an approach to write research paper

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An Approach to Write Research Paper

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

1

A Practice as an Author

09/03/2011


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General Outline of a Journal Article

I. Abstract

II. Introduction

III. Literature review

IV. Research DesignV. Results/Data Analysis

VI. Discussion/Managerial Implications

VII. Limitation and direction of future researchVIII. References

IX. Appendixes


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Before starting to write?

Spend some time to think about the article content. At

this stage, write down ideas in a free form, creating a

general outline for the paper.

09/03/2011 Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore3


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Try to answer these questions???

What is the message of the paper?

What is the new result or contribution that you

want to describe?

What do you want to convince people of?



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I) Abstract

The abstract should inform the reader in a succinct

manner as to what the article is about and what the

major contributions are that are discussed.


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Brand Relationships and Switching Behaviour for

Highly Used Products in Young Consumers

Abstract continued.

Thepurposeof this study is to:

(a) establish that brand relationships postulated in the

literature exist along all dimensions for youngconsumers in the emerging market context;

(b) investigate the influence of peer influence, familyinfluence, and brand relationships on switching

intentions amongst young consumers; and(c) examine the impact of price changes on switching

intentions in the context of brand relationships.



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Brand Relationships and Switching Behaviour for

Highly Used Products in Young Consumers

The results indicate that young consumers do form

relationships with brand(s) on all the six dimensions

of consumer brand relationship that have beenpostulated in the literature. The results suggest that

love and passion dimension of brand relationship is

stronger amongst teenagers as compared to young

adults; that family has a relatively stronger influence

than peers, and that consumers do compare price

irrespective of how strong the brand relationship is.



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Key words.

Brand Relationships, Brand Consumption, Switching

Intentions, Peer Influence, Family Influence, Price

Comparison.


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Title

Before title is evolved, identify the target journal and

area of focus.

Each journal/magazine normally has an area of focus.

Choose topic which is contemporaryand interest toscholars.


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Journal.

Example : ICFAI Journal of Marketing Management

Area of Focus - Marketing Strategy,

Marketing Research and Techniques Brand

Management, Advertising, Consumer Behavior,Emerging and Interdisciplinary Issues.



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Journal

Example: ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance

Area of Focus - Business Environment, Regulatory

Environment, Equity Markets , Debt Market,

Corporate Finance , Financial Services, PortfolioManagement, International Finance , Risk

Management



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Some broad categories of IIMB

Management Review

20: Banking(formerly NIBM)

30: Communication

40: Corporate and Business Finance, RiskManagement and Formulation of GrowthStrategy

45: Corporate Strategy and Policy

50: Economics 60: Economics & Social Sciences (ESS)

70: Economics, Environment Public Policy

80: Economics, Public Policy

90: Education

100: Entrepreneurship

110: Entrepreneurship, Development

120: ESS 130: Ess/Environment

140: Ess/Fin

150: Ess/Fin/Agri

160: Ess/Globalisation

170: Ess/Natural Resources

180: Ess/Public Policy

190: Ess/Tech & Environment

200: Ess/Trade

210: Finance

220: Finance & Accounting

230: Finance/CSR

240: HR/OB

250: HR/OB/Entrepreneurship

260: HR/OB/Ethics

270: Human Resources/Organisational Behaviour

(HR/OB)

280: Information & Communication Technologies (ICT)

290: Information Technology/Information Systems(IT/IS)

300: Intercultural Communication, Gender, Material

Culture

310: International Businesses

320: IS



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Some broad categories of IIMB

Management Review

330: IT/IS

340: IT/Strategy

350: Law

360: Management Information Systems

(MIS) 370: Marketing

380: Marketing/Entrepreneurship

390: OB

400: Organisational Behaviour and HumanResource Management

410: Organisational Development (OD),Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

420: POM

430: Production & Operations Management(POM)

440: POM/QMIS

450: Public Policy

460: Quantitative Methods & Information

Systems (QMIS)

470: QMIS

480: Public Policy &Management/Strategy

490: QMIS/Strategy

500: Strategy

510: Rural Marketing

520: Strategy, Competitiveness

530: Supply Chain Management,Information Systems

540: Strategy/Environment

550: Strategy/Policy

560: Tax



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Some broad categories of Vikalpa.

