem jcd|hn}n ji|g}ih hgonrihgvi}gce( rnqnrzih

ca GDA |chgjw z~kknz}gcez acr mnqnhc|gek ei}gcez gemgji}n ie nrczgce ca onhgna ge }`n nrrcenc~z dn}i$

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]`n mnrnk~hi}gce dcqndne} arcd }`n 97;<z ce }ì} {iz }gnm }c enchgonrih |`ghczc|`w ~z`nrnm ge

i en{ acrd ca ageiejn jcddcehw rnanrrnm }c iz }`n zìmc{ oiebgek zwz}nd% Dceg}crgek ji|g}ih ahc{z

onjidn mgaagj~h} iz diew ij}crz ge }`gz zwz}nd( z~j` iz `nmkn a~emz iem |rgqi}n ny~g}w agrdz( {nrn

|rgqi}nhw `nhm ne}g}gnz {g}` hg}}hn |~ohgj mgzjhcz~rn% ]`nzn ne}g}gnz {nrn ec} oc~em ow }`n zidn

mgzjhcz~rn r~hnz {`gj` i||hgnm }c |~ohgjhw }rimnm jcd|iegnz% Zc~rjnz ca a~emgek( geqnz}dne} cofnj}gqnz(

iem }`n nqne}~ih rnjg|gne}z ca |rcag} {nrn z`gnhmnm on`gem dcrn c|iy~n wn} ge}nrjceenj}nm

rnhi}gcez`g|z% Z[Az ge}rcm~jnm en{ jcejnrez iz geqnz}dne} {iz enjnzzirghw }gnm }c i zcqnrngke



ageiejgnr% I kcqnredne} jc~hm dceg}cr( rnk~hi}n( cr ohcjb acrngke mgrnj} geqnz}dne} ge ie gem~z}rw

qgn{nm iz jrg}gjih }c ei}gceih znj~rg}w ow i `cz}ghn acrngke kcqnredne}2 `c{nqnr( {g}`ge }`n zìmc{

oiebgek zwz}nd z}r~j}~rn( }`n zidn `cz}ghn kcqnredne} jc~hm geqnz} ge i |rgqi}n ny~g}w jcd|iew iem

dibn }`n zidn geqnz}dne} {g}`c~} bec{hnmkn arcd geqnz}dne} i~}`crg}gnz cr i||hgjiohn |chg}gjih

cqnrzgk`}% Zgejn ji|g}ih jce}rchz {nrn ec{ hnkihhw a~hhw hgonrihgvnm( rnk~hi}crw cqnrzgk`} {iz hnzz

ji|iohn ca dnn}gek g}z cofnj}gqnz%

]`n iecewdg}w ca ij}crz ge }`n zìmc{ oiebgek zwz}nd npijnroi}nm ei}gceih znj~rg}w jcejnrez

acr diew kcqnredne}z irc~em }`n {crhm% ]`n zìmc{ oiebgek zwz}nd dimn g} mgaagj~h} }c }rijn }`n

crgkgez ca ageiejgih ji|g}ih% Diew kcqnredne}z {nrn {crrgnm }ì} geqnz}dne} {g}`ge }`n zìmc{

oiebgek zwz}nd ow Z[Az {c~hm ihhc{ acr }njèchckw }riezanrz( geah~nejn ge z}ri}nkgj gem~z}rgnz( iem

jce}rch ca rnzc~rjn z~||hgnz% Jcejnrez rnhi}nm }c }`n zìmc{ oiebgek zwz}nd {nrn d~h}g|hgnm {`ne }`n

geqnz}crz {nrn ec} |rgqi}n gemgqgm~ihz o~} |c}ne}gihhw jcd|n}gek zcqnrngke kcqnredne}z% Ge ?<<; }`n

dnmgi {iz y~gjb }c `gk`hgk`} }`n en{ jcejnrez z{grhgek irc~em Z[Az% Ge F~en( ie ir}gjhn ge ]`n

K~irmgie rnanrrgek }c Z[Az z}i}nm }ì}6

]`nw+rn ogkknr }ìe `nmkn a~emz iem dcrn znjrn}gqn }ìe |rgqi}n ny~g}w% Zcqnrngke {nih}` a~emz

$ zn} ~| ow kcqnredne}z }c geqnz} npjnzz acrngke npjìekn rnznrqnz $ |rcdgzn }c z~||hw }`n enp}

ogk {iqn ca jce}rcqnrzw iz }`nw d~z`rccd ge zgvn iem onjcdn dcrn ikkrnzzgqn ge }`ngr y~nz}

acr `gk`nr rn}~rez% Z~emnrhiem ?<<;'

Iz |rnmgj}nm( i dnrn ac~r dce}`z hi}nr iec}`nr ir}gjhn rn|cr}nm }ì}6

]`n jìejnhhcr( Ihgz}igr Mirhgek( hiz} egk`} oijbnm i dcqn ow }`n K; }c }c~k`ne g}z i||rcij` }c

zcqnrngke {nih}` a~emz {`ne `n {irenm acrngke kcqnredne}z }ì} Org}ige {c~hm ec} }chnri}n

geqnz}dne}z ge bnw ^B jcd|iegnz }ì} {nrn |chg}gjihhw dc}gqi}nm% Idgm krc{gek jcejnre ge }`n

{nz} }ì} J`gei( _~zzgi iem }`n cgh$rgj` z}i}nz ca }`n Dgmmhn Niz} ìqn ijj~d~hi}nm qiz} {ir

j`nz}z {g}` {`gj` }c o~w ~| izzn}z ge }`n mnqnhc|nm {crhm( Dr Mirhgek zigm Org}ige {c~hm ohcjb

jnr}ige }ibncqnrz ce ei}gceih znj~rg}w krc~emz% Nhhgc} ?<<;'



]`n hi}}nr y~c}n {iz rnanrrgek }c i dnn}gek `nhm Cj}conr ?<<; {`nrn }`n K;( |rcmmnm dcz} acrjna~hhw

ow Ariejn iem }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz( dimn jhnir g}z gezgz}nejn }ì} }`n GDA iem }`n CNJM jria} i jcmn ca

jcem~j} acr Z[Az% Diew |chg}gjgiez {ie}nm Z[Az }c ij} {g}` krni}nr }riez|irnejw iem }c ìqn

|rij}gjnz dcmnhnm ~|ce }`n Kcqnredne} \nezgce A~em ca Ecr{iw%

Onzgmnz gzz~gek d~h}g|hn rn|cr}z( arcd ?<<;$?<<7 }`n ^Z Jcekrnzz mnqc}nm i} hniz} }ne

Jcekrnzzgceih `nirgekz }c }`n ndnrknejn ca Z[Az iem }`ngr |c}ne}gih gd|ij}z ~|ce izzn} |rgjnz(

npjìekn ri}n ah~j}~i}gcez( iem ei}gceih znj~rg}w z}ri}nkgnz% Ca ec}n gz }`n i}}ne}gce |igm }c Z[Az ge }`n

Jcddg}}nn ce Acrngke Iaaigrz iem }`n Jcddg}}nn ce Acrngke _nhi}gcez {`gj` jne}nrnm ce }`n

|nrjngqnm ei}gceih znj~rg}w }`rni}z }ì} Z[Az dizbnm nz|njgihhw {`ne qgn{nm ec} iz |~rnhw ageiejgih

geqnz}crz o~} iz y~izg kcqnredne}ih iknejgnz% Znn ogohgckri|`w acr i hgz} ca z|njgagnm ^Z

Jcekrnzzgceih @nirgekz'

Hirkn njcecdgj mnihz {nrn ohcjbnm onji~zn ca |chg}gjih jcejnrez z~rrc~emgek ng}`nr ei}gceih

znj~rg}w cr z~||cznm hi}ne} ge}ne}gcez ca }`n geqnz}dne} ei}gcez% ]`n aigh~rn ca }`n M~oig [crhm \cr}z

mnih `gk`hgk`}z }`gz `gz}crgjih |nrgcm y~g}n ij~}nhw% [g}` rnij}gcez arcd }`n Zn|}ndonr 99}` }nrrcrgz}

i}}ijbz ce }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz z}ghh arnz` ge }`n dgemz ca }`n |~ohgj( |chg}gjih hnimnrz`g| rnij}nm z}rcekhw }c

ei}gceih znj~rg}w jcejnrez% M~rgek }`gz |nrgcm( i ogm acr dieiknrgih jce}rch ca diew ^Z |cr}z( znne iz

`gk`hw znezg}gqn acr ei}gceih znj~rg}w( ow ie Iriogj ei}gce {iz z~rnhw mccdnm }c aigh% \~ohgj c~}rikn

cqnr acrngke jce}rch ca ^Z |cr}z {iz qn`ndne} iem nqne}~ihhw hnm }`n Z[A arcd M~oig }c znhh }`n

izzn}z hcji}nm {g}`ge }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz }ì} g} ijy~grnm ge }`n mnih% Nqne }`c~k` }`n êg}nm Irio

Ndgri}nz irn i |chg}gjih ihhw ca }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz ge }`n K~ha _nkgce( jcejnrez cqnr }`n ÎN+z c}`nr

|chg}gjih ihhgnz( ec}iohw Grie( ji~znm }`n |~ohgj }c y~nz}gce |nrjngqnm `gmmne dc}gqnz ~emnrhwgek }`n

geqnz}dne}% Ge }`n |chg}gjih jhgdi}n ca }`n }gdn( g} {iz gejcejngqiohn }ì} i acrngke ne}g}w {c~hm ìqn

jce}rch cqnr z~j` |chg}gjihhw znezg}gqn |gnjnz ca |rc|nr}w%

Cqnrhccbnm ow }`n dnmgi ge }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz {iz }`n aij} }ì} }`n jce}rij} acr dieiknrgih

jce}rch ca }`n |cr}z {iz ihrnimw c{enm ow i acrngke kcqnredne}( ihong} i hcek }nrd |chg}gjih ihhw ca }`n



êg}nm Z}i}nz% ‘Acr wnirz( jce}igenr |cr}z ge En{ Wcrb( \`ghimnh|`gi( Oih}gdcrn( Dgidg( iem En{

Crhniez ìm onne c|nri}nm ow i Org}gz` jcekhcdnri}n jihhnm }`n \negez~hir ! Crgne}ih Z}nid

Eiqgki}gce Jcd|iew%— [ngenr |%9=>' ]`n |~ohgj rnij}gce }c }`gz mnih {iz jnr}igehw a~nhnm ow }`n

}nrrcrgz} i}}ijbz ca 7#99 o~} acrngke c{enrz`g| g}znha {iz ec{ ge fnc|irmw ge }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz iz

rnij}gceirw |rnzz~rnz rnhi}nm }c ei}gceih znj~rg}w `nhm jne}nr z}ikn ge }`n |~ohgj nwn iem |chg}gjih

mgzjc~rzn% ]`n êg}nm Z}i}nz ìm ihrnimw hnkihhw nz}iohgz`nm hnkgzhi}gce mnzgkenm }c cqnrznn acrngke

geqnz}dne} {`gj` {iz gd|hndne}nm }c rnz}rgj} mnihz hgbn }`n M~oig \!C ijy~gzg}gce2 `c{nqnr( }`n

ge}nr|rn}i}gce ca |czzgohn ei}gceih znj~rg}w qgchi}gcez {iz iem rndigez qik~n% êmnr }`n j~rrne}

hnkgzhi}gce( g} gz y~g}n |czzgohn }ì} }`n M~oig ijy~gzg}gce {c~hm ìqn z~jjnnmnm ga }`n |chg}gjih jhgdi}n

z~rrc~emgek }`n 7#99 }nrrcrgz} i}}ijbz ge }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz {iz ec} zc |rc}nj}gcegz}%

êg}nm Z}i}nz Z[A Hnkgzhi}gce

Jcekrnzzgceih hnkgzhi}gce jria}nm }`n Jcddg}}nn ce Acrngke Geqnz}dne} ge }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz(

dcrn jcddcehw rnanrrnm }c JAG^Z( ge97;> }c cqnrznn acrngke geqnz}dne} {g}` |c}ne}gih ei}gceih

znj~rg}w jcejnrez }c }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz kcqnredne}% ]`n |c{nr iem rnij` ca JAG^Z {iz np|iemnm ge

9700 {`ne \rnzgmne} _nikie gzz~nm Npnj~}gqn Crmnr 9?119 |hijgek JAG^Z ~emnr immg}gceih

|rnzgmne}gih cqnrzgk`}% Acrngke ji|g}ih geahc{z rndigenm njcecdgjihhw gd|cr}ie} }c }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz

iem }c rnz|cem }c krc{gek jcejnrez ow acrngke geqnz}crz ioc~} }`n jhirg}w iem }riez|irnejw ca JAG^Z

|rcjnm~rn( }`n Mn|ir}dne} ca }`n ]rniz~rw imc|}nm }`n Acrngke Geqnz}dne} iem Ei}gceih Znj~rg}w Ij}

ca ?<<; AGEZI'% AGEZI {iz ie idnemdne} }c Znj}gce ;?9 ca }`n Mnanezn \rcm~j}gce Ij} ca 97><

{`gj` jcmgagnm z|njgagj |rcjnm~rih z}n|z }c on }ibne z`c~hm jcekrnzz cr }`n |rnzgmne} agem jrnmgohn

nqgmnejn ca ge}ne} cr |czzgoghg}w }c gd|igr cr }`rni}ne ei}gceih znj~rg}w% ]`n rnqgn{ |rcjnzz {iz neij}nm

