an approach to converge communication and radar technologies for intelligent transportation system

8/7/2019 An approach to converge communication and RADAR technologies for intelligent transportation system

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Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 4 (Apr. 2010) ISSN: 0974- 6846

Research article Intelligent transport system Kandar et al . Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.

417

An approach to converge communication and RADAR technologies for intelligent transportation system

D. Kandar, S.N. Sur, D. Bhaskar, A. Guchhait, R. Bera and C. K. Sarkar1

Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim Manipal University, Majitar, Sikkim-737136, India1

Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, [email protected]

AbstractThe Intelligent Transport System (ITS) is an important and critical embedded system which should be carefullydesigned to fulfill the goals for safety and non-safety applications. ITS has been the umbrella under which significantefforts have been conducted in research, development, testing, deployment and integration of advanced technologiesto improve the measures of effectiveness of national highway network. Efforts are being imparted towards a combinedsystem of both communication and remote sensing technology. In the paper, the combined system constructionprinciple of RADAR-location and information transmitting is considered. We modeled a communication and RADARcombined system in MATLAB considering WCDMA simulation model as reference. We considered moving target forsimulation and it is detected at the RADAR receiver while the received information signal is processed through RAKEreceiver to achieve low BER value. Thus the combined system is running successfully and satisfying both therequirements. This design can be implemented on reserved channel of Dedicated Short Range Communication(DSRC) for Intelligent Transport System (ITS) application.

Keywords: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); RADAR; WCDMA.

Introduction

In United States, there were 6279000 motor vehicleaccidents that accounted for 41611 deaths in 1991. Moredollars than any other cause of illness or injury areconsumed for providing the health care regarding thetreatment of crash victims. US department ofTransportation has declared that the reduction ofvehicular fatalities is its top priority. This is true for all

other countries as well. Also demand for voice, data andmultimedia services while moving in car increase theimportance of Broadband wireless systems (Huang,2006).

The Intelligent Transport System (ITS) addsinformation and communications technology to transportinfrastructure and vehicles to improve safety and reducevehicle wear, transportation times and fuel consumptionetc. To provide potential benefits of ITS applications in anational highway network, a broad range of research anddevelopment efforts are being carried over under theumbrella of ITS Technology.

The first ITS research was developed by Japan inCACS (the comprehensive automobile traffic controlsystem) in the year 1960s and 1970. Then it wasstretched in US & Germany respectively. In Japan, workon the road/automobile communication system (RACS)project, which formed the basis for our current carnavigation system began in 1984. ITS is expected tobecome very big business in near future. Industry, likeskysoft has become the major European player oncommand and control systems for the road sector, bothfor highways and cities. A wide variety of Japanese andinternational concerns are already involved in planningand development of ITS (Kahaner, 1996).

Major technologies in ITS

ITS involves a broad range of wireless and wire-linecommunications-based information, control andelectronics technologies. Short-range communications(less than 500 yards) can be accomplished using IEEE802.11 protocols, specifically WAVE or the dedicatedshort range communications (DSRC) standard beingpromoted by the intelligent transportation society of

America and the United States department oftransportation. The US FCC has allocated 75 MHz ofspectrum in the 5.9 GHz band (5.8 GHz for Europe andJapan) for DSRC to enhance the safety and productivityof the nations transportation system.

Technological advances in telecommunications andinformation technology coupled with state-of-the-artmicrochip, RFID and inexpensive intelligent beaconsensing technologies have enhanced the technicalcapabilities that will facilitate safety benefits for motoristglobally.

RADAR technology has been investigated for use onautomobiles since the 1970s and has been employed forvarious functions on automobiles since the early 1980s(Belohoubek, 1987; Brus, 1987). Initial usage ofmicrowave RADAR was for collision warning applicationson commercial vehicles such as ambulances, buses andtrucks. Prometheus, the ambitious European project thatstarted in 1986, aimed to improve vehicle safety,efficiency and economy and was one of the main drivingfactors in the development of various types of sensors forautomobiles, including millimeter wave RADAR. Theadvantage that RADAR sensors have over other types ofsensors such as optical or infrared sensors, is that theyperform equally well during the day, the night and in most
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weather conditions. RADAR can alsobe used for target identification andfor detecting road conditions bymaking use of scattering signatureinformation. The problems of clutter,multipath and interference are moresevere (Kandar & Bera, 2005).Proper technology in RADARoperation is to be implemented tomitigate those problems.

Spread Spectrum (SS)RADAR The SS technologyis well known for itsanti- jamming andsecurity features(Scholrz et al., 1977;Dixon et al., 1984;

Cooper et al ., 1986;Torrieri et al., 1992;Richard et al ., 1993;Glisic et al., 1995;Viterbi et al., 1995) incommunication systemand was initiallydeveloped for militaryand intelligencerequirements (Hanzo etal., 2003). The sametechnology can beutilized for betterRADAR operation. Spread Spectrum systems employwaveform similar to those of pulse compression RADAR.

