an empirical study on skilling the u nskilled with ... · an empirical study on skilling the u...

An empirical study on Skilling the Unskilled with reference to Thanjavur

Dr.V. Badrinath1, Dr.R.Gayathri2 ,Dr.R. Renganathan3,A.GopiKrishnan 4

1. Dean, School of Management, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India.

2. Asst. Professor, School of Management, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India.

3. Professor, School of Management, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India. 4 II MBA student, School of Management, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India

“Let's make India the Skill Capital of the World.”- Narendra Modi” , Prime Minister of India

Abstract

India with its enormous human resources is ahead with the rest of the world as one of the

youthful nations with more than 54% of the overall inhabitants is underneath 25 years of age.

The work force in India is the largest in the world succeeding China. The demographic dividend

in China is predicted to start narrowing off by 2015; while India would enjoy it till 2040.

However, the skillful workforce in India is roughly 2% which is grimly low in contrast to China

(47%), Japan (80%) or South Korea (96%). Employment prospect is pretentious by supply and

demand side crisis. Taking the supply side, India is deteriorating in creating adequate career

prospect; and on the demand side, professionals entering the job market are deficient in skill set.

This ensures a scenario of increasing unemployment rates along with stumpy employability. To

employ our demographic dividend more significantly and eloquently, the Government initiated

the “Skill India”, “Start up India”, “Stand up India” campaign along with “Make in India”.

Introduction

Need for Skill Development

Technology and socio economic trends are changing the way organizations work. The skills

which were needed twenty years back might not be relevant today and nearly half of the jobs are

predicted to be at the risk of automation, while at the same time new jobs are emerging. These

jobs need a workforce which is skilled enough to create and manage such systems. A mere

certification will not be helpful rather skilling should be an amalgamation of knowledge,

aptitude, attitude and the right competencies for the job. So there is discriminating deficiency of

accessibility of skillful people and the expected skill levels across diverse sectors which results

in a skills gap. The construction industry has the highest skill gap of 320 lakhs . Refer Fig.1 for

the highlights related to skill gap and the training requirements across all sectors in India.

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 7 2018, 2681-2694ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu

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Fig.1. Growing Skill Gap in India

Source:

Annual Report 2016 -17 of the Ministry of Skill development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India The government has taken an initiative to promote education and skill development as 85 percent

of the work force in India are qualified only up to the secondary level and 55 percent have a

basic qualification till the primary level and hardly 2 percent of the work force has any

vocational training according the reports of the 12th

plan of the Planning Commission.[3]

Fig 2. Education profile of labor force in India in 15-59 years age group

Source: Based on (Table 22.19) of 12 Plan Document Volume III, Planning Commission, 2012-17

Government Policies on Skill Development

The Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) had come up with a novel

scheme named the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).The rationale of this Skill

Certification Scheme is to facilitate a huge number of youth in India to engage in industry-

relevant skill training that would assist them in securing an enhanced livelihood. Individuals with

previous learning experience or skills will also be evaluated and certified under Recognition of

Prior Learning (RPL).The expenditure involved in the training and assessment is taken up by the

Government.

The Government has recognized and approved the need for Skill Development during the 11th

Five Year Plan by providing a structure to deal with the situation. The first policy on National

Skill Development was framed in 2009 and accordingly in 2010 a National Skill Development

Mission was launched .The guidelines were to be appraised every five years to assess the

advancement and to be revised appropriately. The 12th Five Year Plan scrutinized that the Skill

development programmes in the earlier period had been mainly undertaken by the government,

with inadequate association with market demand. It had recently called for a new model or

initiative that would facilitate and attract private investments in Vocational Training through

Public–Private Partnership (PPP).The Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship was

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

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formed by the NDA Government to tackle the Skill Development needs. Based on the various

research study undertaken by NSDC they have identified the HR requirements for the states

across India and Tamilnadu is the second state with a HR requirement of 135.52 lakh persons

and Maharastra is the first state across the country which has a highest requirement of 155.22

persons as indicated in Table 1.

