An Emerging World Power An Emerging World Power 1890-19171890-1917

Chapter 18Chapter 18

How did the United States become a global power?

StandardsStandards• Standard - SSUSH14 Description: The student will

explain America's evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.a.  Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast.b.  Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism.c.  Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.

The Roots of ImperialismThe Roots of ImperialismSection 1

• “How and why did the United States take a more active role in world affairs?”

• Vocabulary: imperialism Frederick J.

Turner

extractive economy Matthew Perry

Alfred T. Mahan Social Darwinism

Queen Liliuokalani

The Roots of Imperialism

The Causes of Imperialism  Main Idea: The United States became one of many nations interested in expanding control around the world in order to increase their wealth.

America’s First Steps Toward World Power

Main Idea: America developed trade with the previously closed-off Japan, purchased Alaska, and established trade, highways, and other investments in Latin America.

The United States Acquires Hawaii

Main Idea: After long-term debate between American planters and Hawaiian natives, Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898.

ImperialismImperialism

• Policy by a stronger nation to extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories

• Extracted economies: removed raw materials from the colony and shipped them to the home country

Pressures for ExpansionPressures for Expansion

• 1. Overproduction of food and goods; business and farmers needed new markets

• 3. To spread democracy• 4. To spread Christianity• 5. Social Darwinism

Reasons for ImperialismReasons for Imperialism• 1. Economic factorsEconomic factors: countries needed natural

resources such as rubber and petroleum and new markets for manufactured goods due to overproductionoverproduction

• 2. Nationalist factorsNationalist factors: competition among nations for empires resulted from nationalism

• 3. Military factorsMilitary factors: advances in technology and the need for military bases for fuel and supplies

• 4. Humanitarian factorsHumanitarian factors: spread Western civilization, including law, medicine, and Christian religion

Time LineTime Line

• 1796: Washington said, “ steer clear of permanent alliances”

• 1853: Commodore Matthew C. Perry opened Japan to trade

• 1866: 50,000 American soldiers sent to Mexico to stop French from placing an emperor on the throne

• 1867: Seward bought Alaska from Russia

• 1867: annexed Midway Islands

Matthew C. Perry in Japan 1853Matthew C. Perry in Japan 1853

U. S. Foreign AffairsU. S. Foreign Affairs

• Began trade with China in 1860s• Treaty with Hawaii 1870s to sell sugar to the U.S.

duty-free• 1913 Minor C. Keith of United Fruit Company

dominated the governments of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras; known as “banana republics”

• Growth of U.S. Navy: Alfred T. Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783; stated that economy needed markets abroad; by 1900 the U.S. had a powerful navy

U. S. NavyU. S. Navy

Security: Naval PowerSecurity: Naval Power

• Naval Act 1890: construct battleships, gunboats, torpedo boats, and cruisers

• Great White Fleet – one of the most powerful navies in the world

United States and ImperialismUnited States and Imperialism

• Promote economic growth: expand markets for sale of overproduction of goods

• Protect American security; Large Navy and need for Pacific bases

• Preserve American spirit; social Darwinism

Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING

Causes of ImperialismQUICK STUDY

American Imperialism TRANSPARENCY

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American WarSection 2

• “What were the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War?”

• Vocabulary:

José Martí George Dewey

Emilio Aguinaldo Rough Riders

Yellow Press Treaty of Paris

William Randolph Hearst

jingoism

The Spanish-American War

Causes of the War

Main Idea: When Cuba rebelled against Spanish rulers, the United States sympathized with Cuba. The press heightened the desire for war, and when the U.S. battleship the Maine exploded in Havana harbor, America declared war on Spain.

American Troops Battle the Spanish

Main Idea: American troops were successful in battling the Spanish in Cuba and other Spanish territories, including Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Effects of the War

Main Idea: When the war ended, the United States took over land previously controlled by Spain. This caused debate among Americans, but ultimately gave the U.S. new stature in world affairs.