General

Accounting and Control

Agriculture and Rural Development

Communication

Economics

Finance

Global Management

Information Technology and Systems

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Marketing

Organizational Behaviour and HRD

Strategic Management and Leadership

Public Systems

Operations Management

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , PresidencyBusiness School, Bangalore

1409/03/2011
http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=0http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=1http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=2http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=3http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=4http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=5http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=6http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=7http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=8http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=9http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=10http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=11http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=12http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=13http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=13http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=12http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=11http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=10http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=9http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=8http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=7http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=6http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=5http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=4http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=3http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=2http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=1http://www.vikalpa.com/article/article_list.php?action=article&SearchText=0


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Magazine

Example: Marketing Mastermind Magazine

Area of focusCover story, Marketing communication,

Marketing Strategy, Consumer survey, Emerging

trendsExample: Advertising Express Magazine

Area of focusAdvertising articles, Perspective,

Research, featuresviewpoint, news roundup andcase study



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Examples

Area of focus: Consumer behaviour

Title:Perceptions and Preferences of mobile

advertising in India

Target journal: Vikalpa

Title:Consumers Preferences for Financial Dailies: An

Empirical study in Bangalore

Target journal: IJMM



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II) Introduction

Start with an attention-getting broad statement that

establishes a general topic for the article.

Narrow the topic in successive sentences that outline

the state of the art and introduce a gap in knowledge. End the introduction with a general statement of the

problem and optional supporting/specifying

statements.


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Example of brief introduction

That customers evaluate brands, develop images of

brands, and have varying degrees of loyalty to brands

is well established (e.g., Park, Jun and Shocker, 1996;Keller, 1993). Scholars are now examining the

emotional dimensions of brand evaluation and

consumption and its impact on loyalty (e.g.,

Westbrook and Oliver 1991; Shiv and Fedorikhin1999; Albert,Merunka and Valette-Florence, 2008).


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Example of brief introduction

Among the existing studies, there is none in our

knowledge that documents brand relationships of

young consumers in an emerging economy. Finally,

young consumers the world over are influenced bypeers and family in their brand-related decisions

(Singh, Kwon and Pereira, 2003). For marketers, it is

important to understand the impact of these factors on

brand relationships and brand switching intentions.



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How to express footnotean example

Indians are no longer in the mindset of collectivism,

cautious spending, and guilt associated with

spending.1

1Financial Express, 18 December 2005

[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/have-money-

will-spend/155335/0]


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Research Objectives

Clearly defined objectives help in solving the main

problem

These objectives tend to solve the problem or identify

opportunities The objectives should not be repetitive in nature

Framework and parameters of the study should be

selected carefully


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Example of Research objectives.

Title: Perceptions and Preferences of mobile advertising inIndia

Objectives

To understand perceptions of mobile users towards mobile

advertising To study preferences of mobile users regarding the nature of

mobile advertising

To find out differences in perceptions and preferencesacross gender and age

To study purposes for which mobile users use mobilehandsets and the frequency of use

To study what actions mobile users take notice once theyreceive the mobile advertising


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III) Literature review

The literature review identifies the seminalhistorical contributions,

outlines the state of knowledge, and justifies thenovelty of the articles contribution

A literature review is a body of text that aims toreview the critical points of current knowledgeincluding substantive findings as well astheoretical and methodological contributions to a

particular topic. Literature reviews are secondarysources, and as such, do not report any new ororiginal experimental work.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sources


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Literature review

Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with

current literature on a topic and forms the basis for

another goal, such as future research that may be

needed in the area. A well-structured literature review is characterized by

a logicalflow of ideas; current and relevant

references with consistent, appropriate referencing

style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased andcomprehensive view of the previous research on the

topic.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical


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ExampleHow celebrities are used in

Indian television commercials

Example of LR

There are multiple roles that a celebrity spokesperson mayplay (and the roles may not be mutually exclusive) (kamen,Azhari and Kragh, 1975) in an advertisement such as that ofa spokesperson, endorser, provider of a testimonial, or anactor. McCracken(1989) suggested four modes of celebrityendorses namely, Explicit mode, Implicit mode, Imperativemode and the Co-present mode. Both Kamen, Azhari andKragh(1975) and McCracken(1989) have not given anyindication about which mode of celebrity portrayal should

be used in which product category However, it wouldbe interesting to find out whether there is a dominant modeof celebrity portrayal in celebrity advertising.


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Hypothesis of Study

Hypothesis means statement of assumption.