Table.1 .State Incremental HR Requirements (In Lakh) 2013-22

1 Andhra Pradesh 108.71 16 Maharashtra 155.22

2 Arunachal Pradesh 1.47 17 Manipur 2.33

3 Assam 12.34 18 Meghalaya 2.49

4 Chhattisgarh 30.44 19 Mizoram 1.4

5 Delhi 63.42 20 Nagaland 0.97

6 Goa 2.27 21 Odisha 33.46

7 Gujarat 57.57 22 Punjab 28.99

8 Haryana 34.85 23 Rajasthan 42.42

9 Haryana 0.93 24 Sikkim 1.48

10 Himachal 12.06 25 Tamil Nadu 135.52

11 Jammu and Kashmir 11.23 26 Tripura 2.59

12 Jharkhand 44.53 27 Uttar Pradesh 110.11

13 Karnataka 84.76 28 Uttarakhand 20.61

14 Kerala 29.57 29 West Bengal 93.43

15 Madhya Pradesh 78.16 Grand Total 1203.34

Source: Studies by NSDC, Reports from Ministry of Skill Development &

Entrepreneurship, Government of India, Annual reports 2016-17

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

It has been identified in a study that the government endows with holistic

provisions through its entire scheme in the form of crucial financial,

infrastructure and policy support. The private sector also has acknowledged

the significance of skill improvement and has begun supporting the same

through three key elements — non-profit initiatives, consumers and profit

enterprises (Knowledge paper, 2012). To enhance the skill level among the employees the main attributes in a study undertaken were

identifying the job expectancy of the people, communication and motivation. (Kouqing, 2009).

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There is a sufficient accessibility of human assets at the unskilled level. In spite of the huge

reduction anticipated in human resource conditions in the agriculture area, the talent gap remains

encouraging at all levels, demonstrating speedy growth in necessities and the present study is

undertaken to suitably identify and to streamline unskilled human resources in the direction of

meeting these skill gaps in the course of targeted skilling initiatives.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives include the following at the Panchayat levels:

Socio-economic profiling – demography, economic profile of Panchayat.

Identification of developmental opportunities keeping in mind factor endowments and

stakeholder perspectives.

Articulation of the aspirations of the youth


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Tamil Nadu

According to the reports of RBI published in 2013 based on the „Multidimensional development

Index‟ Tamil Nadu is ranked one among the seven developed states in India.[4].It‟s the sixth

most populated state in India, the eleventh leading state by area and the third prevalent

economy in India with Rs.13,842 billion(US$220 billion)as GDP.[5][6][7]

.It‟s the leading producer

of food foodstuffs and provider to all agro based industries.

Demographic Profile of the study area- Thanjavur

Thanjavur is situated on the east coast of Tamil Nadu. It shares borders with the adjacent districts

like Tiruvarur in the east, Ariyalur on the northern side, Tiruchirapalli and Pudukottai on the

western side and the Bay of Bengal on the southern side. This region is popularly known as the

“Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu” and endowed with a enormous potential for agro processing.

Table 2. District statistics –Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu(2010-11)

The number of occupied villages - 785 Area (Sq Km) -3,481

Percentage of state region - 2.72 Area rank – 20

No. of Revenue divisions - 3 Taluks - 8

No. of Blocks -14 Corporation & municipalities -3

No. of Town panchayats – 22 Revenue villages -906

No. of Village Panchayat – 589 *Per capita Income(urban71,300) (Rural 53,300)

Source: District Statistical Handbook (2010-11) * Indicus Analytics: Market Skyline of India (2011-12)

Nearly 3 percent of the state‟s population resides in the Thanjavur district and the district is

heavily populated with 690 inhabitants per square kilometer. The sex ratio indicates that there is

1030 female per1000 male.46 percent of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood

and 62 percent of the population are in the functioning age category.

Contribution of different sectors to the district economy

Agriculture

As per the Tamil Nadu crop report 2011-12 the majority of the crops sown are paddy, sugarcane,

pulses, sunflower, groundnut, gingelly with 34 percent of the work force are engaged in the

cultivation of the crops.81 percent of the area sown constitutes food crops and the rest of the area

is of non food crops.

