an economic study of the various aspects of … · study area- dholpur district including all its...
TRANSCRIPT
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE VARIOUS
ASPECTS OF SANDSTONE SECTOR IN THE
DHOLPUR DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN
Author:
Surender Singh Charan
Research Scholar
Deptt. of Economics
Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur (Rajasthan- India)
Co-Authors:
Dr. Kalpana Randhawa
Research Guide
Deptt. of Psychology
Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur. (Rajasthan- India)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The sandstone industry has long been flourishing in the entire Dholpur district despite having
casual fluctuations. The retail and wholesale shops of sandstone at the tehsils which facilitate the
purchasing of sandstone to the varied types of consumers confirm it. However, Sarmathura
remains unquestionably the most leading tehsil in the production and manufacturing the
sandstone. There are hundreds of licensed and unlicensed small and big mines that make the
production of sandstone at a large scale possible. Besides the mines there are several gangsaws
that are operated day and night to manufacture the various types of sandstone. Here there is a big
market where the wholesale dealers and retail dealers of sandstone can purchase as much stone
of any variety and colour as they want. The whole production and manufacturing work is done in
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an organized and planned way by a large number of workers who, by working under various
capacities, make the task possible.
Specific Objective
To produce an overview of the industrial sector in the Dholpur district of Rajasthan & to present
its socio-economic interpretation
Hypothesis
The sandstone sector spread throughout the district is the biggest one that can be a great source
of employment and livelihood
Research Methodology
Study Area- Dholpur district including all its six tehsils
Population of the sandstone units in the study area- 100
Sample size- 50%
Number of selected units of information on which the study was conducted- 500
Sampling- Random Sampling
Basis of the study- Observation Method
Data used- Both primary and secondary ones
Sources of Primary data- Self prepared tool (Schedule) and interview
Sources of Secondary data- Books, research journals, magazines, and the internet sites
Research Type- Both qualitative and quantitative
Key-finding- The sandstone sector in the Dholpur district of Rajasthan is winning a special
identity to the district, and is a great source of employment to the people despite its adverse
effects on public health and environment.
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INTRODUCTION
The status of the mineral sector in India is quite enthusiastic. 89 minerals, of which four were
fuel, three were atomic energy minerals, and 80 non-fuel1 were mined and processed in 2013.
In 2011–12 the government-owned public sector accounted for 68% of mineral production by
volume2. The contribution of the Indian mining industry to its economy is so immense. India is
Asia’s third and world’s eleventh largest economy with the status of being a developing mixed
economy.3 India ranks 139th in per capita GDP (nominal) with $2,134 and 122nd in per capita
GDP (PPP) with $7,783 as of 2018.4 India achieved 6-7% average GDP growth annually after
the 1991 economic liberalisation. India's economy became the world's fastest growing major
economy in FY 2015 and 2018, surpassing China.5 Being the fourth-largest producer of minerals
in the world by volume, and eighth-largest producer by value in 2009, India’s mining Industry is
on the track of higher horizons of success6.India is a leading producer and exporter of many
natural stones that are used in the construction industry and architectural designing and detailing
in homes as well as offices. Often called as “dimension” stones, these stones are processed in
various sizes, thicknesses, shapes and designs for various construction- and renovation-based
applications all over the world. Major stones that are being produced and supplied to various
countries from India are granite (India is a world leader in granite production and export),
marble, sandstone, slate, limestone and quartzite.7
Rajasthan’s contribution to production of dimensional and decorative stones, such as marble,
sandstone, and granite etc. is so significant. Value of all minerals produced during 2017-18 in
the state stood at US$ 3.10 billion8. In addition to marble, Rajasthan also enjoys significant
reserves of sandstone, granite slate etc. Over 90% of the deposits of sandstone are found
Rajasthan, spread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Jodhpur, Sawai-Madhopur,
Bundi, Chittorgarh, Bikaner, Jhalawar, Pali, Shivpuri, etc. Rajasthan is the second most
mineral rich state in India. It has a wide spectrum of mineral deposits.9 it accounts for about 90
per cent of the country’s total natural stone production.10 There are 3403 mining leasesfor major