}c `nh| nizn ei}gceih znj~rg}w jcejnrez {g}`c~} jhczgek caa }`n ^Z dirbn} arcd ge}nrei}gceih



geqnz}dne}% ]`nzn z}n|z {nrn hgbnhw i rnz|cezn }c Z[A jcejnrez rnhi}nm `gz}crgjihhw }c }`n oc}j`nm

M~oig [crhm \cr}z Mnih% ]`n |~ohgj iem diew |chg}gjgiez {nrn jcejnrenm ioc~} acrngke c{enrz`g|

{`ghn Z[A `cz} ei}gcez {nrn rnz|cemgek }c {ì} }`nw jchhnj}gqnhw qgn{nm iz rnk~hi}gce ~eaigrhw

}irkn}gek ndnrkgek jc~e}rgnz+ Z[Az%

Np}rndnhw acrjna~h |chg}gjih z}i}ndne}z arcd }`n `nim ca BGI Oimnr Ih Zi+im gemgji}nm }ì} }`n

c|nri}crz ca Z[Az {nrn }grnm ca ongek qgn{nm |nfcri}gqnhw ow }`n [nz} iem mndiemnm ny~g}iohn

}rni}dne} acr }`ngr ge}nrei}gceih geqnz}dne}z6

[n irn qnrw z~r|rgznm ow }`n Knrdiez+ anir ca zcqnrngke {nih}` a~emz% [n ìqn onne ge

Knrdiew acr dcrn }ìe acr}w$agqn wnirz% [n z}ghh jcezgmnr Knrdiew ie njcecdgj iej`cr ge

N~rc|n( nqne ge }`n {crhm% [n z}ghh hgbn }c geqnz} ge Knrdiew% O~} ge }`n a~}~rn( iew rnk~hi}gcez

ce zcqnrngke {nih}` a~emz ge Knrdiew jc~hm hgdg} c~r nekikndne} ge wc~r jc~e}rw% [ngenr

|%??7'

Diew kcqnredne}ih caagjgihz ge }`n ^Z iem N~rc|n kc} }`n dnzzikn iem o~jbhnm }c }`n mndiemz% @gk`

gejcdn ei}gcez( }ì} ìqn rnhgnm `niqghw ce acrngke ji|g}ih geahc{z( {nrn ge ec agzjih |czg}gce }c npjh~mn

}`nzn en{ zc~rjnz ca ji|g}ih% \chg}gjih |cz}~rgek jidn }c ie ikrnniohn nem acr oc}` geqnz}cr iem

rnjg|gne} jc~e}rgnz% @gk` gejcdn jc~e}rw |chg}gjgiez |hiji}nm }`ngr jcez}g}~ne}z+ jcejnrez ow jg}gek

cqnrzgk`} iem ei}gceih znj~rg}w hnkgzhi}gce {`ghn y~gn}hw zgkeihgek }c Z[Az }ì} }`ngr mcdnz}gj

njcecdgnz {c~hm rndige c|ne acr geqnz}dne}% ‘]`n N~rc|nie |irhgidne} arnnm Knrdiew }c |izz i hi{

}ì} znndnm }c ìqn rnih }nn}` ge |rc}nj}gek }`n mcdnz}gj njcecdw {`ghn z}ghh neiohgek Knrdie caagjgihz

}c i||rcqn dcz} }ibncqnrz%— [ngenr |%?:<' ]`n imc|}gce ca AGEZI ge êg}nm Z}i}nz ihzc zgkeihnm i

{ghhgekenzz }c ihhc{ }`nzn en{ gez}g}~}gceih geqnz}crz ijjnzz }c g}z jrnmg} `~ekrw dirbn}z% \chg}gjgiez ge

N~rc|n |~ohgjhw oijb}rijbnm( caanrgek zcc}`gek z}i}ndne}z }c nez~rn Z[A ei}gcez }ì} }`ngr ei}gcez

{c~hm rndige c|ne }c ge}nrei}gceih geqnz}dne} ia}nr rnqgn{gek |c}ne}gih geqnz}dne}z acr znj~rg}w

jcejnrez% ]`n mnqnhc|nm {crhm |hnmknm }c rndige jcddg}}nm }c hgonrih ji|g}ih jce}rchz iem Z[A

geqnz}dne}%



]`n jcejnzzgcez {nrn ec} ne}grnhw hgdg}nm }c `gk` gejcdn jc~e}rgnz% Z[A `cz} ei}gcez {nrn ihzc

z`c{gek i {ghhgekenzz }c jcd|hw {g}` nz}iohgz`nm [nz}nre |rc}cjch iem jihhz acr }riez|irnejw% Ce }`n

miw ca }`n hi~ej` ca J`gei+z Z[A JGJ( Jìgrdie Hc~ ieec~ejnm }ì}( ‘[n {ghh imc|} i |r~mne}

ijjc~e}gek zwz}nd%%% im`nrn }c jcddnrjgih hgenz iem gd|rcqn }riez|irnejw ce }`n jcemg}gce }ì}

jcd|iew ge}nrnz} {ghh ec} on fnc|irmgvnm%— ]`gz `c{nqnr( mgm ec} gemgji}n }ì} JGJ {iz {ghhgek }c onem

}c a~r}`nr mndiemz ow geqnz}dne} rnjg|gne} ei}gcez% Ge ie ca} y~c}nm IAP En{z ir}gjhn arcd Mnjndonr

9<}`( ?<<; ne}g}hnm ‘J`gei Geqnz}dne} Jcr| [irez [nz}nre Kcqnredne}z Ikigez} \rc}nj}gcegzd—(

Jìgrdie Hc~ gz y~c}nm iz ziwgek( ‘[n {ghh gejrnizn }riez|irnejw {g}`c~} ìrdgek }`n jcddnrjgih

ge}nrnz}z ca JGJ% ]ì} gz }c ziw( g} {ghh on i krim~ih |rcjnzz%%% Ga {n irn }riez|irne} ce nqnrw}`gek( }`n

{chqnz {ghh ni} ~z ~|%— Z[A ei}gcez ~emnrz}ccm }`n |c{nr jrnmg}crz `chm ge ageiejgih }riezij}gcez( o~}

}`nw ihzc ben{ }ì} jcd|hwgek {g}` nz}iohgz`nm |rc}cjch {iz gd|cr}ie} acr ge}nrei}gceih ijjn|}iejn ca

}`ngr ageiejgih }riezij}gcez% Z[A ei}gcez {nrn niknr acr ijjn|}iejn wn} {ie}nm }c z}r~j}~rn }`ngr

gejh~zgce ge }`n ge}nrei}gceih ageiejgih zwz}nd ce }`ngr c{e }nrdz {g}` ie nwn acr |rc}nj}gek }`ngr

z|jgagj ei}gceih ge}nrnz}z%

]`nzn d~}~ih izz~riejnz `nh|nm nizn |chg}gjih }nezgcez dcdne}irghw% _njg|gne} ei}gcez ohcjbnm

cr immnm immg}gceih zjr~}gew }c qnrw an{ AMG |rc|czihz arcd Z[Az% Ge }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz( JAG^Z iem

AGEZI rnqgn{z {nrn i~}cdi}gjihhw }rgkknrnm ow z}rgj} c{enrz`g| |nrjne}ikn y~c}iz arcd acrngke

ne}g}gnz iem gejh~mnm z}rgekne} cqnrzgk`} acr geqnz}dne} mnndnm gd|cr}ie} }c ei}gceih znj~rg}w% ]`n

mnageg}gce ca +ei}gceih znj~rg}w+ {iz hna} ge}ne}gceihhw qik~n( o~} }`n rnqgn{ |rcjnzz {iz jhnirhw higm c~}%

Z}ikn cen jcezgz}nm ca i qch~e}irw JAG^Z aghgek onacrn iew geqnz}dne} jcddnejnm% JAG^Z {c~hm

rn|hw }c }`n aghgek {g}`ge :< miwz% Ge dcz} jiznz( }`nzn ‘jcqnrnm }riezij}gcez— {nrn i||rcqnm ia}nr }`n

agrz} |ìzn% Z`c~hm }`n JAG^Z rnjcddnem immg}gceih ei}gceih znj~rg}w rnqgn{( }`n aghgek {c~hm on dcrn

ge}neznhw geqnz}gki}nm iem rn}~renm {g}`ge => miwz% Cehw =. ca ihh aghgekz rnij`nm }`n znjcem z}ikn ca

cqnrzgk`} ge ?<<;% Z`c~hm }`n JAG^Z z~z|nem( |rc`gog}( on ~eiohn }c ikrnn ~|ce ie c~}jcdn( cr dnrnhw

{gz` }c mnanr }c |rnzgmne}gih cqnrzgk`}( }`n aghgek gz }riezanrrnm }c }`n |rnzgmne} acr rnqgn{ {g}` i



mnjgzgce k~irie}nnm {g}`ge 9> immg}gceih miwz ca mnhgonri}gce% Ec aghgekz rnij`nm }`n }`grm z}ikn ge

?<<;%

Onzgmnz \rnzgmne}gih iem Jcekrnzzgceih cqnrzgk`}( }`n Znj~rg}gnz iem Npjìekn Jcddgzzgce

ZNJ' ihzc `nhm |c{nr cqnr diew geahc{z ca acrngke ji|g}ih% ZNJ rnk~hi}gcez rny~grn |~ohgj mgzjhcz~rn

acr z|njgagjihhw jhizzgagnm dirbn} ij}gqg}gnz( z~j` iz ie c{enrz`g| z}ibn ca krni}nr }ìe >. ca i |~ohgjhw

}rimnm jcd|iew% Ih}`c~k` }`gz mcnz ec} nejcd|izz dcz} Z[A ij}gqg}w( iz }`nzn hirknr geqnz}dne}z irn

dcrn `gk`hw zjr~}gegvnm iem ji~zn Z[Az }c gej~r immg}gceih }riezij}gce jcz}z( }`n r~hnz mc |rnzne} zcdn

hcc|`chnz mgaagj~h} }c gmne}gaw% Ga i Z[A geqnz}dne} kirenrz dcrn }ìe i >. c{enrz`g| z}ibn ge i

|~ohgjhw }rimnm jcd|iew( }`ne i rnqgn{ gz }rgkknrnm% I zgkegagjie} hcc|`chn gz i||irne} {`ne d~h}g|hn

Z[Az( nqne {`ne c{enm ow }`n zidn ei}gce( jie nij` |~rjìzn ~| }c >. ca i kgqne jcd|iew iem

jcdogen }`ngr jchhnj}gqn c{enrz`g| }c geah~nejn dieikndne} cr mgrnj} o~zgenzz mnjgzgcez {g}`c~} ZNJ

cqnrzgk`}6

RITjy~grnrz iem#cr `chmnrz ca agqn |nrjne} cr dcrn ca i |~ohgjhw }rimnm jcr|cri}gce d~z} jcd|hw

{g}` rn|cr}gek rny~grndne}z ow dniez ca i Zj`nm~hn 9:M aghgek% G} ihzc diemi}nz }`n rn|cr}gek

ca iew ikrnndne}z cr |ij}z ge {`gj` }`n o~wnr {ghh hgy~gmi}n cr znhh }`ngr njcecdgj ge}nrnz}z%

Immg}gceihhw( `chmnrz ca 9< |nrjne} cr dcrn ca i jcd|iew‗z zìrnz ìqn }rimgek rnz}rgj}gcez iem

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rnk~hi}crw cqnrzgk`} cr }rimgek rnz}rgj}gcez% ]`ncrn}gjih geqnz}dne} jcejn|}z hgbn }`gz {nrn immgek }c }`n



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geqnz}crz {iz ec} hgdg}nm }c }`n z}cjb dirbn}%

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|chg}gjih hnimnrz ge N~rc|n iem I~z}rihgi np|rnzznm `nzg}i}gce rnhi}nm }c }`n |nrjngqnm }`rni} hirkn Z[A

mnihz {c~hm ìqn ce znj~rg}w iem ei}gceih i~}cecdw% Ih}`c~k` `gk` gejcdn ei}gcez ennmnm }`n ji|g}ih

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ca Z[Az% Acr |rcag} mnihz {nrn ca}ne }gnm }c |chg}gjih jcejnzzgcez% Ge Hgowi( }`n |~rjìzn ca cgh agnhmz

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|rgzcenr }riezanr ikrnndne} \]I' {g}` }`n Hgowie kcqnredne}% Cejn }`n mnih {iz gebnm( Jchcenh

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ei}gceih jceqgj}nm acr jirrwgek c~} }`n Hcjbnrogn ocdogek ca \ie Id ahgk`} 9<:% I} }`n }gdn ca }`n

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mnihz {iz nzzne}gih acr rnkigegek }r~z} z~rrc~emgek ge}nrei}gceih geqnz}dne}%

\rgejg|hnm ]riez|irnejw

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mcen }c bnn| ge}nrei}gceih geqnz}dne} c||cr}~eg}gnz c|ne }c jiz` ah~z` ei}gcez( diew ca {`cd {nrn ec}



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ac~r |rgdirw rnizcez acr jrni}gek }`n Zie}gikc \rgejg|hnz6