Advantages over conventional RADARThe design & development of RCS InstrumentationRADAR at the low frequency band should be aimed forthe additional benefits such as: local suppression ofInterference due to coded RADAR waveform &correlation of the received code, high level of rejection ofmultipath and higher reliability / efficiency & low powerconsumption due to coding of the baseband pulses.

Accordingly, the waveform of choice will be PhaseCoded Pulse Compression using digital techniquesinstead of linear frequency modulation (LFM) based

analog techniques. Sometimespulse compression RADARs havebeen called spread spectrumRADARs (Knott, 2004; Skolnik,2007). Therefore, DSSS RADARwill be aimed for the development.

Dedicated short-rangecommunication

Short-range communicationcan be accomplished using IEEE

802.11 protocols, specificallyWAVE or the DSRC standardbeing promoted by the intelligenttransportation society of Americaand the United Statesdepartment of transportation.DSRC, a sub-set of theRFID-technology offerscommunication between thevehicle and roadside equipment.This technology for ITS

applications isworking in the 5.9GHz band (U.S.) or5.8 GHz band(Japan, Europe).Frequency allocationfor DSRC channelsare shown in Table

1. Dedicated shortrangecommunication

mstrong,2008), standardbeing promoted bythe

Fig. 1. DSRC channel scheme assignedin the United States

(DSRC) (Ar

transociety

intelligentsportation

of Americand the UnitedStates department oftransportation foshort range

communication in ITS. DSRC, which is a candidate foruse in a VANET offers the potential to effectively supportin ITS. A number of wireless solutions were evaluated foruse as the primary communication medium for DSRC(VSCC, 2005) which enables a new class ofcommunication applications that will increase the overallsafety and efficiency of the transportation system.

Fig.2. Block diagram of communication and radar combined systemwith simulated result

DSRC as communication system for ITSFirst generation DSRC was used for toll collection

system operates at 915 MHz and has a transmission rateof 0.5 Mb/s. The federal communication commission(FCC, 2002) allocated the 75 MHz of bandwidth in the 5.9GHz band for the second generation of DSRC. Since the

allocation of the bandwidth,standardization bodies have beenworking on the implementationdetails of 5.9 GHz DSRC. Toreduce the traffic hazards, theNorth American DSRC standardsprogram aims at creating aninteroperable standard for use inthe US, Canada and Mexico.Furthermore, 5.9 GHz DSRC musthave a low cost and be ver

Fig. 3. Base band spreaded data generationat the transmitter side
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_Society_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_Society_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_Society_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_Society_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_Society_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_Society_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_System


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scalable. In addition, the 5.9 GHz DSRC shouldrequire no usage fee from the users to accessthe network.

Now same DSRC channel can be utilized forRADAR operation. The 5.9 GHz DSRC spectrumis composed of 6 service channels and 1 controlchannel each having bandwidth of 10 MHz asshown in Fig.1. The first (remaining) channel ofDSRC (having 5 MHz bandwidth) is reserved.This reserved channel (5.8505.855 GHz) can beused for remote sensing which involves spread spectrumbased digital RADAR technology.

Fig. 4. Target model methodology

RADAR as remote sensing deviceThere are various kinds of sensors available for ITS

applications as remote sensing devices. The remotesensing devices based on using sensors are pneumaticroad tubes, inductive loops, magnetic sensors,piezoelectric sensors, video

cameras, infrared laserssensors, microwave (MW)RADARs and ultrasonicsensors (Mimbela & Klein,2000; Hsiehet al.,provide a specificmechanism of detectingvehicles and has its ownadvantages anddisadvantages. Since userneeds and classification conditions can differ, no sensorsand corresponding techniques have proven to be the bestfor all possible applications (Mimbela & Klein, 2000)(FHWA-PL-01-021, 2001).

RAD

2006). Sensor will

AR technology has been investigated for use onau

rious traffic

tomobiles since the 1970s and has been employed forvarious functions on automobiles since the early 1980s(Belohoubek, 1987; Brus, 1987; Wegner, 1998; Gandhi &Trivedi, 2006). RADAR is having the advantage of highdetection range, high range resolution and loweralgorithmic complexity with moderate hardware cost. Theadvantage that RADAR sensors perform equally wellduring the day, the night and in most weather conditions(Dixit & Rafaelli, 1997; Gandhi & Trivedi, 2006).Considering the physical sizeof the RADAR sensors most

current millimeter-waveRADAR systems operate inthe 7677 GHz frequencyrange (Dixit & Rafaelli, 1997;Wegner, 1998).

Though in vamanagement applications,roadside mounted andforward-looking frequency-modulated continuous wave(FMCW) and noise-

correlation RADAR units combined with continuous-wave(CW) doppler sensors are commonly used (Roe &

Hobson, 1992;Walton et al., 1997).RADAR operation ina moving vehicle isvery difficult becauseof ground clutterproblem. Instead ofusing analogoperation, digitalRADAR operation willhelp in ITS.