minerals and 11 861 mining leasesfor minor minerals, as well as 18 249 quarry licenses in the
state.11 Rajasthan’s richness in sandstone is assumed in the fact that over 90% of the total
deposits of sandstone are speread over and found in most of the Rajasthani districts such as
Bharatpur, Dholpur, Shivpuri, Kota, Sawaimadhopur, Jodhpur, Jhalawar, Pali, Jaisalmer,
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Bundi, Chittorgarh, Bikaner, etc12. More than 80% of the deposits of Sandstone in India lie in
Rajasthan, spread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Jodhpur, Karauli, Bundi,
Chittorgarh, Bikaner, Jhalawar, Pali and Jaisalmer.13 The sandstone has a verity of uses such as
roofing, flooring, paving, paneling, beams, pillars, arches, doors and window sills, wall facing,
fence posts, mile stones etc. Sandstone demand has been on an upsurge in the region due to the
high rise demand in the building and construction industries resulting in regional growth. It is
also suitable for use in chemical industries as flooring, wall fixing & lining due to its acid and
alkali resistant properties. It is also suitable for carving and making windows and jallis.14
Situated between the two famous states of India Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, Dholpur
which got a distinct identity as a district of Rajasthan in 1982, is now popular all over India, and
even in some of the foreign countries for its sandstone sector which is widening day-by-day.
Each of the six Subdivisions and six Tehsils of the district, namely, Dholpur, Bari, Baseri and
Rajakhera, Saipau & Sarmathura is making a tremendous contribution to the growth and
development of the sandstone sector.
Dholpur district is a leading producer of sandstone with the white – spotted reddish sandstone
which is extensively quarried as building stone in southwest of Dholpur and in other Parts of the
district. The different quarries produce 30 to 60 cm wide and 2 to 3 m long slabs and tiles.15
Dholpur District is rich in Sandstone and Masonry Stone. This is situated on earth surface. So,
the mining in the Dholpur done by Open Cast Method. The mineral wealth the district is
constituted by sand stone & limestone. A total of 187 mining leases are existing in the district.
The significant portion of Dholpur and Rajakhera subdivision area covered by the alluvium of
the chambal velly.16 Dholpur sandstone is fine to medium grained , compact , resistant to acid ,
available in different shades and colors and can be easily dressed and chiseled . It take good
polish at cut surface, The Dholpur sandstone is being used in Rajasthan as well as in neighboring
states since centuries as building & dimensional stone.17
The economic aspect of the Indian stone industry is very strong. It not only generates job and
investment opportunities, but also opens vistas of economic growth and development for the
country through export of the various types of stone to the countries overseas alongwith the
domestic supply. Of the various industries flourishing successfully in India, the stone industry is
a major industry associated to the mineral sector. The involvement of more and more investors in
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it, the growing rate of export of stone at large is a sufficient evidence to the successful
flourishing of the stone industry. The stone industry invites investors from all the four corners of
the world. Those who are capable of managing the capital required for the stone quarries and
other manufacturing units, invest capital with a sound belief that the investment is going to earn
them a huge profit. At such a crucial point of time, when almost every young man and woman is
looking for some job opportunity that can ensure future security, the stone industry can play a
pivot role by creating several job opportunities to the youth in various capacities on the basis of
abilities, qualification and efficiencies.
Dholpur Red Sandstone natural tiles and slabs can be used for various purposes like in
bathrooms, countertops, vanity tops, staircases, roofing etc. Dholpur red is the most beautiful
and irresistibly elegant variety of sandstone. Natural rough blocks quarried extensively in the
northern part of India, the stone has now gained an international value. It has a compelling
export quality.18 In recent years, sandstone has seen an unprecedented surge in demand globally,
as well as in the domestic market. The demand for sandstone is intrinsically linked to the growth
of the construction industry both within the country and globally.19
Besides the construction work, the sandstone is also used to make statues, tombs, utensils and
several showpieces. The statue market in and near the capital city Jaipur makes one realize the
multiple use of sandstone. Indeed, Sandstones are widely used in the building elements of the
stone monuments. Durability of sandstones is determined not by the hardness or chemical
stability of the major constituent (quartz grains), but by the cementing agent which binds them.