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:% nez~rn Z[Az geqnz} ce }`n oizgz ca njcecdgj iem ageiejgih rgzb iem rn}~re$rnhi}nmjcezgmnri}gcez

=% `nh| dige}ige i z}iohn khcoih ageiejgih zwz}nd iem arnn ahc{ ca ji|g}ih iem geqnz}dne}

Znn6 Ge}nrei}gceih [crbgek Krc~| ca Zcqnrngke [nih}` A~emz'

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jcejnre }c }`n `gk`hw jce}ne}gc~z gzz~n ca }riez|irnejw% Ih}`c~k` }`gz hgz} {iz i z}n| }c{irmz ijjn|}gek

diew ca }`n mndiemz ca dcrn |c{nra~h `gk` gejcdn ei}gcez( }`n r~hnz {nrn ne}grnhw qch~e}irw iem mgm

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rnij}gce jidn acr}` arcd }`n ieihwz}z% Diew onhgnqnm }`n nz}iohgz`dne} ca }`n Zie}gikc \rgejg|hnz

|rcqnm }ì} Z[Az {nrn {ghhgek }c mn|chg}gjgvn iem jhirgaw }`ngr cofnj}gqnz ge crmnr ihhc{ Z[Az }c kige

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ca }riez|irnejw z~rrc~emgek }`nzn hirkn |cchz ca geqnz}dne} ji|g}ih% D~h}g|hn gemnpnz {nrn jrni}nm }c

dniz~rn jcd|hgiejn {g}` }rimg}gceih [nz}nre geqnz}dne} |rc}cjch% Knenrihhw( }`nzn ecrdi}gqn |gnjnz

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}ì} ga cehw Z[Az {c~hm ikrnn }c ij} ge ie i|chg}gjih aiz`gce( }`ngr hnkg}gdijw {c~hm on np|iemnm iem



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i zjcrnocirm rnhi}nm }c |nrjngqnm onz} |rij}gjnz acr Z[Az jcd|rgzgek :: mgaanrne} nhndne}z6

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gejh~mgek g}z cofnj}gqnz( agzjih }rni}dne}( iem {`n}`nr g} gz zn|iri}n arcd }`n jc~e}rw‗z

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dieiknrz( iem {`n}`nr }`n a~em achhc{z k~gmnhgenz acr jcr|cri}n rnz|cezgoghg}w iem n}`gjih

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dniknr ?#9<<% I} }`n }gdn ca ]r~die+z z}~mw( }`n Yi}irg a~em aighnm }c mgzjhczn g}z ji}nkcrgnz ca

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?<<0( ?<9<'

]r~die+z Gemnp gz ec} }`n cehw dn}rgj iqighiohn acr ieihwzgz% ]`n Zcqnrngke [nih}` A~em

Gez}g}~}n krimnz Z[Az ce }riez|irnejw iz {nhh% ]`ngr Hgeio~rk$Dim~nhh ]riez|irnejw Gemnp HD]G'



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c{enrz`g| z}r~j}~rn

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$ A~em Dieiknrz g}z c{e {nozg}n

$ Ga i||hgjiohn( }`n a~em jhnirhw gmne}gagnz z~ozgmgirgnz iem jce}ij} geacrdi}gce

$ Ga i||hgjiohn( }`n a~em gmne}gagnz np}nreih dieiknrz

$ A~em |rcqgmnz jhnir z}ri}nkgnz iem cofnj}gqnz

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k~gmnhgenz

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$ A~em |rcqgmnz ~|$}c$mi}n gemn|nemne}hw i~mg}nm iee~ih rn|cr}z

$ A~em |rcqgmnz c{enrz`g| |nrjne}ikn ca jcd|iew `chmgekz( iem knckri|`gj hcji}gcez ca

`chmgekz

Znn6 Zcqnrngke [nih}` A~em Gez}g}~}n '

Ijjcrmgek }c }`n HD]G( g} i||nirz }ì} Yi}ir+z Z[A gz zgkegagjie}hw dcrn }riez|irne} }ìe cen {c~hm

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|cge} ge }`n HD]G gemnp% Cen gz }`n dgegd~d i a~em jie zjcrn ge }`n HD]G%

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cofnj}gqnz%

Znngek Dcrn Jhnirhw

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z}ikn6



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rnznrqn dieikndne} |chgjgnz% Igvnedie ! Khgjb |%:>:'

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mnqnhc|gek ei}gcez {nrn zgkegagjie}hw rnm~jnm {`ne i mnqnhc|gek ei}gce c|nri}nm i Z[A% ]`n acrdnr

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ihh kcqnreiejn dniz~rnz( gejh~mgek }`n iqnrikn iz {nhh iz }`n z~ogemgjnz% @c{nqnr( ge

jcd|irgzce {g}` c}`nr mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rgnz( jc~e}rgnz {g}` Z[Az zjcrn zcdn{ì} `gk`nr( {g}`

}`n ec}iohn npjn|}gce ca qcgjn iem ijjc~e}ioghg}w( {`nrn }`nw zjcrn d~j` hc{nr% ]`~z( Z[A

jc~e}rgnz mgz|hiw hc{nr kcqnreiejn z}iemirmz }ìe gem~z}rgih jc~e}rgnz( zcdn{ì} on}}nr

kcqnreiejn ce iqnrikn }ìe c}`nr mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rgnz( o~} rnhi}gqnhw hc{ mndcjrijw

|nracrdiejn% ]`n agemgek }ì} jc~e}rgnz {g}` Z[Az }nem }c on jìrij}nrgvnm ow on}}nr

kcqnreiejn diw r~e jc~e}nr }c }`n qgn{ }ì} diew ca }`nzn jc~e}rgnz irn `gk`hw c|iy~n( im`nrn

hg}}hn }c }`n r~hn ca hi{ iem diw }chnri}n zcdn mnkrnn ca jcrr~|}gce% @c{nqnr( }`n mi}i z`c{ }ì}

jc~e}rgnz {g}` Z[Az }nem }c |nracrd {nhh ce iqnrikn acr dcz} kcqnreiejn dniz~rnz iqnrikn

rnhi}gqn }c c}`nr mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rgnz% Igvnedie ! Khgjb ||%:1>$:11'



Qgn{nm arcd }`gz |nrz|nj}gqn( }`n irk~dne} ikigez} Z[A |rchganri}gce ge mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rgnz {g}`

hc{nr kcqnreiejn iem }riez|irnejw z}iemirmz gz ibge }c acrjgek jc~e}rgnz ge}c i |rnmn}nrdgenm

mnqnhc|dne}ih |i}`% ]`n hnzzcez ca Knrzj`nebrce+z }njèchckgjih +hni|arckkgek+ |rgejg|hn gemgji}nm }ì}

ei}gcez diw mc {nhh }c gejcr|cri}n }njèchckgjih ornib}`rc~k`z nqne onacrn zcjgih gez}g}~}gcez ìqn

imi|}nm a~hhw }c dcmnre z}iemirmz% Znn6 Knrz`nebrce' [c~hm iew ca }`n mn}rij}crz irk~n }ì} Gemgi

z`c~hm ìqn agrz} mnqnhc|nm dizzgqn i~}cdcoghn iem igrjria} die~aij}~rgek aijghg}gnz gez}nim ca

hni|arckkgek }c jrni}n i dcrn imqiejnm geacrdi}gce }njèchckw znj}cr3 [c~hm }`nw ihzc z~kknz} r~rih

Iargji achhc{ mnqnhc|dne} |hiez ca }`n [nz} iem gez}ihh hirkn hiem hgen aijghg}gnz onacrn geqnz}gek ge

jnhh~hir |`cen ji|ioghg}gnz3 [`ne qgn{gek }`n riz` ca en{ Z[Az ce }`n `crgvce( g} mcnz znnd }ì}

ageiejgih geecqi}gce jie on i||hgnm dcrn naagjgne}hw ~zgek }`n }njèchckgjih hni|arckkgek dn}`cmchckw

`gk`hgk`}nm ow Knrzj`nebrce nqne onacrn i ei}gce i||rcij`nz hnqnhz ca kcqnreiejn iem }riez|irnejw

mnndnm i||rc|rgi}n ge }`n mnqnhc|nm {crhm%

G}z Ge ]`n Eidn

]`n jcd|hn}n hgonrihgvi}gce ca ji|g}ih jce}rchz ge }`n hi}n ?<}` jne}~rw rnz}rgj}nm i zcqnrngke

ei}gce+z ioghg}w }c rnk~hi}n diew |c}ne}gihhw mnz}r~j}gqn nhndne}z rnhi}nm }c ge}nrei}gceih ageiejn% G}

achhc{z }ì} ei}gcez {c~hm hccb }c jrni}n gez}g}~}gceih }cchz }c `nh| rnjhigd }`ngr zcqnrngke}w%

Zcqnrngke+z ca iew mnqnhc|dne}ih z}ikn {nrn ri}gceih }c jrni}n i Z[A }c |rc}nj} }`ngr ei}gcez arcd }`n

|c}ne}gihhw mnz}r~j}gqn naanj}z ijjcd|iewgek hgonrihgvnm ji|g}ih ahc{z% Zgejn }`n GDA ìm onne |~z`gek

i z}iemirm hgen ca hgonrihgvn( {g}`c~} rnkirm acr }`n }w|nz ca zcjgih gez}g}~}gcez ge |hijn( gemgzjrgdgei}nhw

acr wnirz( {`w z`c~hm i Z[A }ì} {crbz {nhh acr `gk` gejcdn jc~e}rgnz hgbn Ecr{iw on rnz}rgj}nm }c

cehw }`n dcz} imqiejnm jc~e}rgnz3 Zgejn ji|g}ih {iz kgqne }`n ioghg}w }c ahnn ge dizz( }`ne jce}rchhgek

hirkn |cchz ca ji|g}ih( gez}g}~}gceihgvnm iz i Z[A( |rcqnm }c on i hckgjih mnanezn ikigez} ge}nrei}gceih



ji|g}ih ahgk`}% Z[Az |rcqgmn ie izz~riejn }ì} ji|g}ih {ghh rndige iqighiohn {`ne ge}nrei}gceih ageiejgih

dirbn}z zgkeih c}`nr{gzn% Onwcem nez~rgek }`n iqighioghg}w ca ji|g}ih( ei}gcez ìqn ihzc nd|hcwnm Z[A

|c{nr acr i qirgn}w ca c}`nr rnizcez z~j` iz z}ioghgvgek mcdnz}gj ny~g}gnz dirbn}z ge |iegjz( z~||cr}gek

jcd|n}g}gqn npjìekn ri}nz( o~ghmgek geariz}r~j}~rn( |hiji}gek mcdnz}gj jcez}g}~ne}z( iem dcrn% I en{

ge}nr|rn}i}gce {iz ennmnm }c dcrn ijj~ri}nhw rnahnj} }`n mgqnrzg}w ca }`nzn ij}gcez {g}`c~} rnm~jgek }`n

irk~dne} }c ie cqnrzgd|hgagji}gce }ì} hnzz mnqnhc|nm ei}gcez {nrn f~z} ec} rnimw }c ìemhn

ge}nrei}gceih ageiejgih }cchz onji~zn }`ngr kcqnreiejn mgm ec} dnn} [nz}nre z}iemirmz%

I dcrn cofnj}gqn ieihwzgz {iz |rnzne}nm ow Imid Mgpce iem Izòw Dceb c~} ca }`n êgqnrzg}w

ca Orgz}ch iem }`n êgqnrzg}w ca Cpacrm rnz|nj}gqnhw% Ge ?<9<( ‘_n}`gebgek }`n Zcqnrngke ge Zcqnrngke

[nih}` A~emz— orcbn en{ krc~em ge Z[A hg}nri}~rn% ]`n |i|nr mnzjrgonz i {crhm {`nrn khcoihgvi}gce

ìz ji~znm( ‘jìekgek mweidgjz ca jce}nd|crirw ji|g}ihgzd( khcoih njcecdgj ge}nkri}gce iem z}i}n

zcqnrngke}w— {`gj`( ‘jìhhnekn ~emnrhwgek jhigdz }ì} |rnz~dn i z}rgj}hw oc~emnm }nrrg}crw zn|iri}nm

arcd ie c~}zgmn {crhm }ì} gz gd|hgjg} ge jhizzgjih ijjc~e}z ca oc}` }`n ei}gceih |chg}gjih njcecdw iem

ei}gceih z}i}n zcqnrngke}w%— Mgpce ! Dceb |%?' Iew ieihwzgz ca Z[Az ìm }c enjnzzirghw ijjc~e} acr

}`n zcqnrngke nhndne} {g}`c~} i}}nd|}gek }c jhizzgaw zcqnrngke}w iz ie ~emnzgriohn |chg}gjih nhndne}

ji|iohn ca ongek dimn }riez|irne} cr np}rij}nm arcd }`n a~emz%

Mgpce iem Dceb jrni}nm( ‘i z}whgvnm }w|chckw ca Z[Az ge rnhi}gce }c }`n z}i}n iem g}z

zcqnrngke}w(— }ì} jcd|rgznz( ‘agqn gmnih$}w|nz6 |cz}jchcegihgz}( rne}gnr( |rcm~j}gqgz}( }nrrg}crgihgz} iem

dcrihgz}%— Mgpce ! Dceb |%:' Zgejn Z[Az {nrn jrni}nm ow i zcqnrngke ne}g}w iem }`czn zcqnrngkez

nd|hcwnm Z[Az acr i qirgn}w ca mgaanrne} nemz( }`n ieihwzgz {c~hm jhizzgaw }`n dc}gqi}gcez ~emnrhwgek