Industry and the service sectors

As Thanjavur district has enhanced irrigation facilities this has led to a profusion in crops such as

rice and sugarcane and this has lead to the growth of small and medium industries in the form of

mills, allied agro industries etc providing employment to nearly 1.7 lakh people. Industrial

estates like SIDCO promote traditional handicraft making and micro and tiny industries. The

banking and the service sectors has contributed about 20 percent to the district GDP in 2013-14,

while 76 percent of the GDP comes from the service sectors like trade, restaurants etc. [4]

Incremental Human resource availability

The accessibility of human capital in 2012-17 is projected to be 62,000 and in 2017-22, the

incremental accessibility is projected to be 67,000. The contemporary labor force is anticipated

to be 9.96 lakh, which is likely to develop to 11.25 lakh by 2022. The required human resource

would be utmost in the healthcare, food processing, construction, Banking and Financial services


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tourism, hospitality and travel. The human labor requisite in the agriculture sector is predicted to

reduce by 70,000 in 2012-17 and 61,000 in 2017-22.[5]

The gap in the semi skilled level is at 43,000 in 2012-17 and 74,000 in 2017-22. At the skilled

level, the gap is probable to be 12,000 in 2012-17 and 58,000 in 2017-22, as the skill

concentration and formalization of different sectors augment over time. [6]

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Villages identified for the survey:

Villages are the backbone for a country‟s development. To identify the skill level and training

needs of the people the respondents from nine villages namely, Alakkudi, Inathukanpatti,

Monnaiyampatti, Kuruvadipatti, N.Vallundanpattu, Sennampatti, Thirumalaisamudram,

Thirukannurpatti, Valluampudur under Thirumalaisamudram cluster were selected.

The survey instrument was administered as a schedule based on simple random sampling

method. In the nine villages, the streets and the houses were selected on random basis to meet the

respondents. The study is limited to only these nine villages.

Table 3-Age group of respondents

Age ( in years) Frequency Percent

18-25 132 27.1

26-33 195 40.0

34-41 160 32.9

Total 487 100.0

Source :Primary data

The table shows that 27.1% respondents were in the age group of 18-25years, and 40%

respondents were in the age group of 26-33years and 32.9% respondents were in the age group

of 34-41years.

Table 4-Gender of the respondents

Gender Frequency Percent

Male 188 38.6

Female 299 61.4

Total 487 100.0


The table shows that majority 61.4% of the respondents were female and the remaining 38.6%

were male.

Table 5-Status of employment

Employment Frequency Percent

Regular 98 20.1

Temporary 389 79.9

Total 487 100.0


The table has shown that 20.1 % of the respondents engaged with regular employment and 79.9

percent of the respondents are involved in temporary and seasonal employment.

Table 6-Identification of skill set


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Opinion Frequency Percent

Yes 207 42.5

No 280 57.5

Total 487 100.0

Source: Primary data

The above table shows that majority 57.5% of the respondents have expressed that they do not

possess the necessary skill set listed in the survey instrument. About 42.5% of the respondents

have opined that they do have one or other skill.

Table 7-Existing skills known

Skills Frequency Percent Skills Frequency Percent

Driving 38 7.80 Mechanical oriented 2 0.41

Audio systems 2 0.41 Painting 8 1.64

Carpentry 3 0.62 Plumbing 13 2.67

Computer knowledge 2 0.41 Tailoring 40 8.21

Cooking 4 0.82 Mehandi 1 0.21

Diploma in nursing 1 0.21 Teacher 2 0.41

Electrical 10 2.05 Type writing 3 0.62

Handcraft 8 1.64 Welding 1 0.21

Masonry 6 1.23 Not applicable 343 70.43

Total 74 15.20 Total 413 84.80

Grand Total 487 100


The above table shows that 30% of the respondents expressed that they possess major skills

namely tailoring, driving, electrical and plumbing work. The other skills they possess are audio

systems, carpentry, cooking, computer knowledge, type writing and the like. 70.43% of the

respondents are not confident about their proficiency in the above mentioned skills. The 70.43%

respondents have opined that they are not able to identify the exact proficiency in the listed

skills.

Table 8-Level of interest in attending skill development programme

Level of interest Frequency Percent

Very much

interested 225 46.2

Interested 217 44.6

No idea 32 6.6

Not interested 7 1.4

Disinterested 6 1.2

Total 487 100.0


The above table clearly shows about the level of interest to attend the skill development

programme. 91% of the respondents were interested in attending the programme and wish to

upgrade the skills. The remaining does not express their interest in attending the programme.

Table 9-Preferred training location

Training location Frequency Percent

In respective village

itself 68 14.0

At a common place 191 39.2

Ready for both places 228 46.8

Total 487 100.0


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The above table reveals the preference of the respondents towards venue of the training

programme. Nearly half of the respondents were prepared to attend either in a common place or

in their village. 40% prefer to attend in a common place and the rest in their own villages.

