an ecological–economic analysis of climate mitigation through rewetting previously drained...
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AN ECOLOGICAL–ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE MITIGATION THROUGH REWETTING PREVIOUSLY
DRAINED HEMIBOREAL PEATLANDS
Åsa Kasimir, Jessica Coria, Hongxing He, Xiangping Liu, Anna Nordén and Magnus Svensson
Department of Earth [email protected]
Biodiversity and Ecosystem services in a Changing Climate
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11 Tg CO2e yr-1 18 Tg CO2e yr-1
≈
≈
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Wetlands store carbon and plant nutrients
But release some methane
CN
N2O ≈ zero
CH4
CO2
Peat
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When drained; carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions
• Aerated soil makes agriculture and forestry possible.
• Decomposition of peat, the source for CO2 and N2O emission.
• Continues as long as the soil is drained or all peat has disappeared.
C
N
Ditch CO2 N2O
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• Soils contain three times more C than living biomass.• Peatlands contain nearly 30% of the world’s soil carbon
covering 3% of the earth’s land area.• Land use contribute 24% of anthropogenic GHG
emissions
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Skogaryd• Spruce forest on drained soil earlier used for agriculture• >1 m deep fertile peat • A lot of measurement data
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Climate data - drives the modell• Precipitation• Air temperature• Relative humidity• Global radiation• Wind speed
Calibration; data 2007-2009• Net solar radiation• NEE• Soil emission N2O and CO2 • Soil temperature• Soil water• GWL• Soil energy flow
Skogaryd, drained peat soil CoupModell
Water and energy flow
Plant module
C and N flow module
P.-E. Jansson & D.S. Moon 2001.P.-E. Jansson 2012.
Hongxing He et al. 2016. Factors controlling Nitrous Oxide emission from a spruce forest ecosystem on drained organic soil, derived using the CoupModel. Ecological Modelling
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Simulated total GHG balance for the forest ecosystem from 1951 to 2011 and extended to 2031. Note that the GHG balance presented assumes no final harvest.
Before harvest: the total net G
HG
loss over 80 years, 1 Gg CO 2eq ha-1
Hongxing He et al. (2016) Forests on drained agricultural peatland are potentially large sources of greenhouse gases – insights from a full rotation period simulation. Biogeosciences 13, 2305–231
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Four scenarios modelled by Coup
aim; to assess emissions and economy
•80 year rotation
1. Spruce, GWL ~40 cm depth (business as usual scenario),
2. Salix, GWL ~20 cm depth,
3. Reed Canary Grass, GWL ~10 cm depth,
4. Rewetting, GWL in the soil surface (~0 cm)
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Vegetation Norway spruce Willow RCG Wetland
Average GWL set cm -40 -20 -10 0
Average GWL obtained -48 -22 -13 0
Biomass growthm3 ha-1 yr-1
Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1
15.911.0
13.610.0
26.69.7
1.31
Emissions: Mg CO2eq ha-1 yr-1
CO2 emission 20.1 13.1 6.4 1
N2O emission 3.0 2.4 <0.01 0
CH4 emission (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) 2.6
Leaching:
Leaching of nitrate kg N ha-1 yr-1 32 6.9 5.1 0
Leaching of DON kg N ha-1 yr-1 8.7 4.5 3.7 0
Leaching N into N2O Mg CO2eq ha-1 yr-1 0.3 0.1 0.1
Leaching of DOC Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1 0.11 0.04 0.01 ~0
Mineralized DOC in lakes2 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1 0.2 0.1 0.02
Total GHG emissions3 Mg CO2eq ha-1 yr-1 24 16 6.7 1.3
CoupModel simulation results.
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GHG mitigation by rewetting and vegetation change
Year
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030
Mg C
O2 ha
-1
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
Spruce -40 cm groundwater levelWillow -20 cm groundwater level Reed Caney Grass - 10 cm groundwater levelRewetting to 0 cm groundwater level
by-33%
by-72%
by-89%fro
m s
pruc
e to
will
ow
from
spr
uce
to R
CG
from
spr
uce
to re
wet
Modelled accumulated soil carbon loss
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12
Economics
Products sold on the market minus management cost 3384 1847 1697 0
Concrete /steel replacement Replacement of fossil fuels
1250530
01031
0704
00
Ecosystem Services - Biodiversity 0 0 0 1517
CO2 emission -4371 -3248 -1814 96
CH4 emission -46 -46 -46 -463
N2O emission -741 -660 -1 0
N2O due to nitrate leaching -39 -8 -5 0
CO2 from DOC leaching to water -89 -33 -5 0
Cost of management of ditches/ restoring wetland -14 -14 -14 -404
Net Annuity Value (SEK ha-1 year-1) -136 -1131 516 746
Benefits (SEK ha-1 year-1) (+)
Costs (SEK ha-1 year-1) (-)Marginal damage costs, Social Cost of Carbon SCC= 175.2 SEK ton-1 CO2eq
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GWL, cm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Biom
ass growth or G
HG
soil emission, M
g CO
2eq ha-1
yr-1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Spruce growthWillow growthRCG growthSpruce soil GHGWillow soil GHGRCG soil GHG
GWL Sensitivity of Biomass and GHG emission for scenario 1, 2 and 3
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Emission factors, IPCC default and estimated in this project
IPC
C E
F
IPC
C E
F
IPCC EF are for drained wetlands in Temperate climate
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Where to find forest on drained peat:
Ernfors et al. 2007
In Sweden; 500 kha forest on fertile drained peat with a peat depth larger than 30 cm, like in Skogaryd.
Based on our modeled GHG emissions these areas emit 12 Tg CO2eq every year, possible to reduce by 33%, 72% or 89%.
Wetlands; 1/5 of Sweden area
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11 Tg CO2e yr-1 18 Tg CO2e yr-1
≈
≈
1.2 Mha forest and 200 kha agriculture