}`n nz}iohgz`dne} ca Z[Az iz }`n ndocmgdne} ca zcqnrngke}w ge ie ge}nrei}gceih zwz}nd% \~rz~gek

cofnj}gqnz ec} zìrnm ow ihh ij}crz ge i khcoih zwz}nd ne}ighnm }`n ij}gqn i||hgji}gce ca zcqnrngke}w%

Mgpce iem Dceb gmne}gagnm ac~r |rgdirw dieganz}i}gcez ca zcqnrngke}w( ‘ge}nrei}gceih hnkih

zcqnrngke}w( [nz}|ìhgie zcqnrngke}w( mcdnz}gj zcqnrngke}w( iem ge}nrmn|nemnejn zcqnrngke}w%— Mgpce

! Dceb |%=' ]`nzn ac~r dieganz}i}gcez {nrn ir}gj~hi}nm jhnirhw6



Ge}nrei}gceih hnkih zcqnrngke}w |nr}igez }c }`n d~}~ih rnjckeg}gce ca }nrrg}crgihhw mnagenm z}i}nz ge

}`n ge}nrei}gceih zwz}nd% _njckeg}gce ow c}`nr z}i}nz gz gd|cr}ie}( iz g} |rcqgmnz oc}` di}nrgih

iem ecrdi}gqn rnzc~rjnz% Iz z~j`( g} ihhc{z z}i}nz }c ne}nr ge}c gd|cr}ie} ge}nrei}gceih ijjcrmz

z~j` iz }rimn ikrnndne}z cr znj~rg}w ihhgiejnz( cr }c znj~rn acrngke ji|g}ih% G} jie ihzc on jr~jgih

ge dige}igegek mcdnz}gj |c{nr iem hnkg}gdijw acr i z}i}n‗z r~hgek aij}gce% [nz}|ìhgie

zcqnrngke}w |nr}igez }c i z}i}n‗z ji|ijg}w }c npjh~mn np}nreih ij}crz iem acrjnz arcd geah~nejgek

iem ge}nrqnegek ge mcdnz}gj i~}`crg}w z}r~j}~rnz% A~emidne}ih }c [nz}|ìhgie zcqnrngke}w gz }`n

|rgejg|hn }ì} z}i}nz irn mnagenm ow z|njgagj }nrrg}crgih oc~emirgnz% Mcdnz}gj zcqnrngke}w

jcejnrez }`n crkiegvi}gce iem z}r~j}~rn ca |chg}gjih i~}`crg}w {g}`ge }`n z}i}n iem }c }`n mnkrnn

ca jce}rch npnrjgznm ow }`n |czznzzcrz ca |c{nr% Z~j` crkiegvi}gceih z}r~j}~rnz jie riekn arcd

|c{nr jcejne}ri}gek ge }`n ìemz ca i zgekhn r~hnr( chgkirj`w( cr |chg}gjih |ir}w( }c |c{nr ongek

mgz|nrznm ijrczz qirgc~z gez}g}~}gcez iem rn|rnzne}i}gqn |chg}gjih |ir}gnz( z~j` iz ge i

jcez}g}~}gceih rn|~ohgj% Ge}nrmn|nemnejn zcqnrngke}w rnhi}nz }c ioghg}w ca }`n z}i}n }c jce}rch

ahc{z ijrczz g}z ocrmnrz% Z~j` jrczz$ocrmnr dcqndne}z riekn arcd kccmz( ji|g}ih iem |nc|hn( }c

gmniz( mgzniznz iem |chh~}gce% Mgpce ! Dceb ||%=$>'

Z[Az rn}ige |c}ne}gih }c iaanj} ihh ac~r ca }`nzn dieganz}i}gcez ca zcqnrngke}w }`rc~k` ng}`nr

nekikndne} {g}` cr rnzgz}iejn }c acrngke kcqnredne}z iem {nrn }`nrnow rgk`}hw jhizzgagnm iz

zcqnrngke}w dipgdgvgek ne}g}gnz% Z[Az( nqne {`ne dibgek z}rigk`}acr{irm geqnz}dne} mnjgzgcez( {nrn

naanj}gqnhw np|iemgek }`n zcqnrngke}w ca `cz} ei}gcez {g}`ge i khcoihgvnm {crhm% Z[Az( ~emnrz}ccm iz

zcqnrngke}w dipgdgvgek qn`gjhnz( {nrn hnkg}gdi}nm( dcz} zgd|hw( ow rnjckeg}gce ca }`n zcqnrngke

ei}gce+z rgk`} }c c|nri}n z~j` a~emz% Iz Z[Az onjidn dcrn ijjn|}nm ge }`n ge}nrei}gceih jcdd~eg}w( g}

onjidn jhnir }ì} diew ca }`ngr ij}gcez {nrn ec} mgrnj}nm ow mcdnz}gj |c|~hir c|gegce% Irn r~rih

J`genzn |nizie}z }r~hw ge aiqcr ca |rc||gek ~| mnagjg} a~nhnm jcez~d|}gce ge `gk` gejcdn ei}gcez ow

hnemgek }`n z~r|h~z J`gei+z j~rrne} ijjc~e} oihiejn }c mnqnhc|nm ei}gcez3 Mgpce iem Dceb+z {crb

rigznm ie gd|cr}ie} y~nz}gce }ì} {iz ec} a~hhw immrnzznm ge }`ngr {crb% Ga g} gz ikrnnm }ì} Z[Az irn



c|nri}nm ow i zcqnrngke z|cezcr }c dipgdgvn zcqnrngke}w( }`ne {`c ij}~ihhw ìz }`n |c{nr }c npnrjgzn

}`n i~}`crg}w ca }`n zcqnrngke z|cezcr3

Ge i acr}`jcdgek |i|nr acr }`n Jch~dogi Hi{ Zj`cch ne}g}hnm ‘Dipgdgvgek I~}cecdw ge }`n

Zìmc{ ca Krni} \c{nrz6 ]`n \chg}gjih Njcecdw ca Zcqnrngke [nih}` A~emz—( Bwhn @i}}ce iem

Bi}ìrgei \gz}cr geqnz}gki}n Z[A ij}gqg}w }c mgz|nh |c|~hir onhgnaz izzcjgi}nm {g}` Z[A ij}gcez% @i}}ce

iem \gz}cr gmne}gaw }`rnn }w|gjih ih}nrei}gqn np|hiei}gcez ca Z[A onìqgcr% ]`nw hionh }`nzn ih}nrei}gqnz

iz dnrjie}ghgzd( gd|nrgihgz}$ji|g}ihgzd( iem dirbn} geqnz}cr% @i}}ce ! \gz}cr |%>' ]`nzn np|hiei}gcez

jcqnr }`n kidog} ca qie}ikn |cge}z |c|~hir ge ijimndgi iem idcekz} kcqnredne} caagjgihz ge oc}` }`n

Z[A ihirdgz} iem i|chckn}gj jid|z% Ge crmnr }c ieihwvn Z[A ij}gqg}w {g}`ge }`nzn |iridn}nrz( @i}}ce

iem \gz}cr hgz} agqn ca }`n coznrqnm i}}rgo~}nz ~emnr}ibne ow Z[Az% ]`n i}}rgo~}nz irn |izzgqn c~}{irm

geqnz}dne}( np}ricrmgeirw c~}{irm geqnz}dne}z( mchhir rnjwjhgek( rnqne~nz ~znm }c |ijgaw mcdnz}gj

jcez}g}~nejw( iem |chg}gjgvnm mcdnz}gj geqnz}dne}6

RETcen ca }`n npgz}gek }`ncrgnz ioc~} Z[A cofnj}gqnz iem dc}gqi}gcez np|hige }`n ornim}` ca

}`ngr mcj~dne}nm onìqgcr% Z[Az knenrihhw imc|} i |izzgqn iem mgqnrzgagnm geqnz}dne} z}ri}nkw

ge acrngke dirbn}z( o~} dimn np}ricrmgeirw iem `gk`hw rgzbw geqnz}dne}z ge {nz}nre ageiejgih

gez}g}~}gcez m~rgek }`n ageiejgih jrgzgz% ]`nw ihzc rnjwjhn mchhirz }c }`n {nz}( dibn |chg}gjgvnm

mcdnz}gj geqnz}dne}z( iem ~zn a~emz }c |ijgaw mcdnz}gj jcez}g}~nejgnz% Zgejn ecen ca }`n

npgz}gek }`ncrgnz jie np|hige ihh ca }`nzn onìqgcrz( i a~hh ~emnrz}iemgek ca Z[Az rny~grnz i en{

}`ncrw ioc~} }`ngr gez}g}~}gceih ge}nrnz}z% @i}}ce ! \gz}cr ||%7$9<'

]`n }nemnejw acr Z[Az }c nd|hcw |izzgqn c~}{irm geqnz}dne} }njègy~nz mcnz ec} jcgejgmn {g}` }`n

onhgna }ì} Z[Az {nrn |~rz~gek z}ri}nkgnz hionhnm iz dnrjie}ghgzd cr gd|nrgihgz}$ji|g}ihgzd% A~r}`nr(

ih}`c~k` |izzgqn c~}{irm geqnz}dne} jc~hm on jhizzgagnm {g}`ge }`n dirbn} geqnz}cr ji}nkcrgvi}gce(

jcddcehw coznrqiohn Z[A onìqgcr hgbn mchhir rnjwjhgek iem ~zgek rnqne~nz }c |ijgaw mcdnz}gj

jcez}g}~ne}z mc ec} ihgke {g}` i |~rn dirbn} geqnz}cr z}ri}nkw% Ge crmnr }c ijjc~e} acr ihh }w|nz ca Z[A

onìqgcr( @i}}ce iem \gz}cr jrni}nm i en{ {iw }c ji}nkcrgvn Z[Az hionhnm iz I~}cecdw$



Dipgdgvi}gce%

]`gz ge}nr|rn}i}gce ca Z[Az( ih}`c~k` jhcznhw rnhi}nm }c }`n zcqnrngke}w$dipgdgvgek ieihwzgz ca

Mgpce iem Dceb ìz i z~o}hn( wn} gd|cr}ie}( mgz}gej}gce% @i}}ce iem \gz}cr ijbec{hnmkn }`n

gd|cr}iejn acr hnkg}gdijw }ì} zcqnrngke}w jceqnwz ~|ce Z[Az( o~} }`nw rnjckegvn }ì} }`n jce}rch ca

Z[Az irn ca}ne i} }`n on`nz} ca i mcdnz}gj |c{nr nhg}n% ]`n |c{nr nhg}nz mnrgqn |c{nr arcd }`n

zcqnrngke}w ca }`n z}i}n o~} {gz` }c ij} i~}cecdc~zhw {g}`ge }`n z}i}n |c{nr z}r~j}~rn% Ge jizn z}~mgnz

}`nw z`c{ }ì} nhg}nz( z~j` iz }`n `nrnmg}irw dceirj`gjih r~hnrz ge B~{ig} iem Io~ Mìog( naanj}gqnhw

c{e iem c|nri}n Z[Az ge }`n eidn ca }`n ei}gce g}znha {`ghn rn}igegek }`n |c{nr izzcjgi}nm {g}` a~emz

|nrzceihhw% @i}}ce iem \gz}cr immg}gceihhw gmne}gaw }`n rchn nhg}nz |hiw ge }`n dcrn mndcjri}gj ei}gce ca

Zgeki|crn iem }`n jcdd~egz} jc~e}rw ca J`gei% ]`gz mgz}gej}gce gz gd|cr}ie} ge gmne}gawgek {`c rn}igez

i~}`crg}w }c npnr} }`n |c{nr ~emnrhwgek Z[Az% Z[Az( ih}`c~k` gd|cr}ie} ge mnagegek }`n zcqnrngke}w ca

i z}i}n( irn qgn{nm dcrn ijj~ri}nhw ow @i}}ce iem \gz}cr iz jce}igegek }`n ji|ijg}w }c np|iem cr

dipgdgvn }`n i~}cecdw ca mcdnz}gj |c{nr nhg}nz%

Z[Az mc ec} ne}grnhw gzchi}n i zdihhnr ei}gce arcd gej~rrgek }`n {ri}` ca i hirknr njcecdgj iem

dghg}irw |c{nr% Ge crmnr }c dige}ige z}ioghg}w acr }`n r~hgek nhg}nz( zcdn zcqnrngke jcejnzzgcez irn dimn

}c dipgdgvn i~}cecdw ca }`n mcdnz}gj r~hgek nhg}nz6

[`ne }`n acrdnr Ndgr Z`ngb` Zìbòc~} oge Z~h}ie r~hnm cqnr Io~ Mìog( `n |~rz~nm ie

ikkrnzzgqnhw dnrjie}ghgz} z}ri}nkw%%% Ge 9711( mnqnhc|dne} z|nemgek {iz cehw ª9%;> dghhgce c~}

ca cqnr ª?<< dghhgce ge rnqne~nz$ jrni}gek i hirkn gdoihiejn ge ge}nrei}gceih |iwdne}z%

Jcezny~ne}hw( `n {iz mn|cznm ow `gz orc}`nr Viwnm( {`c rnhgnm ce Org}gz`$oijbgek iem }`n

z~||cr} ca jrnmgohw en~}rih dndonrz ca }`n ih Ei`wie aidghw% êmnrz}iemiohw( }`n z~ozny~ne}

r~hnrz ge Io~ Mìog ìqn onne jirna~h }c dige}ige }`ngr gd|hgjg} cohgki}gcez }c rnjwjhn j~rrnejw

}c }`n {nz} ge crmnr }c |rnqne} {nz}nre ge}nrqne}gcez ge }`n mcdnz}gj |chg}gjih rnihd”}`nrnow

|rc}nj}gek }`n ih Ei`wie aidghw‗z mcdnz}gj i~}cecdw% @i}}ce ! \gz}cr |%??'