The cementing mineral is used as a sliding-scale durability measure, with siliceous as
most durable, followed by calcareous.20
Mining and quarrying generate a lot of these sandstone wastes which leads to excessive dumping
without any utilisation. Although sandstones are a weaker type of aggregates that can be used in
concrete, some of the studies have utilised them efficiently depending on the output needed for
the use of such sedimentary materials.21 A majority of quarry owners produce hand dressed slabs
and tiles in different thicknesses. But, in the export market normally machine-cut tiles are in
demand and the simple edge cutting machines with single or double cutters are used for getting
machine-cut tiles. The further requirement of tiles in 10 to 12 mm thickness with one side natural
and other calibrated has resulted in establishing cutting and polishing units of sandstone.22
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A large segment of the population is dependent on stone mining and processing industry, the
contribution of which is equal if not more to the district exchequer. Even though a very small
segment of this population is involved in the stone crafts (carving), the craft holds enormous
potential for reducing poverty by creation of mass jobs and through improvement in quality of
work life of artisans.23 Sandstone is mined for around nine months, from October till the onset of
monsoon in June, with peak work done in January-February under clear skies. Later, around
June-July, as the monsoons set, and the rain water begins to fill the deep-set quarries, the miners
store the excavated slabs in open yards known as sandstone “stocks”. In these open plots, the
miners and stone carvers further process the sandstone using hammers and wedges.24
In Rajasthan, workers, around 300 thousand officially and much more unofficially, work in
extremely vulnerable and precarious conditions. They face occupational health hazards and
diseases like silicosis and tuberculosis. Child and forced labour are widespread. Mostly, migrant
workers live in shacks without basic amenities like drinking water and toilets. The system of
piece-rate wage, which camouflages intensification of work and family labour, is a means to
deny minimum wages to the workers.25 The sandstone mining industry workers are generally the
members of the marginalized castes. They perform work activities, such as, drilling, blasting,
crushing, loading and unloading of sandstone slabs that expose them to elevated levels of silica
dust for prolonged periods of time26.
Detailed analysis of result showed that the x-rays of the persons having work exposure of less
than 10 yrs did not show evidence of silicosis. The prevalence of silicosis in persons having
work exposure between 11 to 20 yrs, 21 to 30 years and more than 30 years showed increasing
trend of 29 %, 45.5 % & 56.5 % respectively.27 Without exaggeration it can be said that a
majority of quarry workers is indebted to its employers and works under conditions of bonded
labour. When bonded workers die, their debts are often passed on to their families. Then the
children are forced to go out to work in order to pay off these debts, perpetuating the situation of
bondedness.28
The path to overcoming economic poverty is through enhancing the livelihood capabilities of the
poor and giving them access to sustainable income-earning opportunities. In the process, the
poor must be enabled to break free from their past, develop an alternative vision of their future
and set achievable goals. They must be equipped with the technical, organizational, negotiating,
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and networking that will facilitate the fulfillment of their goals.29 The countries like Belgium,
Italy, Canada, Germany, France, UAE etc. keep importing sandstone from Rajasthan, and thus,
contribute to the export rate of the Rajasthan sandstone. The increasing trend of export to the
countries like United Kingdom, Canada and Republic of Korea reveals the growing status of the
sandstone of Rajasthan in the international market.30
OBJECTIVES
1. To produce an overview of the industrial sector in the Dholpur district of Rajasthan
2. To reflect the industrial growth and development in the district
3. To mirror the trends of industrial development going on in the district
4. To identify the aspects of the industrial sector that are still undeveloped
5. To trace and point out the possibilities of development in the industrial sector of the district
6. To reflect the scenario of the sandstone sector in the district
7. To mirror the various aspects of the sandstone sector
8. To interpret the sandstone sector in the context of the sandstone owners and miners,
sandstone units and their working, sandstone production, technology, means of transport and
communication, supply and export, revenue, profit-loss status, and public health
9. To present the economic aspect of the sandstone sector in the district
10. To extend valuable suggestions about how to improve the growth and development of the
sandstone sector in the district
HYPOTHESIS
1. The industrial sector of the Dholpur district is quite progressive
2. There is a satisfactory industrial growth and development in the district
3. All the important industries are there in the district providing employment to the people, and
contributing to the state revenue
4. Some of the aspects of the industrial sector are still undeveloped, and they require
development at the earliest possible
5. Availability of the natural resources in the district confirm that there is much possibility of
the growth of the industrial sector
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6. The sandstone sector spread throughout the district is the biggest industrial sector in the
Dholpur district
7. Some of the major positive aspects of the sandstone sector include- economic exploitation of
the natural resources, availability of the mines in abundance, availability of the manpower
required for the production of the sandstone, improved roads, by-passes and highways, good
market, employment to the local people and outsiders, availability of the capitalists willing to
invest their capital etc.
