an analysis of the sahel food crisis

7/31/2019 An Analysis of the Sahel Food Crisis

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The Sahel Food Crisis An Analysis

By Roland Berehoudougou

Disaster Risk Manager, Plan International West Africa

When Plan International and other aid agencies sounded the alarm bells and appealed for public assistance to finance an

emergency response to the Sahel Food Crisis, there were those sceptics who saw this crisis as an annual chronic food

shortage which was being exploited by aid agencies to raise money.

Those sceptics were wrong.

So what is an emergency? What is a food crisis? What is involved in declaring an emergency or pronouncing a situation

to be a food crisis? A number of issues are taken into consideration including forecast about the availability, cost of

food, environmental factors and other internal and external factors which are discussed below.

The Sahel Food Crisis is the result of a complex emergency in which these factors have come together to create this

food and nutritional crisis. In fact, had these not occurred then there would be no food crisis, no emergency, and no

fundraising appeals.

Drought causes conflict

In the last three to five years, the people in the Sahel have been confronted with either lower than average rain, normal

rainfall or excessive rainfall causing floods. As a result harvest levels have been good in some places and poor in others.

In countries of poor harvests, farmers and their families have been coping using straightforward approaches of cuttingback on their expenses. In the Sahel, families sold their livestock; others sold their furniture and other possessions. After

three consecutive years, their assets have been depleted and men, women and children have been looking for work to

supplement household incomes.

The conflicts in Cote dIvoire, the Maghreb, and Libya meant that more than 200,000 migrant workers from the Sahel

had to flee those countries and return home. Given the average size of families in the Sahel, about 7-12 members per

family, two million people suddenly became affected and had reduced incomes.

In addition, the Malian refugees which poured over the borders into neighbouring countries are an additional stress on

food insecure areas. For every one refugee, there are five animals. So if you consider 375,000 animals coming overwith 75,000 refugees, for example, those animals can dry up a water-scarce irrigation dam in just few days. Yet, cattle

are a lifeline and in a food crisis, they cannot be forgotten.

In addition to depriving people of a considerable source of income, the drought in the Sahel is a source of conflict.

Shepherds, for example, who are forced to take their animals southward in search of pasture, come into conflict with

farmers.


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Cultural differences

People in the Sahel eat a different staple to what is grown outside the region and this has implications during a food

crisis. Lets take a scenario where countries on the west coast, such as Liberia or Cote dIvoire, may have enough food

to export. However, it is not the type of food that people in the Sahel eat and they therefore wont import it. Instead

they import from one another at prevailing market rates which has a knock-on effect on availability and cost.

Market forcesinfluenced by global factors - dictate price. There is a common market across West Africa where traders

move and sell freely. When Nigeria is buying, WFP is buying, other NGOs are buying the price increases. If you look at

food prices you will see that prices this year compared to the same period last year is more than 100% in Mali, more

than 70% in Burkina 42% in Niger.

So, as an NGO, Plan International had to change its strategy and approach our donors for permission to do cash-for-

work or food-for-work programmes rather than waiting to do food distribution programmes after the food stock is

totally depleted.

A food crisis may, therefore, not necessarily mean a shortage of food but rather the inability of a people to afford to

buy the food.

Arab Spring

In addition to the complications of prolonged inconsistent harvest levels, market forces, and inflow of refugees and their

livestock, the situation has become complicated by the rise of desert locusts this year.

The breeding grounds of locusts are in the border areas of Libya and Algeria. When the Gadaffi government was in

office, they provided a lot of money for insect control in locust breeding grounds but since the Arab Spring and events

following it the finance for the pest control has dried up. The continuing insecurity on these borders also prevents pest

control activities. We are now seeing a different impact of the Arab Spring spilling into the Sahel in the form of locust

swarms.

The UN Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) which monitors locust movement say that swarms have been sighted

in northern Niger. If these swarms come southward through the agricultural belt farmers will experience yet another

problem. When these clouds of locusts descend on newly planted fields, they can devour acres of crops and trees in just

30 minutes. The locust swarms have also been sighted in northern Mali but because of the insecurity, no one can go

there to control the pests.

NGOs do not do pest control as it is a very costly exercise involving planes and other equipment which we do not have.

This role falls to specialised agencies such as FAO and governments. This is a looming disaster.

Road to hell

To cope with the food crisis, children have left school and have taken to the road to find work to help their parents.

Some girls are working as domestic help in homes, other are begging on the streets, and boys are finding work in

traditional gold mining in Burkina and Niger. A number of serious hazards face these children including respiratory

problems from inhalation of dust and exposure to mercury, arsenic and other chemicals used in the process.

Many children who go to work on plantations, in cotton fields and other types of farming also face risks of exploitationand potential trafficking.


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Finding solutions

At Plan we are trying to address the food insecurity, in the areas we work, in a holistic way.

We are providing drought-resistant seeds, supporting the government to train farmers in drought-season activities and

supporting the 3N programme ("Niger Nourish Nigeriens"). One of its principal objectives is reducing dependence onclimate through irrigation and rain water collection projects.

Plan, whose core work is Child Centred Community Development (CCCD), is also empowering communities to get

involved in the cereal market and beat speculators at their own game by creating community-managed cereal banks.

After a harvest the price of cereal drops and farmers are forced to sell their crops at low prices to meet the schooling

cost for their children and other social costs. Speculators buy the cereal and store it until food shortages kick-in around

mid-year and then release the cereal at high market prices.

Plan-supported communities are doing the same thingexcept that they sell at a lower price to members of their

village. The income generated is used to increase the storage capacity of the cereal bank and support socialinfrastructures in the village such as building facilities like medical centres and schools.

We are also implementing micro-finance project for women and youth using the VSLA strategy (www.vsla.net). We

have discovered that if we provide economic empowerment for women then there is a trickle down effecting benefiting

children who will receive balance meals, medical care and an education. We are seeing improvements in the quality of

life for families in our programme areas.

Using this approach, many villages are now being lifted out of poverty and Plan is replicating this in other areas in

which we are working.

No handouts

When Plan appealed to developing nations for assistance for the Sahel Food Crisis, it was not to address an annual

chronic food shortage. It is to address a complex emergency that has stretched an already stressed situation to its

breaking point which in turn has put four million children at risk of malnutrition.

No one is ever happy about being in a situation to ask for help to feed their families.

Plan is using aid money in such a way so as to prevent dependency on long-term aid. The United Nations agencies of

OCHA and UNDP have demonstrated that for a dollar of foreign aid spent on preventing disasters saves an average ofseven dollars in humanitarian disaster response.

At Plan we are seeking to empower and support the people living the Sahel to get out of the situation themselves. We

are in it for the long haul. We are working hard to make ourselves and our work redundant and build resilience in the

Sahel and hope. None of this is possible without the support of governments and people from the rest of the world.

For more information on Plans response to the Sahel Food Crisis visit our website;

http://plan-international.org/sahelappeal
http://www.vsla.net/http://www.vsla.net/http://www.vsla.net/http://plan-international.org/sahelappealhttp://plan-international.org/sahelappealhttp://plan-international.org/sahelappealhttp://www.vsla.net/

an analysis of the sahel food crisis

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