Fig. 5. Target model for RADAR system

Fig. 6. Cross correlation at the receiver side

Combined RADAR Systemof RADAR tracking detection

of

ure to construct a combined channel for a

R and communication

nd RADAR purpose we

odulation using high data rate

nal processing for noise immunity of the

chniques of the signal power

nne ency

In the combined systemthe targets and information transmitting on the two

separate reserved DSRC channel. We modeled acommunication and RADAR combined system inMATLAB considering WCDMA simulation model asreference.The procedRADAR target detection and digital communicationsystem consists in the following. Construction of the RADA

combined system. In this paper we use WCDMAphysical layer simulation as reference. As in DSRC,we use 2 separate channels, 1 for RADAR purposeand other for communication.

For both the communication ahave used spread spectrum technique. For both thecases we have use 2 stage modulation techniques.(a) QPSK modulation.(b) Spread spectrum mchip signal.Complex sigcombined system.The estimation teparameters for joint system of a RADAR- location andcommunication. In this paper to equalize the received

Table 1. DSRC channel

Cha

no. with operating

frequencyl Frequ

no. (GHz)172 5.85 655 5.8174 5.865 5.875175 5.865 5.885176 5.875 5.885178 5.885 5.895180 5.895 5.905181 5.895 5.915182 5.905 5.915184 5.915 5.925


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distorted data and to enhance the communication

Thdivi al layer of the third

simulation model and resultsof

system performance in term of low BER value wehave used RAKE processing. Also in Spread spectrumRADAR target ranging is nothing but a correlationprocess. In our design we have correlated thereceived signal with the reference code (same as intransmitter section for spreading).

e communication system model part of the frequencysion duplex (FDD) downlink physic

generation wireless communication system following thespecifications of the WCDMA system are developed bythe Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). TheWCDMA air interface spreads encoded user data at arelatively low rate over a much wider bandwidth (5 MHz)using a sequence of pseudorandom units called chips ata much higher rate (3.84 Mcps). By assigning a uniquecode to each user, the receiver which has knowledge ofthe code of the intended user can successfully separatethe desired signal from the received waveform. BER (Biterror rate) Calculation shows the results of the BERcomputation block associated with each transportchannel separately.

Simultaneously the system is able to detect the targetin a multipath channel. The

the combined system is shown in Fig. 2. Theconstellation diagram of the transmit, received (beforeand after RAKE combining) signal, the spectrum oftransmitted & received signal and the detected target arealso shown in the same Fig. 2.

TransmitterIn transmitter section of SS RADAR operation as

ig. 3. Modulated waveform is modulated(spread) again over an expanded bandwidth wideband

sig

shown in F

nal that does notsignificantly interferewith other signals. Inour designed we used13 bit Barker code asPN code and afterspreading we have upconverted it andtransmitted it to thechannel Channel and targetmodel:In channel modelingwe consideredmultipath channel. Weintroduce the relativemotion between thecars by incorporating

t to thtt to account of

developed a target model. The t

Doppler Effecransmitted signal byaking in

motion of the car. Wealso successfullyransmitted signal gets

reflected form the target and we measure the time inorder to find its relative position. The schematic diagramof our designed target model is shown in Fig. 4. The blocdiagram of the target model and the simulation model isshown in Fig.4 and Fig.5. Receiver

In receive section of SS RADAR operation, correlationplays an important role. Same barker code has been

sed as PN code for correlation. The basic block diagramceiver is shown in Fig. 6.

e the receivedsig

ommunication and RADAR technology.SRC is well established in communication system. We

simulated RADAR model combined withcom

Fig. 7. Simulation Model of Combined Receiver

uof SS RADAR re

When the size of the target is fixed the normalizedcross-correlation method can be directly applied forTarget Tracking (Behrad et al., 2001). We use XCORRSimulink block in order to cross correlat

nal with the transmitted signal. And find someinteresting result showing the car movement.

Fig. 7 shows the combined RAKE receiver simulationmodel which includes RAKE processor (four blue blocks)for communication device as well as for RADAR device(orange block).

ConclusionThe demand of ITS encourage us to work for

converging of cDsuccessfully

munication model. The MATLAB simulation model isable to calculate BER (Bit error rate), PER (Packet errorrate) as well detect the target. The system is able tomeasure the target distance. It also can separate differenttargets placed 30 m apart.


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But we considered all aspects of RADAR operation inthe base band level. As SS technology is implemented inDSRC, no extra channel is required for RADARoperation. Also unwanted scatterers are eliminated to agre

i

ons project.. Behrad A, Shahrokni A and Motamedi SA (2001)sion-based moving target detection and

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at extent. As the RADAR can be implemented in carits physical size is very important parameter for itscommercial use. So the radio part of the RADAR shouldoperate in higher frequencies like 90 GHz or more. Othertechniques like MTI can detect moving targets fromground clutter, even in the bad weather by virtue of thedoppler radar return of the moving targets (Repesh, 2002;Dunn et al., 2004). RADAR can extract the dopplerfrequency shift of the echo produced by a moving targetby noting how much the frequency of the received signaldiffers from the frequency of the signal that wastransm tted. References1. Armstrong L (2008) Dedicated short-range

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an approach to converge communication and radar technologies for intelligent transportation system

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