Ge }`gz jizn( }`n zcqnrngke rgk`} ca Io~ Mìog }c ~zn g}z rnznrqnz iz g} zi{ ag} {iz gd|geknm ~|ce ow }`n



dcrn |c{nra~h ei}gce ca Org}ige% Ge crmnr }c rn}ige i~}cecdw mcdnz}gjihhw( }`n Ih Ei`wie aidghw

cohgknm }`n [nz} ow gez}ihhgek }`n dcrn jcd|hgie} Viwnm iz Z~h}ie% Ge immg}gce( }`n Ih Ei`wie aidghw

~znm Z[A izzn}z }c agk`} caa }`n i}}nd|}z ow c}`nr |c{nr nhg}nz ge }`n êg}nm Irio Ndgri}nz iz {nhh6

Ow rnznrqgek cgh rnqne~nz }c }`n gemgqgm~ih ndgri}nz( }`n ^%I%N% Jcez}g}~}gce nez~rnm }ì} Z[Az

{c~hm on c{enm( jce}rchhnm( iem imdgegz}nrnm i} }`n z~oei}gceih hnqnh% ]`gz ge }~re nez~rnm }ì}

geqnz}dne} iem z|nemgek mnjgzgcez rndigenm i hcjih di}}nr”}`nrnow dipgdgvgek }`n i~}cecdw

ca Io~ Mìog iem }`~z }`n ih Ei`wie aidghw'% C}`nr Ndgri}nz( |ir}gj~hirhw M~oig( ìqn }rgnm }c

nz}iohgz` gemn|nemne} {nih}`$knenri}gek izzn}z }c gejrnizn }`ngr ioghg}w }c rnzgz} }`n geah~nejn ca

Io~ Mìog‗z cgh rnqne~nz ge }`n anmnrih |chg}gjih zwz}nd% [`ghn M~oig‗z ri|gm np|iezgce ìz

onne gd|rnzzgqn( |ir}gj~hirhw ge g}z nqch~}gce ge}c i khcoih }riezz`g|dne} iem mgz}rgo~}gce jne}nr(

g}z ikkrnzzgqn hnqnrikgek z}ri}nkw |~} g}z |rckrnzz ge fnc|irmw {`ne }`n ageiejgih jrgzgz `g}%

[`ne g} hccbnm hgbn M~oig‗z rn|iwdne} cohgki}gcez ce i hirkn z~b~b gzz~nm ow Eib`nnh jc~hm

ec} on dn}( i oighc~} arcd Io~ Mìog znndnm hgbnhw”o~} {iz ec} izz~rnm% [`ghn Io~ Mìog

rnqnrznm arcd g}z geg}gih |czg}gce }ì} g} {c~hm ec} oijbz}c| M~oig‗z mno}( }`n z~o}np} {iz }ì}

M~oig‗z idog}gcez ce geah~nejn {g}`ge }`n anmnrih zwz}nd {c~hm on j~r}ighnm% Gemnnm( ge Fie~irw

ca ?<9<( }`n O~rf M~oig”{`gj` {iz z~||cznm }c on i zwdoch ca M~oig‗z ij`gnqndne}”{iz

rneidnm }`n O~rf Bìhgai`( ge `cecr ca Z`ngb` Bìhgai` oge Viwnm ih Ei`wie ca Io~ Mìog%

]`n {crhm‗z }ihhnz} }c{nr ec{ z}iemz ge }`n dgmmhn ca M~oig iz i rndgemnr }ì} g} gz Io~ Mìog(

iem }`~z }`n ih Ei`wie aidghw( }ì} ìz jce}rch iem i~}cecdw {g}`ge }`n ^%I%N% @i}}ce !

\gz}cr ||%??$?:'

Ge crmnr }c hiw jhigd }c |chg}gjih hnkg}gdijw iem rn}ige g}z z}i}~z iz }`n |c{nr nhg}n ge }`n ÎN( }`n ih

Ei`wie aidghw ~znz |cr}gcez ca Io~ Mìog+z Z[A }c |hiji}n g}z mcdnz}gj jcez}g}~ne}z iz {nhh% ]`n

aidghw naanj}gqnhw nez~rnz g}z |czg}gce ow caanrgek |iwdne}z arcd cgh rnqne~nz( zj`chirz`g| z}g|nemz(

ne}rn|rnen~rgih ageiejgek( iem nd|hcwdne} c||cr}~eg}gnz {g}`ge }`n kcqnredne} }c jg}gvnez ca g}z

Ndgri}n% Ge immg}gce }c cohgkgek }`n cgh `~ekrw ei}gcez ca }`n {crhm {g}` mchhir rnjwjhgek |rckridz iem



nez~rgek i `gk` z}iemirm ca hgqgek acr g}z jcez}g}~ne}z( }`n ih Ei`wie aidghw ageiejnz }`n Io~ Mìog

Mnqnhc|dne} A~em }c |rcdc}n g}z gdikn iz i rnz|cezgohn {crhm jg}gvne% ]`n zcqnrngke}w dipgdgvgek

irk~dne} |~} acr}` ow Mgpce iem Dceb gz i||hgjiohn acr ieihwvgek Io~ Mìog+z Z[A ij}gqg}w( o~} }`n

i~}cecdw dipgdgvgek |nrz|nj}gqn ca @i}}ce iem \gz}cr dcrn a~hhw gejcr|cri}nz }`n ge}rgjijgnz ca }`n

|chg}gjih zg}~i}gce ge }`n jc~e}rw%

Ge immg}gce }c @i}}ce iem \gz}cr+z jizn z}~mw ca J`gei( iz mnzjrgonm ge }`n occb ‘]ibn ]`n

Dcenw Iem _~e—( }`n |chg}gjih geagk`}gek z~rrc~emgek }`n nz}iohgz`dne} ca }`n J`gei Geqnz}dne}

Jcd|iew JGJ' gz jhnir nqgmnejn ca }`n }w|n ca z}r~kkhn mcdnz}gj nhg}nz nekikn ge {`ne jcez}r~j}gek

o~rni~jrijw acr jce}rchhgek i Z[A% Iemnrzce ||%=?$><' Iz }`n znjcem hirknz} ca J`gei+z ac~r Z[Az(

}`n JGJ jce}rchz cqnr ^ZM- =<<O ge izzn}z% Jcezny~ne}hw( |chg}gjih jce}rch ca }`gz a~em gz ca jcejnre }c

}`n |c{nr nhg}nz ge J`gei% Mcdnz}gjihhw( }`n JGJ c{ez ^ZM- 9<<D zìrn ca }`n J`gei _igh{iw Krc~|

iem ìz ^ZM- ?<O geqnz}nm ge }`n J`gei Mnqnhc|dne} Oieb( ^ZM- ??%>O ge }`n Oieb ca J`gei( iem

^ZM- =<$><O ge }`n Ikrgj~h}~rih Oieb ca J`gei% Hc` |%9::' Kgqne }ì} }`n }`rnn oiebz hgz}nm irn

zcdn ca }`n hirknz}( iz riebnm ow izzn}z( ge }`n {crhm( }`n |chg}gjih jhc~} izzcjgi}nm {g}` }`nzn

gez}g}~}gcez gz necrdc~z% Immg}gceihhw( ge acrngke dirbn}z( }`n JGJ c{ez i 7%7. z}ibn ge oc}` Dcrkie

Z}iehnw iem }`n Ohijbz}cen Krc~| ihcek {g}` qiz} |cr}gcez ca Qgzi( Econh Cgh Krc~|( FJ Ahc{nr

\rgqi}n Ny~g}w A~em( ]njb _nzc~rznz H}m( iem BivD~eigKiz Np|hcri}gce \rcm~j}gce% Hc` |%9::' ]`n

|chg}gjih hnqnrikn izzcjgi}nm {g}` jce}rch ca }`n JGJ gz air rnij`gek% _irnhw mcnz }`n rnz} ca }`n {crhm

kn} i khgd|zn ge}c }`n |chg}gjih z}r~kkhnz {g}`ge }`n Jcdd~egz} \ir}w ca J`gei( o~} znngek {`c gz

krie}nm jce}rch ca }`n JGJ gz i kccm gemgji}gce iz }c {`c gz jhigdgek i~}`crg}w%

Oc}` }`n zcqnrngke}w iem i~}cecdw dipgdgvgek |nrz|nj}gqnz `nh| }c on}}nr aridn }`n |chg}gjih$

njcecdw ca Z[Az iem np|higez {`w zc diew ei}gcez( knenrihhw qgn{nm iz c~}zgmnrz ow }`n [nz}( ìqn

nz}iohgz`nm Z[Az% Z[Az irn ~znm iz }cchz }c np|iem }`n geah~nejn ca `cz} ei}gcez iem }`ngr mcdnz}gj

|c{nr nhg}nz% Ih}`c~k` }`n rgzn ca Z[Az gz ca}ne i}}rgo~}nm }c rnjne} jcddcmg}w occdz( }`nw irn ihzc

qgn{nm ow }`ngr zcqnrngke z|cezcr iz i dniez }c kirenr }`n }w|n ca |chg}gjih geah~nejn jrnmg}cr ei}gcez



ìqn nefcwnm ge }`n |iz} iem }`ngr e~donrz irn hgbnhw }c krc{% I ec}iohn npid|hn ca }`gz geah~nejn jie

on znne ge }`n mgaanrne} hnqnhz ca |c{nr `nhm ow ei}gcez jcd|rgzgek ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez hgbn }`n

GDA% Dndonr ei}gcez {g}` dcrn njcecdgj cr |chg}gjih jhc~} {nrn iohn }c jria} |chgjgnz ow ~emnr{rg}gek

hcie |rckridz i}}ij`nm }c |chg}gjihhw gmnchckgjih jcemg}gcez ge rn}~re acr njcecdgj izzgz}iejn% Krc{}`

ge }`n jiz` rnznrqnz ca np|cr} ei}gcez {g}`c~} jcejcdg}ie} krc{}` ge |chg}gjih jhc~} |cge}nm }c{irmz i

ennm acr z}r~j}~rih imf~z}dne}z {g}`ge ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez }c gejh~mn dcrn ei}gcez ge mnjgzgce

dibgek |rcjnm~rnz%

Nqne achhc{gek imf~z}dne}z ge ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez hgbn }`n GDA( rnhi}nm }c qc}gek zìrnz(

diew jiz` ah~z` ei}gcez anh} }`ngr zcqnrngke}w {iz ec} ongek ny~g}iohw ijjc~e}nm acr ge [nz}nre

ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez% I}}nd|}z }c gejh~mn dcrn ei}gcez ge mnjgzgce dibgek |rcjnzznz iem

ge}nrei}gceih ikrnndne}z gz a~r}`nr nqgejnm ow }`n K; mgzj~zzgek dcrn gzz~nz ge }`n K?< zn}}gek% ]`gz

dcrn gejh~zgqn krc~|( nz}iohgz`nm ge 9777( ijjc~e}z acr egen}nne ca }`n hirknz} njcecdgnz ge }`n {crhm

iem }`n N^% ]`n K?< ec{ ihhc{z dcrn njcecdgnz }`n ioghg}w }c ìqn i ziw ge }`n ecrdi}gqn

np|nj}i}gcez ca }`n ge}nrei}gceih jcdd~eg}w% \ir}gjg|i}gek ge ge}nrei}gceih ikrnndne}z gz ie gd|cr}ie}

nhndne} ge rn}igegek zcqnrngke}w( o~} wgnhmgek |ir}gih zcqnrngke}w }c i krc~| gz ec} i j`cgjn dcz} ei}gcez

irn ì||w }c onz}c{ ~|ce iew krc~| {g}`c~} rny~gzg}n |chg}gjih geah~nejn ge npjìekn% M~n }c }`n zgvn

ca }`ngr njcecdgnz( diew ei}gcez jrg}gjihhw gd|cr}ie} }c khcoih }rimn iem ge}nrei}gceih ageiejn irn

npjh~mnm arcd crkiegvi}gcez hgbn }`n K?<% Z[Az ihhc{ acr ie ih}nrei}gqn }c ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez

{g}`c~} rnqnr}gek }c znha$gd|cznm gzchi}gcegzd% I ei}gce jc~hm mn|czg} rnznrqnz i} }`n GDA o~} }`ne agem