We try to understand the behavior of the entire

population by analyzing the assumptions of the

sample. Hypothesis should get exposed or emerge from LR

Assumptions may be wrong or right i.e., Hypothesis

may be accepted or rejected.


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IV) Research Design

A research design specifies the methods andprocedures for conducting a particular study. Itincludes research approach, sampling method, sampleframework, sample units, number of sample units,

duration of the study, data collection mode, pilottesting of questionnaire for fine tuning of finalquestionnaire, scope of study, phase wise study andstatistical tools used.

Research Design can be grouped into three categoriesexploratory studies, descriptive research and causalresearch.


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Types of research design

Exploratory

studies

Literature

search

Experience

surveyFocus groups

Analysis of

selected cases

Descriptive

studies

Longitudinal

True panel Omnibus panel

Cross sectional

Sample survey

Causal Studies

Natural

experiments

Time series Cross sectionalCombination

of these two

Controlled

experiments

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Types of Research Designs

Exploratory Research(huh?) Designed to generate basic knowledge, clarify relevant

issues uncover variables associated with a problem,uncover information needs, and/or define alternatives

for addressing research objectives. A very flexible, open-ended process.

It often relies on secondary researchsuch as reviewingavailable literature and/or data, or qualitativeapproaches such as informal discussions with

consumers, employees, management or competitors,and more formal approaches through in-depthinterviews, focus groups, projective methods, casestudiesorpilot studies.

09/03/201130

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_research


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Descriptive Research (who, what, where, how)

Designed to provide further insight into the research

problem by describing the variables of interest.

Can be used for profiling, defining, segmentation,

estimating, predicting, and examining associativerelationships.

Deals with everything that can be counted and studied.

For example, finding the most frequent disease that

affects the children of a town. The reader of theresearch will know what to do to prevent that disease

thus, more people will live a healthy life.



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Types and Characteristics of Descriptive

Studies

Cross-Sectional Study Easily the most common type of research project.

Typically involves conducting a survey of a sample ofpopulation elements at one point in time.

Useful because it provides a quick snapshot of whats going onwith the variables of interest for our research problem.

Longitudinal Study An investigation that involves taking repeated measures over

time.

Useful for conducting trend analysis, tracking changes in

behavior over time (e.g., brand switching, levels of awareness,turnover) and monitoring long-term effects of marketingactivities (e.g., market share, pricing effects)

True panel vs. omnibus panel

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Causal Research Designs

Experiments are the best way to satisfy elements of

causation.

Designed to provide information on potential cause-

and-effect relationships. May be Field Experiment or Laboratory Experiment

Tradeoff between realism versus control

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Causal Research

Examples of experimentation in marketing

Market test (test marketing)

Advertising response (recall, affect, attitude toward

ad elements)

Promotional design (consumer response to

promotional deals, incentives, tie-ins

Store layout and design Product positioning

Color tracking and package design



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Example: Causal research

Title: A study of variance in attitude towards Ad

across tweenagers to adults

An experimental approach was adopted to study theimpact of given communication cues in a controlledenvironment.

Communication cue was the manipulated variable with

three variantsmodel picture, model caricature andinformative copy.

Age group was the independent variable with fivelevels: 10-12 years(tweenagers), 13-17years(teenagers), 18-24 years (youth), 25-34 years(

young adults) and 35-45 years (adults). Communication cues across five age groups was

studied for two product categoriesmobile and biscuits


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Example of causal research

For each brand the theme and treatment were kept

same with only one element being changed in each

brand.

The first ad depicted the picture of a model.

The second ad was the same as the first one with the

replacement of the picture of the model with

caricature.

The third ad replaced picture/caricature with

informative copy.


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Determination of Sample Size

Sample size may be determined by using:

Subjective methods (less sophisticated methods)

The rule of thumb approach: eg. 5% of population

Conventional approach: eg. Average of sample sizes ofsimilar other studies;

Cost basis approach: The number that can be studied

with the available funds;

Statistical formulae (more sophisticated methods)

Confidence interval approach.