Table 10-Preferred duration of training

Duration Frequency Percent

1-3 days 50 10.3

one week 69 14.2

2 weeks 99 20.3

1 month 116 23.8

3 months 92 18.9

6 months 41 8.4

1 year 20 4.1

Total 487 100.0


The above table shows the preferences of the respondents regarding duration of the training

programme. Nearly 25% of the respondents prefer less than one week, 20% for 2 weeks, 24%

prefer one month, around 19% prefer for three months and the rest prefers three months to one

year (ie., 32%) training programme.

Table 11-Preference to participate in skill development programme – Multiple responses

Activity High Low Activity High Low

Fly ash brick 60 427 Bakery 110 377

Hollow brick 38 449 Mobile repair service 69 418

Red earth brick 29 458

Fire safety system

installation and service 56 431

Coir making 45 442

CCTV installation and

service 70 417

Tailoring 253 234 Motor rewinding 55 432

Driving 151 336

Domestic appliance

services 41 446

Cooking 116 371 Kundan jewels 116 371

Automobile

repair 80 407

Tanjore doll and toys

making 85 402

Domestic wiring 80 407

Value added Agro

based products 68 419

Plumbing 66 421 Cow dung cakes 69 418

Masonry 44 443

DTH set up box

installation and service 43 444

Desktop printing

and screen

printing 97 390

Painting and interior

decoration 56 431

Welding 48 439

Herbal products

making 94 393

Beauty parlour 93 394

Bio manure & fertilizer

making 58 429

Total 1200 5618 Total 990 5828



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Note: High and low indicates the level of preference in participating the skill development

training programme

The table and the chart indicate the level of interest of the respondents in participating skill

development programme. The first set of preference is given for tailoring, driving, cooking and

bakery products making. The second set of preference is given to desktop printing, beauty

parlour, herbal products manufacture, automobile repair and domestic wiring. The other skills

like fly ash brick, hollow brick, red earth brick making, plumbing, masonry, welding, mobile

repair service, fire safety and CCTV camera system installation and service, motor rewinding,

domestic appliances services and bio-manure and fertilizer making are followed as sequential

preferences. As they face many hurdles in agricultural production, they are in search of

alternative profession to have it as supplementary earnings for their sustainable livelihood.

Chart 3-Preference to participate in skill development programme


Table 12- Kind of support expected to improve their livelihood

Assistance Overall Percent

Knowledge 234 48.05

Finance 148 30.39

Skilled Human Resource 52 10.68

Marketing support 13 2.67

Miscellaneous 40 8.21

Total 487 100.00


48% of the respondents expect expertise from the agency extending support to them.

They have opined that they lack in professional knowledge in whatever skill they possess other

than agriculture. 30% of the respondents expect financial assistance for setting a retail outlet to

market their produce and others expect training in skills regarding marketing, human resource

and other basic technical skills required for their livelihood.

Table 13-Stake Holder Analysis


2688

S.n

o

Nam

e of

the

Pan

chaya

t

No.o

f

Hou

se

hold

s

Pop

ula

tion

Tra

inin

g

Nee

ded

Eco

nom

ic

act

ivit

y

nee

ded

Res

ou

rce

Avail

ab

le

Sh

ort

age

of

Res

ou

rce

1 Alakkudi 968 4015

Marketing skill Marketing the

agriculture product

is difficult

Manpower

availability

2

Inathukan

patti 957 3903


agriculture product

is difficult

Manpower

availability

3

Kuruvadi

patti 220 928


agriculture product

is difficult

Manpower

availability

Live stock

maintenance

provisions

methods

Live stock

maintenance

provisions

Sugarcane,

Groundnut,

cholam

4

Monnaiy

ampatti 300 1509

Marketing skill Selling

Agriculture

Products -

Sugarcane,

Groundnut,

cholam

Manpower

availability

Water

Scarcity

Live stock

maintenance

provisions method,

digital literacy

Animal Husbandry

Driving Class Driving

Tailoring class Tailoring

5

N.Vallun

danpattu 702 2331

Multi skill Labour intensive

occupation

Manpower

availability

Water

Scarcity

Motar Mechanic

Agriculture related

occupation

Welding & Wiring

6

Sennamp

atti 417 1393


agriculture product

is difficult

Manpower

availability

7

Thirumal

aisamuthi

ram 487 6783


agriculture product

is difficult

Manpower

availability

8

Thirukka

nurpatti

156

8 4884

Ornamental plants(

crotans)