8. Some of the negative aspects include- environmental pollution, risk to public health,
exploitation of the miners and other workers, lack of facilities at the work place etc.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
With the sample size of 50%, the study is based on the observation method, primary and
secondary data and in accordance with the steps of scientific method as prescribed by the
eminent social scientists, and which are essentially to be observed by the researchers. This study
was conducted on the randomly selected 50 sandstone industrial units from the different tehsils
of the Dholpur district of Rajasthan with total 500 units of information that included the
employees of the Mining department, workers engaged in the stone industrial units, industrialists
and owners of the sandstone mines and industrial units, doctors, visitors and all those who are
associated directly or indirectly with the sandstone industrial units.
The primary data were collected from the selected units through the self-prepared interview
schedule with a sufficient number of questions in it covering all the aspects that reflect evidently
tremendous glimpses of the sandstone industrial units at the Dholpur district. The secondary data
were collected from the literature available in various books, research journals, magazines, and
last but not least, from the internet sites that enabled the researcher to get a sufficient feedback of
the problem, and that prepared him to go ahead successfully in the field. All the steps of research
were strictly observed. The researcher designed the work on the observation method, collection,
classification, analysis, interpretation and tabulation of the primary data. In order to impart a
presentable form to the work, the data tables and various types of graphs were used. Finally,
interpreting the cause and effect relationship of the selected problem, generalization was made.
The conclusions were drawn keeping in view all the major aspects of the sandstone sector of the
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Dholpur district, and the contribution of the sandstone sector to the industrial and economic
development.
STUDY AREA
DHOLPUR
BARI
BASERI
SARMATHURA
RESEARCH TYPE QUALITATIVE & QUANTITAVIVE
SANDSTONE UNITS (100) ASSOCIATED PERSONS (1000)
SAMPLE
TOTAL POPULATION
SAIPAU
RAJAKHERA
SAMPLE SIZE
50 500
50% 50%
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MAJOR FINDINGS
Finding- 1: The highest age group of the workers working in the sandstone mines and sandstone
units is 30-45 years.
DATA: TYPE & SOURCES
PRIMARY SECONDARY
SCHEDULE
INTERVIEW
DISCUSSION THESES
INTERNET SITES
E
REFERENCE BOOKS
MAGAZINES
JOURNALS & PAPERS NEWSPAPERS
TOOLS FOR THE STUDY SELF-DEVELOPED SCHEDULE AND INTERVIEW GUIDE
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Figure: 1
Finding- 2: Presence of 37% of illiterate workers reveals that illiteracy prevails among the
workers engaged in the sandstone and mining industry.
Figure: 2
Finding- 3: The various persons working under various capacities in the sandstone sector in the
district include 7.4% industrialists, 18.2% businessmen, 50.6% labourers, 3.8% doctors and 20%
local persons engaged in the various other works.
0-15 Years15-30 Years
30-45 Years45-60 Years
60-75 Years
3
28
54
33
7
1
41
58
21
4
5
3948
25
8
7
39 46
26
7
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
Illiterate Secondary SeniorSecondary
Graduate Post Graduate &Others
56
33
11 13 12
46
37
21 19
2
4941
23
11
1
3644
23 21
1
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
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Figure: 3
Finding- 4: The most important cause of the Dholpur district is the availability of sandstone
mines and the manufacturing of sandstone.