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Random table ..

http://stattrek.com/Tables/Random.aspx


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http://stattrek.com/Tables/Random.aspxhttp://stattrek.com/Tables/Random.aspx


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Simple Random Sampling

Also called

random sampling

Simplest method

of probabilitysampling

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 37 75 10 49 98 66 03 86 34 80 98 44 22 22 45 83 53 86 23 51

2 50 91 56 41 52 82 98 11 57 96 27 10 27 16 35 34 47 01 36 08

3 99 14 23 50 21 01 03 25 79 07 80 54 55 41 12 15 15 03 68 56

4 70 72 01 00 33 25 19 16 23 58 03 78 47 43 77 88 15 02 55 67

5 18 46 06 49 47 32 58 08 75 29 63 66 89 09 22 35 97 74 30 80

6 65 76 34 11 33 60 95 03 53 72 06 78 28 14 51 78 76 45 26 45

7 83 76 95 25 70 60 13 32 52 11 87 38 49 01 82 84 99 02 64 00

8 58 90 07 84 20 98 57 93 36 65 10 71 83 93 42 46 34 61 44 01

9 54 74 67 11 15 78 21 96 43 14 11 22 74 17 02 54 51 78 76 76

10 56 81 92 73 40 07 20 05 26 63 57 86 48 51 59 15 46 09 75 64

11 34 99 06 21 22 38 22 32 85 26 37 00 62 27 74 46 02 61 59 81

12 02 26 92 27 95 87 59 38 18 30 95 38 36 78 23 20 19 65 48 50

13 43 04 25 36 00 45 73 80 02 61 31 10 06 72 39 02 00 47 06 98

14 92 56 51 22 11 06 86 88 77 86 59 57 66 13 82 33 97 21 31 61

15 67 42 43 26 20 60 84 18 68 48 85 00 00 48 35 48 57 63 38 84

Need to use

Random

Number Table


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How to Use a Table of Random Numbers to Select a Sample

Your marketing research lecturer wants to randomly select 20 students from

your class of 100 students. Here is how he can do it using a random number table.

Step 1: Assign all the 100 members of the population a unique number.You may

identify each element by assigning a two-digit number. Assign 01 to the first name

on the list, and 00 to the last name. If this is done, then the task of selecting the

sample will be easier as you would be able to use a 2-digit random number table.

NAME NUMBER NAME NUMBER

Adam, Tan 01 Tan Teck Wah 42

Carrol, Chan 08 Tay Thiam Soon 61

. .. Jerry Lewis 18 Teo Tai Meng 87

. .

Lim Chin Nam 26

. Yeo Teck Lan 99

Singh, Arun

30 Zailani bt Samat 00


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Step 2: Select any starting point in the Random Number Table and find the first number that

corresponds to a number on the list of your population. In the example below, # 08 has been

chosen as the starting point and the first student chosen is Carol Chan.

10 09 73 25 33 76

37 54 20 48 05 64

08 42 26 89 53 19

90 01 90 25 29 09

12 80 79 99 70 80

66 06 57 47 17 34

31 06 01 08 05 45

Step 3: Move to the next number, 42 and select the person corresponding to that number into

the sample. #87 Tan Teck Wah

Step 4: Continue to the next number that qualifies and select that person into the sample.

# 26 -- Jerry Lewis, followed by #89, #53 and #19

Step 5: After you have selected the student # 19, go to the next line and choose #90. Continue

in the same manner until the full sample is selected. If you encounter a number selected

earlier (e.g., 90, 06 in this example) simply skip over it and choose the next number.

Star ting po int :

mo ve r ight to the end

of the row, then down

to the next row row;

mo ve left to the end,

then down to the nextrow, and so on.

How to use random number table to select a random sample


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Conventional approach of Sample size

determination


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Sample sizes used in different marketing research studies

TYPE OF STUDY MINIMUM

SIZE

TYPICAL

RANGE

Identifying a problem (e.g.marketsegmentation) 500 1000-2500

Problem-solving (e.g., promotion) 200 300-500

Product tests 200 300-500

Advertising (TV, Radio, or print Media

per commercial or ad tested) 150 200-300

Test marketing 200 300-500Test market audits 10

stores/outlets

10-20

stores/outlets

Focus groups 2 groups 4-12 groups

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Sample size

Example

A publishing wants to know what percent of thepopulation might be interested in a new magazine onmaking the most of your retirement. Secondary data

(that is several years old) indicates that 22% of thepopulation is retired. They are willing to accept an errorrate of 5% and they want to be 95% certain that theirfinding does not differ from the true rate by more than

5%. What is the required sample size? http://www.statpac.com/statistics-calculator/

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore43

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Sample size calculator


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Sample size calculator


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Output from sample size calculator

Best estimate of the population size: (left blank)

Best estimate of the rate in the population (%): 22

Maximum acceptable difference (%): 5

Desired confidence level (%): 95

Required sample size = 263


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Graphical Depiction of SamplingErrors

Total Population

Sampling Frame Error

Random Sampling Error

Sampling Frame

Planned

Sample

Non-Response Error

Respondents(actual

sample)

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Specifying the sampling method

Probability Sampling

Every element in the target population or universe [sampling

frame] has equal probability of being chosen in the sample for the

survey being conducted.