Manpower

availability

Flower cultivation

Vegetable

cultivation

Sugarcane

cultivation


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9

Vallampu

dur 407 1608

Driving Class Driving Manpower

availability

Tailoring class Tailoring


agriculture product

AC, Mobile

Mechanic training

Mobile, AC, Pump

set repair

Pump set repair

training

Mehindhi

Mehindhi bridal

makeup training


The above table reveals the opinion of the stakeholders, namely panchayat office bearers,

association heads, SHG members and the prominent members residing in the villages under

study area. They opined that they possess sufficient manpower and they are starving for water

resource. Their main occupation is agriculture and related works. The respondents residing in the

study area are very particular in continuing their agricultural occupation with the support of

Government and non-government agencies. As there exists perennial problem in agricultural

production, they showed interest in other occupations which they can learn easily with stipend as

an additional revenue to lead their daily life. Most of them preferred driving, tailoring, air-

conditioner, mobile, pumps set repairing and live stock maintenance. They also opined that they

face the marketing problems for their produce. They also seek assistance in marketing their

produce in order to sell their produce at fair prices.

Table 14-Level of interest in skill development programme –Cross Tabulation-1

Skills

Gender Caste Employment

status

Male Female SC ST OBC OC/others Yes No

H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L

Flay ash brick 33 155 17 281 15 85 1 17 22 202 12 132 9 89 41 347

Hollow brick 17 171 4 295 3 97 2 16 10 215 6 138 6 92 15 374

Red earth

brick

13 175 9 290 5 95 2 16 8 217 7 137 4 94 18 371

Coir making 4 184 29 270 6 94 1 17 19 206 7 137 5 93 28 361

Tailoring 33 155 205 94 52 52 7 13 119 115 60 90 37 61 201 188

Driving 83 105 48 251 34 69 7 15 54 174 36 112 25 73 106 283

Professional

cooking and

house keeping

17 171 89 209 16 86 5 16 49 191 36 119 20 78 86 302

Automobile

repair

59 129 5 294 8 95 4 16 23 205 29 115 11 87 53 336

Domestic

wiring

47 133 12 282 15 89 3 17 36 195 18 127 10 88 62 327

Source: Primary data Note: H for High and L for Low level of interest

Based on gender, the male respondents prefer driving, automobile, domestic wiring and fly ash

brick making. Female respondents prefer coir making, red earth and hollow brick making,

professional cooking and house-keeping. Irrespective of the caste, respondents prefer tailoring

and driving. Unemployed category prefers tailoring and driving. Thus, it can be inferred that

driving and tailoring are the most preferred skill.



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Skills


status

Male Female SC ST OBC OC/other

s

Yes No


Motor

rewinding and

maintenance

3

8

15

0

5 29

4

9 9

1

4 1

4

1

9

20

6

11 133 1

0

8

8

3

3

35

6

Domestic

appliances

services

2

0

16

8

2

0

27

9

6 9

4

3 1

5

2

0

20

5

11 133 8 9

0

3

2

35

7

Kundan jewels

making(artifici

al jewels)

1

4

17

4

9

4

20

5

2

4

7

6

4 1

4

5

5

17

0

25 119 1

9

7

9

8

9

30

0

Thanjavur dolls

and toys

making

1

1

17

7

6

3

23

6

1

6

8

4

2 1

6

3

9

18

6

17 127 1

4

8

4

6

0

32

9

Value added

agro based

food products

1

0

17

8

5

1

24

8

1

0

9

0

2 1

6

2

9

19

6

20 124 1

2

8

6

4

9

34

0

DTH set up

box installation

and service

1

9

16

9

1

0

28

9

4 9

6

4 1

4

1

5

21

0

6 138 9 8

9

2

0

36

9

Painting and

interior

designing

2

9

15

9

1

8

28

1

1

1

8

9

6 1

2

1

8

20

7

12 132 1

0

8

8

3

7

35

2

Herbal

Products

making

1

3

17

5

6

9

23

0

1

4

8

6

3 1

5

4

8

17

7

17 127 1

7

8

1

6

5

32

4

Bio manure

and fertilizer

making

2

0

16

8

2

7

27

2

5 9

5

6 1

2

2

5

20

0

11 133 1

2

8

6

3

5

35

4

Source :Primary data Note: H for High and L for Low level of interest

Based on gender, the male respondents prefer motor rewinding, domestic appliance services,

painting and interior designing. Female respondents prefer kundan jewel making, herbal products

making and value added agro based products manufacture. Irrespective of the caste, respondents

prefer kundan jewel making, herbal products making and bio-manure and fertilizer making.