Figure: 4
Finding- 5: Of all the six tehsils in the district, the Sarmathura tehsil is the most popular tehsil
for the sandstone mines, quarries and processing units.
Industrialist Businessman Labourer Doctor LocalRepresentative
7
23
71
4
20
10
25
55
6
29
5
18
67
5
30
15
25
60
4
21
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
Crime Sandstone Historical PlacesEducational InstitutesNatural Beauty
19
78
122
1411
82
814 10
18
69
22
412
21
87
112 4
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
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Figure: 5
Finding- 6: Sarmathura tehsil is environmentally the most suitable place for the sandstone
Figure: 6
Finding- 7: The sandstone sector in Sarmathura is in progress due to the availability of mines,
labour, rich market etc.
Figure: 7
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura Rajakhera Saipau
212 16
93
1 1517 19
82
1 19 15 16
81
2 21 2 5
114
2 1
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
7868
7988
21 18 179
21 22
9 115
17 20 17
Yes No Neutral Ignorant
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
81 77 80 83
25 24 21 1818 15 23 201 9 1 4
Availability of mines Availability of labor Good Market Others
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Finding- 8: The sandstone industry makes a positive impact on the development of the Dholpur
district.
Figure: 8
Finding- 9: The sandstone industry provides job opportunities, makes the female workers self
depend and contributes to the state revenue.
Figure: 9
Finding- 10: The growth of the sandstone industry in the Dholpur industry is a menace to the
environment and public health as well as to the increasing rate of crime.
119 122117 1203 1 4
1
2 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Positive Negative Neutral Ignorant
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
78
0
80 91
9
7
4 234
21
26 284
8
15 4
It creates job opportunities Self dependence of female workers
It contributes to the revenue Others
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
51 4855 58
4552 56
46
21 1813 16
8 71 5
It causes harm to environment It causes risk and danger to public health
It contributes to crimes Others
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Figure: 10
Finding- 11: The sandstone industry in the Dholpur district is responsible for the various forms
of pollution, diseases and deforestation.
Figure: 11
Finding- 12: Air pollution is caused through dust, waste stone, chemicals etc.
Figure: 12
Finding- 13: Water pollution is caused through waste materials and through chemicals in
addition to certain other pollutants.
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
31 43 60 6223
3137 29
188
4 353 4324 31
It causes pollution It causes diseases It causes deforestation All
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
78 81 7784
22 2640
3119
8 4 86 104 2
Through dust Through waste stone Through Chemicals Others
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Figure: 13
Finding- 14: Means of transport like trucks and tractors and the operational activities in the
gangsaw units in the study area are a menace to the environmental peace and cause noise and
sound pollution.
Figure: 14
Finding- 15: Pollution control is possible only through self awareness of the people involved in
the sandstone sector
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
6 4 4 5
54 5972 63
59 61 46 55
6 1 3 2
Through dirt of the workers Through waste material Through chemicals Others
Dholpur
Bari
Baseri
Sarmathura
12
15
10
7
37
31
41
33
12
7
5
17
64
72
69
68
Means of Transport Through explosions
Through Gangsaw operation Through Density of workers
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Figure: 15
Finding- 16: The management and working of the sandstone units is satisfactory.
Figure: 16
Finding- 17: The accounts of income and expenditure are maintained properly
Figure: 17
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
54
4248 4643
49
3847
2633 32
27
2 17 5
Self Awareness Rigid Govt. mining policies pollution free technology No idea
101 104 99 95
16 4 7 13
7 13 17 161 4 2 1
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
Yes No Neutral Ignorant
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
71 60 69 81
48
91117 21
241833 36 23 15
Yes No Neutral Ignorant
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Finding- 18: Working hours are not generally fixed, and the workers are kept engaged as per the
demand for the sandstone
Figure: 18
Finding- 19: In the Dholpur district more than 80 tonne sandstone is quarried and manufactured
per day.
Figure: 19
Finding- 20: Rough sandstone, Butch and finished sandstone are some of the types of sandstone
that are in demand in the state, national and international stone market.