Scientific, operationally convenient and simple in theory.

Results may be generalized.

Non-Probability Sampling

Every element in the universe [sampling frame] does not have

equal probability of being chosen in the sample. Operationally convenient and simple in theory.

Results may not be generalized.


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Probability Sampling

Appropriate for

homogeneous population

Simple random sampling Requi res the use of a

random number table.

Systematic sampl ing

Requi res the sample frame

only, No random number table is

necessary

Appropr iate for

heterogeneous population

Stratif ied sampling Use of random number table

may be necessary

Cluster sampling

Use of random number table

may be necessary


Four types of probabil i ty sampling

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Choosing Probability vs. Non-Probability

sampling

Probability Evaluation Cri teri a Non-probabilitysampling samplingConclusive Nature of r esearch Exploratory

Larger sampling Relative magni tude Larger non-sampling

errors sampling vs. errornon-sampling error

High Population vari abil ity Low[Heterogeneous] [Homogeneous]

Favorable Statistical Considerations Unfavorable

High Sophistication Needed Low

Relatively Longer Time Relatively shorter

High Budget Needed Low


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Stratified sample

To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups

called strata and then take a sample from each stratum.

For example, you could stratify (group) your college population

by department and then choose a simple random sample from

each stratum (each department) to get a stratified random sample. To choose a simple random sample from each department,

number each member of the first department, number each

member of the second department and do the same for the

remaining departments. Then use simple random sampling tochoose numbers from the first department and do the same for

each of the remaining departments. Those numbers picked from

the first department, picked from the second department and so

on represent the members who make up the stratified sample.Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

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Cluster sample

To choose a cluster sample, divide the population intostrata and then randomly select some of the strata. Allthe members from these strata are in the cluster sample.

For example, if you randomly sample four departments

from your stratified college population, the fourdepartments make up the cluster sample. You could dothis by numbering the different departments and thenchoose four different numbers using simple random

sampling. All members of the four departments withthose numbers are the cluster sample.


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Systematic sample

To choose a systematic sample, randomly select astarting point and take every nth piece of data from alisting of the population.

For example, suppose you have to do a phone survey.

Your phone book contains 20,000 residence listings.You must choose 400 names for the sample. Numberthe population 1 - 20,000 and then use a simple randomsample to pick a number that represents the first nameof the sample. Then choose every 50th name thereafter

until you have a total of 400 names (you might have togo back to the of your phone list). Systematic samplingis frequently chosen because it is a simple method.


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Determine the type of sampling used (simple

random, stratified, systematic, cluster)

1. A soccer coach selects 6 players from a group of boysaged 8 to 10, 7 players from a group of boys aged 11 to 12,and 3 players from a group of boys aged 13 to 14 to form arecreational soccer team.

2. A pollster interviews all human resource personnel in five

different high tech companies.3. An engineering researcher interviews 50 women engineers

and 50 men engineers.

4. A medical researcher interviews every third cancer patientfrom a list of cancer patients at a local hospital.

5. A high school counselor uses a computer to generate 50random numbers and then picks students whose namescorrespond to the numbers.


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Solutions

1) Stratified

2) Cluster

3) Stratified

4) Systematic

5) Simple random


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Which Statistical test to use?

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/whatstat/


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Non-probability samples

Convenience sampling

Drawn at the convenience of the researcher. Common in exploratory research.

Does not lead to any conclusion.

Judgmental sampling

Sampling based on some judgment, gut-feelings or exper ience of the researcher.

Common in commercial marketing research projects. I f inference drawing is not

necessary, these samples are quite useful.

Quota sampling

An extension of judgmental sampling. I t is something l ike a two-stage judgmental

sampli ng. Quite dif fi cult to draw.