}`nw cehw jce}rch i hgdg}nm |cr}gce ca }`n a~emz }`nw mn|czg}nm iem ec} ìqn }`n ioghg}w }c ~eghi}nrihhw

qn}c i mnjgzgce }`nw qgn{ iz ec} ge }`ngr ei}gceih ge}nrnz}z% Jceqnrznhw( i ei}gce jc~hm nd|hcw ji|g}ih

qgi }`ngr Z[A iem ìqn a~hh jce}rch cqnr }`n a~emz {g}`c~} wgnhmgek zcqnrngke}w }c c}`nr GDA qc}gek

ei}gcez% A~r}`nrdcrn( }`n hi}}nr ij}gce gz z}ghh qgn{nm iz i |ir}gjg|i}crw ij}gce ge }`n ge}nrei}gceih

ageiejgih zwz}nd% ]`n np|iezgce ca ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez gz i z}n| ge }`n rgk`} mgrnj}gce2 `c{nqnr( }`n

K?< z}ghh aighz }c gejh~mn diew ei}gcez }ì} ìqn hirkn Z[Az iem jce}rch qiz} idc~e}z ca geqnz}dne}



ji|g}ih ge mnjgzgce dibgek% Diew mnqnhc|gek ei}gcez ìqn jrg}gjgvnm }`n GDA( ge |ir}gj~hir( acr o~jbhgek

}c }`n {ghh ca i an{ geah~ne}gih ei}gcez% ‘]`n êg}nz Z}i}nz z`c~hm( ge |ir}gj~hir( mc {ì} g} jie }c

z}rnek}`ne d~h}ghi}nrihgzd”{`gj` dniez mndcjri}gvgek( rnacrdgek( iem a~emgek }`n GDA iem }`n

[crhm Oieb zc }ì} mnqnhc|gek jc~e}rgnz agem hnzz ennm }c }~re }c oghi}nrih z~||cr} ge }gdnz ca ennm%—

Z}gkhg}v |%?:>' ]ibgek }`gz |cge} a~r}`nr( g} gz gd|cr}ie} }c ec} cehw caanr d~h}ghi}nrih z~||cr} acr

jc~e}rgnz ge ennm o~} ihzc }c |rcqgmn gejne}gqnz acr jiz` ah~z` mnqnhc|gek ei}gcez }c |ir}gjg|i}n ge

ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez%

Nhnqne c~} ca }{ne}w ca }`n hirknz} Z[Az( iz riebnm ow izzn}z ~emnr dieikndne} I^D'(

ei}gceih z|cezcrz irn ec} gejh~mnm ge }`n K?< z~ddg} dnn}gekz% ]`nzn nhnqne a~emz ihcen ìqn

i||rcpgdi}nhw ^ZM-?%?>] I^D% ]ì} idc~e} gz( ijjcrmgek }c }`n ?<9< JGI [crhm Aij}Occb( hirknr

}ìe }`n KM\ ca ihh o~} agqn ei}gcez ge }`n {crhm% Znn6 êg}nm Z}i}nz% Jne}rih%%%' I mgrnj} y~c}n arcd

}`n K?< {nozg}n gemgji}nz iec}`nr gd|cr}ie} jcejn|}( ‘]`nrn irn ec acrdih qc}nz cr rnzch~}gcez ce }`n

oizgz ca agpnm qc}gek zìrnz cr njcecdgj jrg}nrgi% Nqnrw K?< dndonr ìz cen +qcgjn+ {g}` {`gj` g} jie

}ibn ie ij}gqn |ir} ge K?< ij}gqg}w% ]c }`gz np}ne} }`n geah~nejn i jc~e}rw jie npnr} gz zì|nm mnjgzgqnhw

ow g}z jcddg}dne}%— Zgejn jcddg}dne} npnr}z geah~nejn ge K?< dnn}gekz( i z}rcekhw jcddg}}nm( acr

npid|hn( Hi}qgie rn|rnzne}i}gqn jc~hm {gnhm krni} geah~nejn nqne }`c~k` }`nw irn riebnm 79z} ce }`n

JGI+z KM\ riebgekz% I a~hh }{ne}w$}{c N~rc|nie ei}gcez irn krie}nm ijjnzz }c K?< dnn}gekz qgi }`n

gejh~zgce ca }`n N^ }ì} {c~hm on npjh~mnm {g}`c~} N^ dndonrz`g|% Zgejn |ir}gjg|i}gce ge K?<

dnn}gekz gz jcemg}gcenm ~|ce njcecdgj jhc~} iem diew N~rc|nie ei}gcez nefcw gejh~zgce qgi

jihj~hi}gce oiznm ~|ce jchhnj}gqn N^ KM\( ie geqg}i}gce }c fcge K?< dnn}gekz z`c~hm on np}nemnm }c ihh

}{ne}w$}{c dndonrz ca }`n Irio Hnik~n% Jcdogegek }`n KM\ ca Irio Hnik~n ei}gcez ij}~ihhw |hijnz

}`ngr jcihg}gce {g}`ge }`n }c| }ne hirknz} njcecdgj vcenz ge }`n {crhm% êmnrz}iemiohw( diew `cz}

ei}gcez annh }`n ennm }c npnr} }`ngr zcqnrngke}w }`rc~k` }`ngr Z[A zgejn z~j`( irk~iohw( mgzjrgdgei}crw

|rij}gjnz npgz} ge diew dcmnre ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez% ]`n hirknz} Z[Az+ khcoih I^D irn krni}nr

}ìe ihh izzn}z jce}rchhnm ow `nmkn a~emz iem enirhw }`n zgvn ca ihh |rgqi}n ny~g}w a~emz% Dizhibcqgj



|%9' Kgqne }`n ìqcj {rc~k`} ow qchi}ghg}w i}}rgo~}nm }c }`n ij}gcez ca |rgqi}n ny~g}w iem `nmkn a~emz ge

}`n ?<<;$?<<0 ageiejgih jrgzgz( g} znndz grrnz|cezgohn }c npjh~mn zc d~j` ji|g}ih arcd gejh~zgce ge }`n

K?< dnn}gekz%

]`n rgzbz gzchi}gek jrg}gjihhw gd|cr}ie} ei}gcez arcd ge}nrei}gceih enkc}gi}gcez iem arcd

|ir}gjg|i}gce ge }`n khcoih zwz}nd ìqn onne rnihgvnm iem irn onkgeegek }c on immrnzznm% Hnimnrz ca

ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez ìqn ir}gj~hi}nm i jcddg}dne} }c onjcdn nqne dcrn gejh~zgqn ge crmnr }c

|rcqgmn i acr~d {`nrn dcrn ei}gcez jie np|rnzz }`ngr |chg}gjih qgn{z% Ge i z}i}ndne} |~ohgz`nm }`n ?;}`

ca F~hw( ?<99 ne}g}hnm ‘Jìhhneknz iem c||cr}~eg}gnz acr }`n {crhm njcecdw iem }`n GDA—( Mgrnj}cr

J`rgz}gen Hikirmn rnjne}hw z}i}nm }ì}6

RATcr }`n GDA }c on nqne dcrn naanj}gqn( g} d~z} ~emnrz}iem nqne on}}nr }`n rndirbiohn jìeknz

}ì} irn }ibgek |hijn ge }`n khcoih njcecdw( iem ge |ir}gj~hir( }`n mridi}gj rgzn ge

ge}nrjceenj}nmenzz on}{nne jc~e}rgnz% Ge c}`nr {crmz( }`n GDA ennmz }c orgek ie nqne dcrn

d~h}ghi}nrih |nrz|nj}gqn }c }`n imqgjn g} kgqnz g}z dndonr jc~e}rgnz$nz|njgihhw }`n zwz}ndgj

njcecdgnz( {`czn |chgjgnz jie ìqn z~j` i zgkegagjie} gd|ij} ce }`n rnz} ca }`n {crhm%

Ca ec}n onwcem }`n jihh acr i dcrn d~h}ghi}nrih |nrz|nj}gqn gz Hirkirmn+z z}i}nm mnzgrn acr c}`nr

njcecdgnz }c kgqn imqgjn }c geah~nejn }`n zwz}ndgj njcecdgnz ca }`n {crhm% ]`gz znndz hgbn i mgrnj}nm

naacr} }c orgek diew dcrn ei}gcez ge}c GDA enkc}gi}gcez% Hikirmn gemgji}nz }`n GDA+z {ghhgekenzz }c

ìqn }`n |chg}gjih qcgjn ca zdihhnr njcecdgnz {ngk` ge ce }`n mnjgzgce dibgek |rcjnzznz ca

}rimg}gceihhw mcdgeie} njcecdgnz z~j` iz( |rnz~diohw( ]`n êg}nm Z}i}nz( Ariejn iem Knrdiew iem

en{hw rgj` njcecdgnz hgbn J`gei% Z[Az }`ndznhqnz iaacrm zdihhnr njcecdgnz }`n |c{nr }c dibn }`ngr

zcqnrngke c|gegcez `nirm ~eghi}nrihhw( zc g} gz i kccm gmni }c gejh~mn mnqnhc|gek ei}gcez+ mnjgzgce

dibnrz ge }`n zwz}nd% ]`gz {ghh `nh| rn}ige }`n hnkg}gdijw ca }`nzn j~rrne}hw( iem }rimg}gceihhw( qih~iohn

ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez%

Gejrnizgek |ir}gjg|i}gce ge ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez ow Z[A `cz} ei}gcez {ghh rny~grn gejne}gqnz

ge npjìekn acr rnhgey~gz`gek i |cr}gce ca }`ngr i~}cecdw% ]`n immg}gceih rnjckeg}gce m~n }c



|ir}gjg|i}gek zcqnrngke ei}gcez iaacrmz }`nd gejrniznm hnkg}gdijw ge }`n ge}nrei}gceih jcdd~eg}w iem

jie on hnqnriknm }c |rcdc}n geqchqndne} ge ge}nrei}gceih gez}g}~}gcez% Ge ihh( dcqgek ihcek i

jcc|nri}gqn iem gejh~zgqn |i}` jc~hm |rcqn onenagjgih ge ikkrnki}n }c }`n {crhm njcecdw nqne ga }`n

hirknz} njcecdgnz irn rny~grnm }c jnmn i |cr}gce ca }`ngr ~em~n geah~nejn }c ndnrkgek ei}gcez%

Jcejh~zgce

Z[A `cz} ei}gcez ìqn rn|ni}nmhw |rcd~hki}nm }`ngr mnzgrn }c on i z}ioghgvgek acrjn ge }`n khcoih

zwz}nd ca ji|g}ihgzd% I} }̀ n onkgeegek ca }`n ?<<0 ageiejgih jrgzgz( diew Z[Az achhc{nm }`rc~k` ce

}`ngr |rnqgc~z r`n}crgj iem |rcqgmnm mnz|nri}nhw ennmnm hgy~gmg}w }c i d~h}g}~mn ca cqnr$np|cznm

ageiejgih gez}g}~}gcez% ]`nrn ìz onne mnoi}n iz }c }`n ~emnrhwgek rnizcez acr mcgek zc% Zcdn jhigd }ì}

Z[Az irn knenrihhw c|nri}nm c~} ca jc~e}rgnz {g}` hg}}hn np|nrgnejn ge }`n ge}nrei}gceih ageiejgih

dirbn}z {`c dgzjihj~hi}nm rgzb iem }ccb z~ozny~ne} hczznz% C}`nrz ìqn irk~nm }ì} Z[Az ~znm }`n

|chg}gjih jhc~} ca }`ngr z|cezcrz }c dg}gki}n |c}ne}gih hczznz iem rnjngqnm |rnanrne}gih }rni}dne}z nqgejnm

ow gejrniznm c{enrz`g| zìrnz cr }`rc~k` }`n jceqnwiejn ca immg}gceih ny~g}gnz ia}nr geg}gih dirbn}

hczznz% Immg}gceihhw( zcdn ìqn irk~nm }ì} Z[Az geqnz}nm m~rgek }`n njcecdgj |iegj i}}ij`gek

jcemg}gcez }ì} {ghh nqne}~ihhw hnim }c i }riezanr ca ageiejgih bec{ `c{ mgz|hiwgek i mnzgrn }c jrni}n

ageiejgih `~oz( ~h}gdi}nhw( ge }`ngr c{e ei}gcez% Z[A ij}gce m~rgek }`n jrgzgz jie on ge}nr|rn}nm ge i

qirgn}w {iwz( o~} }`n rnz~h}z ca }`ngr jcddg}dne} }c |rcqgmn hgy~gmg}w }c }`n dirbn}z jnr}igehw `nh|nm

iqcgm i jcd|hn}n( |rchceknm zngv~rn ca }`n ageiejgih zwz}nd% Ge }`gz znezn( Z[Az ìqn mgz|hiwnm }`n

ioghg}w iem |rc|nezg}w }c dibn kccm ce }`ngr ihhnkgiejn }c i z}iohn ageiejgih {crhm%

I} }`n ipgcdi}gj ac~emi}gce ca iew Z[A ieihwzgz z`c~hm on }`n ~emnrz}iemgek }ì} dcz} Z[Az

irn jrni}nm }`rc~k` z~r|h~znz mnrgqnm arcd }`n naagjgne} c|nri}gce iem krc{}` ca }`n ge}nrei}gceih



ji|g}ihgz}gj zwz}nd2 }`nrnacrn( g} rndigez ge }`ngr ei}gceih iem njcecdgj ge}nrnz} }c nez~rn }`n jce}ge~nm

krc{}` ca khcoih }rimn iem jcc|nri}gce% Onwcem iz|gri}gcez acr z}ioghg}w ge ge}nrei}gceih dirbn}z( Z[Az