Continued…

Key WordsKey Words

• Spheres of Influence: areas of economic and political control in China

• Open Door Policy: American approach to China, favoring open

trade relations between China and others • Arbitration: settlement of a dispute by a person chosen to listen to

both sides and come to a decision• Jingoism: intense burst of national pride and desire for an

aggressive foreign policy

U.S. Involvement in Latin AmericaU.S. Involvement in Latin America

• Chile: forced Chile to pay money to families of slain U.S. sailors

• Brazil: navy put down rebellion to protect U.S. business interests

• In a dispute between Britain and Venezuela, the U.S. forced them to go to arbitration to settle the dispute over territory between Venezuela and British Guiana

Cuban RebellionCuban Rebellion

• 1895 Cuba rebelled against Spain• 150,000 troops under General Valeriano

Weyler, “The Butcher” sent to stop• Concentration Camps

U. S. PositionU. S. Position

• Cuban rebels attacked sugar plantations to get U.S. help

• American newspapers used “yellow journalism” to get U. S. support for Cuba

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

New York Journal Sales CHART

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

• Letter written by ambassador to Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, describing President McKinley as “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”

• U. S. citizens were angry

U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine

• U.S. battleship U.S.S. Maine and sank in Havana Harbor

• Americans believed that Spain had blown up the ship

• (Ships boiler blew up)• Pressure to declare war

U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine

Causes of WarCauses of War

• 1. Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine “Remember the Maine

• 2. Yellow journalism• 3. The de Lôma Letter• 4. Sympathy for the Cubans

BattlesBattles

• Admiral George Dewey attacked the Spanish Pacific Fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines

• Spanish fleet sunk• U.S. controlled the

area

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

• Filipino leader who helped the U.S. contain Spanish troops, hoping for independence

• U.S. did not grant independence until 1946

Battle in CubaBattle in Cuba

• Navy attacked the Spanish Atlantic Fleet in Santiago, Cuba, sinking the ships

• Land war: Rough Riders, under Theodore Roosevelt charged up San Juan Hill

• “A splendid little war”

Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill TRANSPARENCY

Causes of American Deaths in the Spanish-American War CHART

Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects NOTE TAKING

Treaty of Paris 1898Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba gains independence• U.S. gains Philippines, Puerto Rico, and

Guam• U.S. paid Spain $20 million

Results of WarResults of War

• Fought Aguinaldo for three years• Teller Amendment promised that the U.S.

would not annex Cuba• Constitution of Cuba 1900

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment

• Cuban government could not enter foreign agreements

• Had to give the U.S. two bases (Guantanamo Bay)

• U.S. had right to intervene

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

• No independence • People given citizenship in 1917• May vote on statehood again in a few years

PacificPacific

• Hawaii: leased Pearl Harbor

-Queen Liliuokalani: Dole removed in 1893

-Annexed in 1898• Samoa: Divided islands with Germany; got

Pago Pago

ChinaChina

• Vast market• Sphere of Influence• John Hay developed “Open Door Policy”• “Boxer” Rebellion 1910 rebellion against

foreigners

The United States and East AsiaThe United States and East AsiaSection 3

• “How did the United States extend its influence in Asia?”

• Vocabulary:

insurrection Open Door Policy

guerrilla warfare John Hay

Russo-Japanese War Boxer Rebellion

William Howard Taft Great White Fleet

”Gentlemen’s Agreement”

sphere of influence

The United States and East Asia

Filipinos Rebel Against U.S. Rule  Main Idea: Filipinos were angry that the United States did not grant them independence after the Spanish-American War and rebelled. The Americans fought the rebels, but eventually the Philippines became independent.

The United States Pursues an Interest in China

Main Idea: The United States tried to establish a system of fair trade in China, so that they could have as much access to goods as European powers.

Tensions Rise Between America and Japan

Main Idea: Asian prejudice in America and resentment of western interference in Japan led to growing conflict between the two regions in the early 1900s.