Unemployed category prefers kundan jewel making, herbal products making and bio-manure and

fertilizer making.


Skills


status

Male Female SC St OBC OC/others Yes No


Plumbing 39 149 12 287 5 95 3 15 25 200 18 126 9 89 42 347

Masonry 26 162 6 293 6 94 5 13 17 208 4 140 12 86 20 369

Desktop

printing

35 153 39 260 25 75 2 16 29 196 18 126 13 85 61 328

Welding

and

34 154 5 294 7 93 3 15 16 209 13 131 5 93 34 355


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Forging

CNC

Moulding

Beautician

course

(including

mehandi)

11 171 63 236 19 81 3 15 39 186 13 131 18 80 56 333

Bakery

products

27 161 66 233 25 75 5 13 47 178 16 128 25 73 68 321

Mobile

phone

service

33 155 24 275 10 90 1 17 27 198 19 125 14 84 43 346

Fire Saftey

System

installation

and

service

29 159 12 287 11 89 3 15 16 209 11 133 10 88 31 358

CCTV

Camera

installation

and

service

48 140 12 287 11 89 4 14 27 198 17 126 11 87 49 340

Source :Primary data Note: H for High and L for Low level of interest

Based on gender, the male respondents prefer CCTV camera installation and service, desk top

printing, welding and forging. Female respondents prefer desk top printing, beauty parlour and

bakery products making. Respondents belonging to OBC caste prefer desk top printing, beauty

parlour, mobile and CCTV camera service. Unemployed category prefers desk top printing,

beauty parlour, baker products making and CCTV camera service.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Based on the responses collected from the survey, the following is recommended.

To develop vocational skill to augment their livelihood

To enhance their level of self confidence and to empower them for their economic

betterment

To develop them with entrepreneurial skill and stimulate them towards economic

empowerment.

To improve basic working knowledge, English communication skills and computer skills

and to bridging the rural-urban divide-viz: economic, technological to reduce poverty and

unemployment in rural areas.

To enhance the personal traits through personality development training programmes

To inculcate change of attitude and thereby promote overall growth and improvement in

their quality of life.

CONCLUSION:

The rural people suffer from many agricultural related issues like poor harvest, ground water

level depletion, fluctuation in the climatic conditions, credit facilities, poor pricing policies, crop

insurance etc. In order to enhance their livelihoods, the skills of the unskilled labourers have to

be channelized for enhancing their income earning capacity and to achieve this, the panchayat

administrative members at every rural block should coordinate with the district administration in

identifying the skill sets available with the rural folks and the training needs have to be matched


2692

accordingly. Information dissemination related to training, employment, wages etc should be

made periodically.

REFERENCES

1. Annual Report 2016 -17 of the Ministry of Skill development and Entrepreneurship,

Government of India

2. FICCI –KPMG Global skills report

3. Reports of the of 12 Plan Document (Table 22.19) Volume III, Planning Commission, India

4. http://profit.ndtv.com/news/economy/article-rajan-report-odisha-bihar-least-developed-goa-

kerala-on-top-327723

5.http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/inequality_adjusted_human_development_inde

x_for_indias_state1.pdf

6.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu#CITEREFThe_Hindu18_May_2008,

7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu#CITEREFGSDP_at_constant_prices2015

8. Report of the Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu

9. Reports of NSDC for the state of Tamilnadu (District wise Skill gap study) 2012-17

10. Reports of NSDC for the state of Tamilnadu (District wise Skill gap study) 2012-17

11. Knowledge Paper on Skill Development in India. Learner First. (2012). Retrieved September

4, 2014 from http://calendartopics.biz/tag/knowledge-paper-on-skilldevelopment-in-india

12. Li Kouqing. (2009). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Retrieved February 27,


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