ìqn mndcez}ri}nm }`ngr ioghg}w }c |rcqgmn mcdnz}gj |chg}gjih z}ioghg}w( `nejn a~r}`nr z}rnek}`negek

cqnrihh khcoih dirbn} znj~rg}w% Kcqnredne}z(nz|njgihhw mnqnhc|gek( ìqn hg}}hn ioghg}w }c agk`} ikigez}

}`n gd|nrzceih dirbn} acrjnz ca hgonrihgvnm ageiejgih ahc{z {g}`c~} ongek cz}rijgvnm ow ge}nrei}gceih

jcdd~eg}w% ]`n Z[A ìz |rcqne g}z ioghg}w }c ihhc{ i ei}gce }c |hiw ow agnrjnhw jcd|n}g}gqn enchgonrih

}rimn iem |rcm~j}gce r~hnz {`ghn ihhc{gek acr mcdnz}gj np|nemg}~rnz }c |hiji}n }`n mcdnz}gj |c|~hc~z%

Z[Az ìqn imi|}nm {nhh }c }`n jìekgek hiemzji|n ca }`n ge}nrei}gceih ji|g}ihgz}gj crmnr( iem ow mcgek

zc( }`nw jcrrcocri}nm }`n gd|cr}iejn ca rn}igegek |chg}gjih hnkg}gdijw mcdnz}gjihhw iz {nhh iz

ge}nrei}gceihhw% Z[Az ìqn krc{e ge}c gemgz|neziohn gez}g}~}gceih }cchz acr mnqnhc|gek ei}gcez {ihbgek

|rnjirgc~zhw }c{irmz i znha$mn}nrdgei}n a~}~rn ge ie ge}nrmn|nemne} khcoih zwz}nd%

]`n rnjne} jrni}gce iem |rchganri}gce ca }`n Z[A gz ec} ne}grnhw |czg}gqn acr ikkrnki}n krc{}`

iem z}ioghg}w% [g}` }`n ioghg}w }c jce}rch acrngke npjìekn ri}nz( idcek c}`nr }`gekz( }`n Z[A

npijnroi}nz }`n khcoih |rcohnd ca j~rrne} ijjc~e} gdoihiejnz iem jie hnim }c knc|chg}gjih njcecdgj

{irairn {`nrn ~eghi}nrih ij}gce iem oghi}nrih enkc}gi}gcez }r~d| jchhnj}gqn |chg}gjih ij}gce% Znn6 Chzne'

J~rrne} ijjc~e} gdoihiejnz irn ie gzz~n ca acrndcz} gd|cr}iejn }c }`n ge}nrei}gceih jcdd~eg}w i} }`gz

}gdn% Zcqnrngke mno} gz ihzc ihhc{nm }c hiek~gz` iem krc{ {`ne Z[Az i}}nd|}nm }c iqcgm }`n ‘M~}j`

mgznizn— ow geqnz}gek `niqghw np}nreihhw% ]`gz ìz onne z`c{e }c mn|rnzz ge}nrnz} ri}nz |rchcekgek

~ez~z}igeiohn ocrrc{ ge }`n mnqnhc|nm {crhm dibgek }`n nqne}~ih imf~z}dne} dcrn znqnrn% Wn}(

rnqnrzgek jc~rzn iem geqnz}gek ne}grnhw( cr nqne hirknhw( ge }`n dcz}hw zìhhc{ mcdnz}gj njcecdw {c~hm

jrni}n }rndnemc~z izzn} o~oohnz( geahi}gceirw |rnzz~rnz( iem gejrnizn jcrr~|}gce% Z[Az irn ec} }c ohidn

acr }`nzn z}r~j}~rih |rcohndz iz }`nzn jcd|hgji}gcez ge }`n khcoih zwz}nd ca ji|g}ihgzd irn |rnjgznhw }`n

acrjnz rnz|cezgohn acr gejne}gqgvgek }`n ce}cknew ca Z[Az ge }`n agrz} |hijn%

]`gz jieec} cozj~rn }`n aij} }ì}( ow mnageg}gce( Z[Az gd|czn krni}nr rgzbz }c }`n khcoih zwz}nd

ca ji|g}ihgzd }ìe }rimg}gceih jne}rih oiebz dieikgek rnznrqnz iz }`nw znnb `gk`nr rn}~rez ce



geqnz}dne} }ì} irn cehw |czzgohn {g}` i hirknr i||n}g}n acr rgzb% Iz dcrn z~r|h~z ei}gcez rnihgvn }`n

c||cr}~eg}w jcz}z izzcjgi}nm {g}` `chmgek }rimg}gceih rnznrqnz iem }riezg}gce |cr}gcez ca }`ngr rnznrqnz

ge}c Z[Az( }`n ikkrnki}n hnqnh ca rgzb ge }`n zwz}nd {ghh np|iem% A~r}`nrdcrn( }`n np|iezgce ca

zcqnrngke}w iem i~}cecdw }ì} ijjcd|iew hirkn Z[Az jrni}n gejne}gqnz acr ei}gcez }ì} jieec} a~em i

Z[A }`rc~k` ijj~d~hi}nm rnznrqnz }c gzz~n mno} ge crmnr }c nz}iohgz` cen% ]`n J`genzn i~}`crg}gnz

geg}gihhw |rcqgmnm a~emgek acr }`n JGJ ow gzz~gek z|njgih kcqnredne} }rniz~rw ocemz mnecdgei}nm ge

J`genzn w~ie {`gj` ennm }c on rn|i}rgi}nm {g}` ie ge}nrnz} ri}n ca irc~em =.% Ge immg}gce }c oni}gek }`n

z}iemirm ?$:. rn}~rez rnznrqn dieiknrz }irkn} }`n JGJ dieiknrz {nrn gez}r~j}nm }c |rcqgmn êg}nm

Z}i}nz mchhir rn}~rez% [`ne jc~|hnm {g}` }`n jce}ge~nm i||rnjgi}gce ca }`n w~ie ikigez} }`n mchhir( }`gz

{ghh rny~grn ie immg}gceih =%>$;. rn}~re |nr iee~d }c a~haghh }`n kcqnredne} diemi}n% A~r}`nr

jcd|hgji}gek }`n di}}nr gz }`n aij} }ì} }`n JGJ gz dieiknm |rgqi}nhw iem ìz }c |iw g}z ocirm ca

mgrnj}crz iem dieiknrgih z}iaa i||rcpgdi}nhw ?. |nr wnir% Ihh }ckn}`nr( }`gz idc~e}z }c }`n JGJ

ennmgek }c knenri}n rn}~rez ca 9?%>.$91. f~z} }c bnn| |ir {g}` }rimg}gceih jne}rih oieb `chmgekz%

\rcqgmnm }`n |~r|czn acr jrni}gek }`n JGJ {iz }c krc{ J`gei+z ji|g}ih z}cjb( }`n rny~gzg}n rn}~rez

enjnzzirw }c dnn} }`ngr z}i}nm cofnj}gqnz mndiem i qcrijgc~z rgzb i||n}g}n%

[g}`ge }`n zwz}nd ca ji|g}ihgzd( ei}gcez ih{iwz ìqn iem {ghh jce}ge~n }c npnrjgzn }`ngr |chg}gjih

{ghh njcecdgjihhw% ]`n( `c|na~hhw( jce}ge~ih mnjhgen ge ihirdgz} ijimndgj {crb rnkirmgek }`n

|chg}gjgvi}gce ca Z[A ij}gqg}w gz i {nhjcdn zgke }ì} }`nzn gez}g}~}gcez( }ì} {nrn geg}gihhw anirnm

onji~zn }`nw {nrn rnhi}gqnhw ~ebec{e( irn onjcdgek on}}nr ~emnrz}ccm ow }`n ge}nrei}gceih jcdd~eg}w%

Z[Az jieec} ne}grnhw gez~hi}n }`ngr `cz} ei}gcez arcd imqnrzn |chg}gjih |rnzz~rn( njcecdgj rn}ihgi}gce(

cr nqne dghg}irw ij}gce iem {ghh nqne}~ihhw on mnih} {g}` ce }`n ge}nrei}gceih z}ikn ge i dcrn ny~g}iohn

iem mg|hcdi}gj aiz`gce% Ge }`gz hgk`} }`nw z`c~hm on rnkirmnm iz f~z} iec}`nr }cch acr kcqnredne}z }c ~zn

}c npnr} }`ngr |chg}gjih dgk`}% Ga }`nw io~zn }`n }cch( }`n ge}nrei}gceih jcdd~eg}w jie iem z`c~hm rnij}

acrjna~hhw% ]ì} ongek zigm( Z[Az ìqn i }rndnemc~z rnz|cezgoghg}w }c nekikn {g}` ge}nrei}gceih

gez}g}~}gcez% G} gz nizw acr i jrnmg}cr }c {ihb i{iw arcd ie ikrnndne} cr enkc}gi}gce% Ge dcz} jiznz( }`n



mno}cr gz dcrn gejhgenm }c enkc}gi}n i{iw jcezgmnri}gce i} qirwgek mnkrnnz rnhi}gqn }c }`ngr hnqnh ca

ennm%

Z[Az z`c~hm on ~znm ge jcez}r~j}gqn {iwz iem acz}nr ge}nrei}gceih jcc|nri}gce on}{nne ei}gcez%

Kgqne }`n |rc|nezg}w acr Z[Az }c |~rz~n c~}{irm geqnz}dne} z}ri}nkgnz( }`gz znndz ri}`nr hgbnhw }c

ì||ne nz|njgihhw jcezgmnrgek }`n ca}ne gmnihgvnm di}j` on}{nne Z[A geqnz}dne} iem hirkn hcek }nrd

geariz}r~j}~rn |rcfnj}z% Z[Az geqnz} {g}` i hceknr geqnz}dne} c~}hccb }ìe |rgqi}n ji|g}ih iem ìqn

z`c{e }ì} }`nw jie on i z}ioghgvgek acrjn ge ageiejgih dirbn}z% ]`n nzzne}gih |rcohnd ~emnrhwgek }`n

hcek }nrd geqnz}cr ge}nr|rn}i}gce ca Z[A ij}gcez gz ie ~emnrhwgek gejcezgz}nejw izzcjgi}nm {g}` |~ohgj

|nrjn|}gce ca geqnz}dne}% I Z[A geqnz}gek iorcim gz nd|hcwgek mcdnz}gj rnzc~rjnz ge i acrngke

jc~e}rw% Z`c~hm }`n ageiejgih hiemzji|n on ih}nrnm ow |rgqi}n ji|g}ih ahgk`} cr z|nj~hi}gqn i}}ijbz ce i

kgqne ei}gce( i Z[A {ghh( znndgekhw( rgmn c~} }`n |iegj ow dige}igegek }`ngr geqnz}dne}z }`~z

z}ioghgvgek ageiejgih dirbn}z m~rgek |nrgcmz ca jrgzgz% [`ne i ei}gce geqnz}z mcdnz}gjihhw ge i hirkn

geariz}r~j}~rn |rcfnj}( iew z`cr} }nrd hczznz irn |chg}gjihhw ijjn|}iohn ga }`n zcjgn}ih kigez arcd }`n

geqnz}dne} irn qgn{nm ow zcjgn}w iz onenagjgih ge }`n hcek r~e% ]`n ge}nrz}i}n `gk`{iw zwz}nd ge }`n

êg}nm Z}i}nz gz i kccm npid|hn ca }`gz iem hcek }nrd rn}~rez ce }`n geqnz}dne} ìqn |rcqne qih~iohn

acr njcecdgj krc{}` ge }`n êg}nm Z}i}nz% ]`n |chg}gjih zg}~i}gce( `c{nqnr( gz a~emidne}ihhw ih}nrnm

{`ne geqnz}dne} gz rcc}nm ge i acrngke jc~e}rw% Ga jcemg}gcez hnim }c z`cr} }nrd hczznz iem {`ne }`n

kigez arcd ie geqnz}dne} ge hcek r~e |rcm~j}gqg}w {ghh on rnihgvnm ow acrngkenrz( }`n }chnriejn acr

z~||cr}gek i acrngke ei}gce {ghh z}rige |chg}gjih agk~rnz ge }`n geqnz}cr ei}gce% ]`gz {ghh cjj~r nqne ga }`n

geqnz}dne} {ghh }~re |rcag} acr }`n jrnmg}cr ei}gce ge }`n hcek }nrd%

Cqnrihh( hgonrih ahc{z irn kccm acr |rgqi}n ne}nr|rgzn iz dcenw ahc{z }c }`n dcz} naagjgne}

|rcm~jnrz% Ga i jcd|n}g}cr mnz}rcwz o~zgenzz dcmnhz iem }ibnz }`n |hijn ca gem~z}rw hnimnr g} jie nefcw

|rcag}z {`ghn }`n hnzz i}}rij}gqn |rcm~jnr ng}`nr jchhi|znz cr gz oc~k`} c~}% ]`gz zcr} ca jrni}gqn

mnz}r~j}gce gz ijjn|}iohn ge |rgqi}n ne}nr|rgzn( o~} g} }ibnz ce diew hirknr zcjgn}ih iem knc|chg}gjih

gd|hgji}gcez {`ne i zcqnrngke kcqnredne} gz }`n ne}g}w }ì} mnai~h}z( gz oiebr~|}nm( cr mgz|hijnm ow



iec}`nr gez}g}~}gce% Kcqnredne}z jce}rch zcqnrngke }nrrg}crw( dige}ige zcjgih jce}rij}z {g}` jg}gvnez(

iem neacrjn r~hnz iem }rni}gnz% I kcqnredne}ih aigh~rn gz }`nrnacrn d~j` dcrn ji}iz}rc|`gj acr khcoih

z}ioghg}w( j~h}~rih gmne}g}w( iem cqnrihh `~die {nhairn }ìe }`n aigh~rn ca i zgekhn o~zgenzz ne}nr|rgzn cr

nqne ie ne}grn o~zgenzz znj}cr% ]`n mnz}r~j}gce ca i kcqnredne} hnimz }c i {gmnz|rnim ~ejnr}ige}w iem