Figure: 20
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
7 1 1 14
1 3 6
2722 24
1
87 101 97117
6 A.M. – 2 PM 2 AM- 10 PM 10 AM- 5 PM No Fixed Time
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 More than 80 Tonnes
4 7 119
94
1 1 6 9
108
1 1 1 1
121
2 2 2 5
114
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
4150
3422
14 9 719
59 6480
89
1 2 4 5
Rough Sandstone Buch Finished Others
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Finding- 21: Construction work, statues and monuments, roads and pavements etc. are some of
the purposes for which sandstone of the district is used.
Figure: 21
Finding- 22: The supply of the sandstone encompasses the district, state and national level
where its use is made for several specific purposes.
Figure: 22
Finding- 23: On an average the investment that is made by the investors is 40-60 lac per investor
Figure: 23
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
99 87 95 88
1115
2117
13 178 15
2 6 1 5
Construction work Statues & Monuments Road Pavement Others
District level State Level National Level International Level No idea
18
43
59
4 1
21
5247
1 4
33 36
51
4 1
27
4351
2 2
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
Rs 0-20 Lac Rs 20-40Lac Rs 40-60 Lac Rs 60-80 Lac Above Rs 80 Lac
1
15
94
1323
12
92
17
1314
84
21
32
18
89
15
1
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
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Finding- 24: The monthly turnover of each and every sandstone unit is from 5-10 lac.
Figure: 24
Finding- 25: The sandstone industry is flourishing successfully with a higher and higher profit
day by day.
Figure: 25
Finding- 26: Daily income of the sandstone units is Rs 10000 to 15000.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Rs 0-5 Lac Rs 5-10 Lac Rs 10--15 Lac Rs 15-20 Lac Above Rs 20 Lac
98
23
2 1 1
87
31
2 41
94
25
1 2 3
91
26
4 3 1
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
84 80 70 61
9 1315
18
21 15 19 20
11 17 21 26
Profit Loss Neutral Ignorant
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Figure: 26
Finding- 27: On an average, the daily income of the workers falls within the range of the income
group Rs 300-600.
Figure: 27
Finding- 28: The status of wages of the workers in the mines and quarrying and processing
centres and units varies in accordance with their skill and experience.
Figure: 28
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
8 2 1 1
35 4222 16
69 6176 79
1310 26 29
Rs 0-5000 Rs 5000-10000 Rs 10000-15000 Rs 15000-20000
68 7161 63
3828 28 39
17 23 217
2 3 15 16
Rs 0-300 Rs 300-600 Rs 600-900 Rs 900-1200
5641 44 5158
8170 71
7 1 3 24 2 8 1
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
Same Different Neutral Ignorant
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Finding- 29: The child labour is prohibited by the laws, and hence, child labour is not allowed in
the district.
Figure: 29
Finding- 30: The working conditions are not satisfactory, and that they adversely affect the
health of the workers.
Figure: 30
Finding- 31: The sandstone industry faces the problems relating to royalty, labourers, frequent
light and water failure, market, dacoits, communication, road and transportation etc.
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
2 4 5 10
84 74 80 65
16 19 21 2923 28 19 21
Yes No Neutral Ignorant
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
2 1 6 3
9791 88
101
1321 21 1813 12 10
3
Yes No Neutral Ignorant
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Figure: 31
Finding- 32: The workers in the sandstone industry find themselves surrounded by poor working
conditions, job insecurity, irregular payment of wages, physical health problems etc.
Figure: 32
Finding- 33: The problems associated with the sandstone industry at large, can be solved
provided the government policies are implemented rigidly, job guarantee is made to the workers,
uniformity in wages and payment is observed and made regularly, health and family of the
24 2711 27 9 11 14
2
23 12
23 2017
1811
1
16 1921 28 16
9 97
14 1122 31 19 16 11
1
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
Poorworking
Conditions
Jobinsecurity
Irregularpayment of
wages
Exploitation PhysicalProblems
Others
31 2221 21 15
1522
19
24 26 32
228
14
2733 22
1
224
24 37 31 7
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
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workers are protected properly and basic facilities that facilitate the living of the workers are
provided to all the workers.