Snowball sampling

Used in studies involving respondents who are rare to f ind. To start with, the

researcher compiles a shor t l ist of sample units from various sources. Each of

these respondents are contacted to provide names of other probable respondents.



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Data Analysis and Interpretation

Analysis of Data is done using statistical tools

followed by interpretation

Facts of similar research add value to the

interpretation


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Chi-square Example

A drug manufacturing company conducted a survey of customers.The research question is: Is there a significant relationship between

packaging preference (size of the bottle purchased) and economicstatus? There were four packaging sizes: small, medium, large, and

jumbo. Economic status was: lower, middle, and upper. Thefollowing data was collected.

lower middle upper

small 24 22 18 medium 23 28 19

large 18 27 29

jumbo 16 21 33

------------------------------------------------


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Chi-square Output

Chi-square statistic = 9.743

Degrees of freedom = 6

Probability of chance = .1359


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Findings

Summarizes the various outcomes of the study

Must answer all the objectives of study

(Research Objectives)


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Example of Research Design


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Example of Research Design

Do private brands result in store loyalty? An empirical study

in Bangalore

Research approach - Exploratory study - explorethe factors from LR, interacting with organizedretailers and customersoutcome - 30 attributes

Pretestingwith 25 respondentsoutcome -

finalized 20 attributes which affect store choice First phase - exploration of attributes

Second phase - Association between importantvariables

Third phasecontribution of private labels interms of total sales and growth rate


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Sampling method - convenience sampling

Sample framework - organized retailers

Sample units - customers visiting shoppers stop,

lifestyle, Food world, etc Number of sample units - 350 customers and 25

organized retailers

Data collection mode - Personal interview using

structured questionnaire Duration - March 2010 to June 2010

Statistical tools -Chi-square and factor analysis


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Managerial Implications

Takeaways to management

Explores the variables which impact the

business operations


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Conclusion

The vital information that author wishes to

communicate it to the reader


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S f f t h


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Scope for future research

Possibility areas of future research


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Limitations of the Study

The article may have any limitations.

Limitations of the sample

Limitations of sampling technique

Limitations of subject scope

Talks what the article couldnt cover


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References

The sources of secondary data to be

mentioned.

Follow the standards of writing references

APA: American Psychological Association Style

MLA: Modern Language Association Style

CMS: Chicago Manual Style


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Modern Language Association Style(MLA)


Book with one author

Author's last name, First name and Initial. Title underlined. Publication

location:

Publishing company, year.

example:

Townsend, Robert M. The Medieval Village Economy. Princeton: Princeton UP,

1993.

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Chicago Manual Style (CMS)


Book with one author

Author's last name, First name and Initial. title italics. Publication location:

Publishing company, Year.

example:

Townsend, Robert. The Medieval Village Economy. Princeton: Princeton

University

Press, 1993.

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Appendix

Any additional information that supports the article.

The information will enable the reader to understand

the article in a better way.

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore7309/03/2011

What factors are considered in judging


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What factors are considered in judging

papers?

1) Whats new?

- Does the paper make a significant, value added

contribution to current thinking?

2) So What?- Will the results likely change practice of the

organization?

- Are solutions proposed for remedying allegeddeficiencies in current theories

09/03/2011 Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore 74


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3) Why so?

- Are the underlying logic and supporting evidencecompelling?

- Are the authors assumption explicit?

- Are the authors views believable?

4) Well done?

- Does the paper reflect seasoned thinking, conveying

completeness and thoroughness?- Do the arguments reflect a broad, current

understanding of the subject?



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5) Done well?- Is the paper well written?

- Does it flow logically?

- Is it well done?

- Does the papers appearance reflect high professionalstandards?

6) Why now?

- Is this topic of contemporary interest to scholars in this

area?- Will it likely advance current discussions, stimulate

new discussions or revitalize old discussions?


Outlook of a Research Based


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Outlook of a Research Based

Article

Header, Title, Author

Abstract

Introduction

Review of Literature

Research Objectives

Research design

Data Analysis andInterpretation


Managerial Implications

Conclusion

Future Research

Limitation of study

References

Appendix


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Outlook of an Abstract Article

Header, Title, Author

Abstract

Introduction

Industry

Significance of study

Applications of the study Conclusion



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List of indian journals

http://www.indianajournals.com/indiana%20Jo

urnals.asp



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an approach to write research paper

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