Key WordsKey Words

• Concession: grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose

• Dollar diplomacy: encourage investment abroad

Key WordsKey Words

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: extension of a previously accepted idea1. Not use the Monroe Doctrine for territorial aggression

2. U.S. intervene to prevent intervention from other powers

• Racism: belief that differences in character or intelligence are due to one’s race

William McKinleyWilliam McKinley

• Reelected in 1900• Assassinated in

1901• Vice President

Theodore Roosevelt becomes president

Theodore Roosevelt’s Foreign Theodore Roosevelt’s Foreign PolicyPolicy

• U.S. a world power• Intervenes in the affairs

of countries that were of economic and strategic interest

• Spanish-American shows the need for a shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

Panama CanalPanama Canal

• Isthmus of Panama: belonged to Columbia• Ferdinand de Lesseps bought a concession in 1879

to build a canal. • After 10 years, the company abandoned the project.• Congress passed the Spooner Act in 1902,

authorizing the purchase of the French assets for $40 million.

• Colombia would not negotiate with the U.S.

LeaseLease

• Roosevelt indicated that the U.S. would not interfere if the French company organized a Panamanian revolt against Colombia.

• In November, 1903 a revolt broke out with U.S. warships offshore to provide support for the rebels.

• The U.S. recognized Panama as an independent country and ratified the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1904.

• The treaty gave the U.S. a grant of a 10-mile-wide strip for a Canal Zone for $10 million.

ConstructionConstruction

• Construction, which began in 1904, was finished in 1914

• William C. Gorgas virtually eliminated malaria and yellow fever.

• Roosevelt’s tactics used to acquire the Panama Canal caused ill-will among Latin Americans toward the U.S.

• In 1921, Congress paid Colombia $25 million in recognition of the illegal means used to acquire the Canal Zone

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Building the Panama Canal TRANSPARENCY

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” This quote by TR alluded to the threat of military force to conduct an aggressive foreign policy.

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine” the U.S. government would intervene to prevent intervention from other powers.

• Santo Domingo: U.S. took over finances and paid European debt

• U.S. continued to intervene in Latin America

Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

• In 1905, Roosevelt mediated the conflict.

• He received the Nobel Peace Prize for his role as mediator.

• Japan received land and control over Korea; Russia left Manchuria; China remained open to all for trade.

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

• Elected in 1908• Foreign policy goals

were to maintain the open door in Asia and preserve stability in Latin America

• Dollar diplomacy substituted dollars for bullets, although the results were not always profitable.

Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence NOTE TAKING

War and Peace in the Philippines INFOGRAPHIC

The Boxer Rebellion TRANSPARENCY

The United States and Latin AmericaThe United States and Latin AmericaSection 4

• “What actions did the United States take to achieve its goals in Latin America?”

• Vocabulary:

Foraker Act Panama Canal

Roosevelt Corollary Platt Amendment

”big stick” diplomacy “dollar diplomacy”

”moral diplomacy”

Francisco “Pancho” Villa

The United States and Latin America

U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba

Main Idea: After the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico remained under direct U.S. rule and Puerto Ricans were given some citizenship rights. The United States also continued to have influence in Cuban government.

Roosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” Diplomacy

Main Idea: Theodore Roosevelt thought it was important to take a strong stand in international affairs, and wanted the United States to act as “police” for all of Latin America.

Wilson Pursues Moral Diplomacy

Main Idea: When Wilson was elected President, he criticized the imperialist actions of his predecessors. However, under his term the United States continued to intervene in Mexico and Latin American affairs.

Continued…

Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details NOTE TAKING

Anti-ImperialistsAnti-Imperialists

• Moral and political arguments: nation was founded on “liberty for all”

• Racial arguments: some Americans believed that people Anglo-Saxon heritage were superior

• Economic arguments: some felt that expansion cost too much in maintaining necessary armed forces or that people from annexed territories would take jobs

Imperialism’s AppealImperialism’s Appeal

• Many Americans felt that imperialism offered a New Frontier abroad.

• Many supported the effort to gain foreign markets for U.S. products

• The U.S. became a powerful player on the world stage

• Roosevelt sent part of the Navy on a cruise around the world to demonstrate the Great White Fleet.

QuestionQuestion

• During the late 1800s, the press fanned the flames of the Spanish-American War by publishing sensational stories about Spanish cruelties in Cuba. On what current issues has the press played a major role in influencing public opinion?

Reading Skill: Compare NOTE TAKING

Intervention in Mexico INFOGRAPHIC