ìz |c}ne}gih }c mnz}rcw diew ~ernhi}nm iem qgiohn jcddnrjgih c|nri}gcez {g}`ge g}z ocrmnrz% G} ihzc ìz

|c}ne}gih }c mnz}ioghgvn khcoih jcc|nri}gce iz gejrniznm rgzbz izzcjgi}nm {g}` gez}ioghg}w knenrihhw

mnkrimn ge}c |rc}nj}gcegz} dniz~rnz iem oghi}nrih enkc}gi}gcez%

Ga cen }`gekz gz bec{e acr jnr}ige ge njcecdgjz( g} gz }ì} jcc|nri}gce gz rny~grnm }c ìrenzz

`~die |c}ne}gih ge crmnr }c |rcm~jn c|}gdgvnm naanj}z% ]`n ge}nrei}gceih jcdd~eg}w jieec} iaacrm }c

rnhw ~|ce c~}mi}nm }`ncrgnz ca }`n znha$jcrrnj}gek ri}gceih dirbn}% Znn6 Acp' _gkcrc~z mnoi}n gz ennmnm

}c agem ie ny~ghgorg~d }ì} gz oc}` jcem~jgqn }c njcecdgj ij}gqg}w iem zcjgihhw |ihi}iohn ge }`n irneiz ca

`~die {nhairn iem gejcdn geny~ihg}w% G} ìz onne mndcez}ri}nm }ì} }`n |~rz~g} ca gemgqgm~ih znha$

ge}nrnz} }ì} hnimz }c i \irn}c c|}gdih zg}~i}gce diw ec} ih{iwz on ge }`n onz} ge}nrnz} ca zcjgn}w% Znn6

Oiz~' Dirbn} |hiwnrz z|nj~hi}gek ce }`n |rgjn ca {`ni} a~}~rnz jie rni| np}ricrmgeirw ageiejgih wgnhmz

{`ghn dghhgcez ca gd|cqnrgz`nm |nc|hn( ~eiohn }c iaacrm o~oohn$|rgjnm krige( {ghh z}irqn cr ìrqnz} }`n

hganhcek naanj}z ca dihec~rgz`dne} ge crmnr }c |rcm~jn znnm ji|g}ih acr }`n z|nj~hi}cr+z enp} geqnz}dne}%

D~h}g|hn ny~ghgorgi npgz} {g}`ge }`n khcoih njcecdw iem acrkcgek `~die |ripgz ow rnhwgek ce dirbn}

|rgjgek dnjìegzdz ihcen ìz mndcez}ri}nm }gdn iem ikige }ì} np}nreihg}gnz {ghh jce}ge~n ~eioi}nm

{g}`c~} }`n cqnrzgk`} ca zcjgihhw jcez}r~j}nm gez}g}~}gcez }c rnk~hi}n }`n onìqgcr ca dirbn} |ir}gjg|ie}z%

Ge }`gz rnkirm ageiejgih dirbn}z irn ec mgaanrne}( iem iz {g}` iew c}`nr ge}nrjceenj}nm zwz}nd( }`nw ìqn

onne z`c{e }c onjcdn hnzz z}iohn {`ne rgzb }c iem }`n e~donr ca z}ri}nkgjihhw gd|cr}ie} qirgiohnz gz

jcd|rnzznm% ]`n aigh~rn ca i z}r~j}~rihhw gd|cr}ie} jcd|cene} ìz air rnij`gek naanj}z ce ihh c}`nr

qirgiohnz {g}`ge }`n zwz}nd% ]`n mnezg}w ca {nih}` ~emnr }`n jce}rch ca i hgdg}nm e~donr ca Z[Az

z`c~hm on argk`}negek }c iewcen {`c jie znn |irihhnhz }c }`n jcejne}ri}gce ca ji|g}ih iem rgzb ge }`n

oiebgek znj}cr |rgcr }c }`n ?<<0 khcoih njcecdgj jrgzgz%



N|ghck~n

]`gz |i|nr {iz {rg}}ne acr dw znegcr }`nzgz i} }`n êgqnrzg}w ca Jihgacregi( Onrbnhnw iem ìz

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bec{ zc {nhh% Iz }`n zjc|n ca }`gz }`nzgz gz imdg}}nmhw y~g}n hgdg}nm( ga }`gz {crb rnahnj}z nqne i

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gemgz}gej} gmniz ge}c i jcd|rn`nezgohn acrd% G d~z} ihzc rnjckegvn Mr% Onqnrhw Jri{acrm acr `nr ioghg}w

}c nekikn `nr |~|ghz ge ie nqnr jcez}r~j}gqn neqgrcedne}% \rcanzzcr Jri{acrm ndiei}nz i rimgie}



|izzgce acr }`n {nhairn ca `nr z}~mne}z iem gz gejce}rcqnr}gohw |izzgcei}n ioc~} nm~ji}gce% Z`n nhgjg}z

gezgk`}a~h jcddne}z arcd nqne }`n dcz} ihcca( z}cbgek ijimndgj mgzj~zzgce ge }`n jhizzrccd ge g}z

dcz} a~emidne}ih {iw% ]c Mr% Fczn|` Hc~k`( {`c ih{iwz dieiknm }c agem }`n gmnih dgp}~rn ca {g} iem

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jhigdgek }ì} }r~n zj`chirz`g| z`c~hm on |igea~h( \rcanzzcr Hc~k`+z ~ewgnhmgek jcddg}dne} }c |rcqgmn

`gz z}~mne}z {g}` }`n `gk`nz} hnqnh ca gez}r~j}gce gz i rnahnj}gce ca `gz c{e |`ghczc|`gjih dihigzn acr

}i{mrw z}~mw%

G {c~hm ihzc hgbn }c }ìeb [ghhgid iem Ihonr} Ahikk acr }`ngr knenrc~z z~||cr}% ]`ngr ageiejgih

zj`chirz`g| iaacrmnm dn z~aagjgne} }gdn }c dnn} }`n mndiemz ca i {crhm jhizz nm~ji}gce% Jcezgmnrgek

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O~}hnr( Nidcee% H~m{gk Qce Dgznz6 Ac~e}ige`nim ca }`n Dcmnre Dgjrcnjcecdgjz _nqch~}gce%Ihmnrz`c} R~%i%6 Kc{nr( 9707% \rge}%

Jc`ne( Z}n|`ne Z%( iem Orimacrm F% MnHcek% ]`n Nem ca Geah~nejn6 [ì} @i||nez [`ne C}`nr

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http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=8&hid=123&sid=586d08e3-9ce4-4cd3-889c-19afabcd3f75@sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3D%3D#db=a9h&AN=12077495








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Mcjbnz( \gnrrn% /Zcqnrngke [nih}` A~emz iem Ndnrkgek Gd|nrgihgzd%/ _nq~n M+Njcecdgn

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Ge}nrei}gceih Dcen}irw Zwz}nd% Cpacrm6 Cpacrm ^\( ?<99% \rge}%

Nhhgc}( Hirrw% /Jìejnhhcr Oijbz K; Dcqn }c Kn} ]c~k` ce Zcqnrngke [nih}` A~emz%/ ]`n K~irmgie $

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N~rc|nie êgce% Jc~ejgh Mgrnj}gqn 00#:19#NNJ ca ?= F~en 9700 acr }`n Gd|hndne}i}gce ca Ir}gjhn 1;

ca }`n ]rni}w% N~rc|i( 9700% N~rc|i$ Ki}n{iw }c }`n N~rc|nie êgce% F~en 9700% [no% Fie% ?<99%8`}}|6##n~r$hnp%n~rc|i%n~#Hnp^rgZnrq#Hnp^rgZnrq%mc3~rg4JNHNP6:9700H<:196NE6@]DH5%

N~rc|nie êgce% NNJ Jc~ejgh6 Agrz} Mgrnj}gqn acr }`n Gd|hndne}i}gce ca Ir}gjhn 1; ca }`n ]rni}w% Qch%=:% Caagjgih Fc~reih( 971<% Znr% 9% N~rc|i$ Ki}n{iw }c }`n N~rc|nie êgce% [no% Fie% ?<99%8`}}|6##n~r$hnp%n~rc|i%n~#Hnp^rgZnrq#Hnp^rgZnrq%mc3~rg4JNHNP6:971<H<7?96NE6@]DH5%

N~rc|nie êgce% Ca ]`n ]rni}w Ce N~rc|nie êgce Iem Ca ]`n ]rni}w Nz}iohgz`gek ]`n N~rc|nie

Jcdd~eg}w% Caagjgih Fc~reih ca }`n N~rc|nie Jcdd~eg}gnz( ?<<:% N~rc|i$ Ki}n{iw }c }`n N~rc|nieêgce% ?<<1% [no% Fie% ?<99% 8`}}|6##n~r$hnp%n~rc|i%n~#Hnp^rgZnrq#Hnp^rgZnrq%mc3~rg4CF6J6?<<16:?9N6<<<96<::96NE6\MA5%

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N~rc|nie êgce% Znjcem Jc~ejgh 1:#?9#NNJ Mgrnj}gqn ca 90 Mnjndonr 971? Immgek }c iem Idnemgek }`n Agrz} Mgrnj}gqn acr }`n Gd|hndne}i}gce ca Ir}gjhn 1; ca }`n ]rni}w% Caagjgih Fc~reih ca }`n N~rc|nieJcdd~eg}gnz( 971:% N~rc|i$ Ki}n{iw }c }`n N~rc|nie êgce% [no% ?<99% 8`}}|6##n~r$hnp%n~rc|i%n~#Hnp^rgZnrq#Hnp^rgZnrq%mc3~rg4JNHNP6:971:H<<?96NE6@]DH5%

http://ssrn.com/abstract=1652701

http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2007/oct/20/1?INTCMP=SRCH


http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&type_doc=Directive&an_doc=1972&nu_doc=156&lg=en


http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31986L0566:EN:HTML




http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2006:321E:0001:0331:EN:PDF


























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http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/2006/051506.pdf

http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2011/072611.htm





Ge}nrei}gceih [crbgek Krc~| ca Zcqnrngke [nih}` A~emz% Ge}nrei}gceih [crbgek Krc~| ca Zcqnrngke

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B~rgìri( Bneen}` B% /]c{irm I En{ ]`ncrw ca Dcen}irw Zcqnrngke}w%/ Fc~reih ca \chg}gjih

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Dceb( Izòw @%O% /Zcqnrngke}w ge }`n Nri ca Khcoih Ji|g}ihgzd6 ]`n _gzn ca Zcqnrngke [nih}` A~emziem }`n \c{nr ca Ageiejn%/ Zcjgih Zjgnejn _nznirj` En}{crb % Zcjgih Zjgnejn Nhnj}rcegj \~ohgz`gek(Gej%( 9< I|r% ?<9<% [no% Cj}% ?<9<% 8`}}|6##|i|nrz%zzre%jcd#zch:#|i|nrz%jad3ioz}rij}Sgm49>0;:?;5%

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http://www.iwg-swf.org/

http://www.jstor.org/pss/1825189

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/issues7/index.htm

http://www.thecityuk.com/assets/Uploads/Sovereign-Wealth-Funds-2011.pdf


http://ssagalway.blogspot.com/











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http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&hid=123&sid=586d08e3-9ce4-4cd3-889c-19afabcd3f75@sessionmgr104


http://bev.berkeley.edu/ipe/readings/Ruggie.pdf






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http://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings/

http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/jun/24/theobserver.observerbusiness2?INTCMP=SRCH

http://www.piie.com/publications/testimony/truman0508.pdf









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https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html

http://www.lexisnexis.com/congcomp/getdoc?HEARING-ID=HRG-2008-HFS-0058

http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/international/exchange-rate-policies/Documents/2007_Appendix-3.pdf


http://www.lexisnexis.com/congcomp/getdoc?HEARING-ID=HRG-2008-FOA-0039




http://www.lexisnexis.com/congcomp/getdoc?HEARING-ID=HRG-2008-ECJ-0002

http://www.lexisnexis.com/congcomp/getdoc?HEARING-ID=HRG-2007-BHU-0034

















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http://www.lexisnexis.com/congcomp/getdoc?HEARING-ID=HRG-2009-ESR-0005


https://web.lexis-nexis.com/congcomp/attachment/a.pdf_m=4378c5223ca4dcb03bfa52c3b64bc67c&wchp=dGLzVzS-zSkSA&_md5=336ae6a3d8b5f9c8a8cf23d23a2dea0c&ie=a.pdf










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