Figure: 33
Finding- 34: Very few sandstone units provide the workers accommodation, travel, children-
education, medical facilities etc.
Figure: 34
ThroughGovt. Policies
Jobguarantee
Regular andequal
payment
Protection ofHealth and
family
Providingbasic facilities
Others
29 2 47 31 142
51
51 41 18 9
37 4 4022 13
9
16 1 3847 22
1
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
917
514
9
71
21 21
3
13
1
66
13 14
1
13
1
83
32
17
17 5
63
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
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Finding- 35: Fund provisions are there only for those workers who have been working with the
mine, quarrying and processing units for a long period of time.
Figure: 35
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1. Ernst & Young . Emerging economies and India's Mining Industry (2014)
2. Development of Indian Mining Industry FICCI (2012), pp 12-14
3. Sumit, Ganguly (2011). India Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. .
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Database updated on 1 July 2017.
5. "IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) Update, January 2017: A Shifting Global Economic
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6. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt of India (2011),
Mining Archived 9 August 2014
7. Miley Jacobsm -Quora, 25th August, 2017
8. Report of India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), May 2018
9. Department of mines and Geology, Government of rajasthan, Geological Setting and
Mineral Sources .
Dholpur Bari Baseri Sarmathura
7062
75
39
1823 22
33
1421
162223 19
12
31
Fund Provisions to the Workers
Yes No Neutral Ignorant
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10. P. Madhavan and Raj Sanjay, Budhpura 'Ground Zero' Standstone Quarrying in India (2005)
11. Resurgent Rajasthan, Minerals and Ceramics (17 september 2016)
12. S. L. Barona & Others- Impact analysis of sandstone mines on environment and lu/lc
features using remote sensing and GIS technique: A case study of the Jodhpur City,
Rajasthan, India
13. Rajasthan Mineral Policy, 2015
14. Uma Shankar Sharma-Sandstone (Minor Mineral) Mine, Prefeasibility Report, 2015-16
15. India: Rajasthan Urban Sector Development Investment Program- Dholpur Roads
Improvement Subproject (TR- 03)
16. District Survey Report, Dholpur (Under Ministry of Environment, Forest, Climate Change,
New Delhi, 25. 7. 2018
17. Prefeasibility Report for proposed Sandmining Project on Mine, Consultant-Ascenso Enviro
Pvt. Ltd., 2018
18. Dholpur Red Stone- India Mart
19. Mamta Saini-Sandstone Quarrying in Rajasthan- Wages and Work, Centre for Workers
Management, 2015
20. A. Klemm, D. Wiggins-Sustainability of Construction Materials. 2016
21. Sanjeev Kumar & others- Sandstone wastes as aggregate and its usefulness in cement
concrete – A comprehensive review, ResearchGate, 2018
22. Slate, Sandstone and Other Dimensional Stones- Indian Minerals Year Book, 2015
23. Dholpur District Human Development Report, 2009
24. Anumeha Yadav- Bijola’s Harvest of Stone: Conditions of Work Among Quarrying Labour
in Rajasthan, CSE Working Paper, Centre for Sustainable Employment, Azim Premji
University, May 2018
25. Report on Feasibility Study for Setting Standards in Natural Stone Sector in Rajasthan,
Centre for Education and Communication (CEC), New Delhi In collaboration with terre des
hommes, Germany. 2009
26. Absar Ahmed-Silicosis, Mining and Occupational Health in India’s Sandstone Industry,
ResearchGate, December 2015
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27. Dr. P. K. Shisodia, Dr. S. S. Nandi and Dr. S. V. Dhatrak- Detection of Silicosis Among
Stone Mine Workers From Dholpur District, National Institute of Miners’ Health, 2014
28. From Quarry to Graveyard- Report of CREM, India Committee of Netherlands, 2006
29. Manab Chakraborty & Somnath Ghosh State-NGO Partnership for livelihood promotion
(Case Study of Pradan intervention in livestock sub-sector, IIM Kashipur, 2014)
30. Sandesh Rajpurohit & Arun Kumar Shandilya- Export Mineral Economics of Indian
Sandstone, International Journal of Research Culture Society, Vol-1, September 2017
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