an experimental investigation on …...for cement mortar. the super hydrophobic coating is prepared...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 10 Issue 04 April 2019 pp 1971ndash1982 Article ID IJCIET_10_04_206

Available online at httpwwwiaemecomijmetissuesaspJType=IJCIETampVType=10ampIType=4

ISSN Print 0976-6308 and ISSN Online 0976-6316

copy IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

SUPERHYDROPHOBIC COATING USING

NANO-GGBS ON CEMENT MORTAR

Jeya Sheema J

PG Student Department of Civil Engineering

Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Sivakasi Tamilnadu India

Prabavathy S

Senior Professor amp Head Department of Civil Engineering

Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Sivakasi Tamilnadu India

ABSTRACT

A novel method to achieve water-repelling character upon a cement paste has

been investigated GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) is a by-product

from steel industry which is preferred to produce a superhydrophobic surface coating

for cement mortar The super hydrophobic coating is prepared by sonicating Nano-

scaled GGBS powder into a mixture of silanesiloxane Different methods of

application of coating such as brushing spraying and impregnation are used In this

paper the super hydrophobic performance and durability of the coated cement mortar

cubes has been reported based on water contact angle water absorption and

sorptivity Also the reduction of surface porosity has been studied by using Ultrasonic

pulse velocity test As a result The spray coated surfaces exhibited

superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 1522deg The performance of the

impregnated samples are notably higher in water absorption sorptivity and ultrasonic

pulse velocity

Key words Hydrophobicity Silane Contact angle (CA) Water-repellency

Nanoparticles

Cite this Article Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S An Experimental Investigation on

Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar International

Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(4) 2019 pp 1971ndash1982

httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETissuesaspJType=IJCIETampVType=10ampIType=4

1 INTRODUCTION

Reinforced concrete is the often used construction material in buildings roads and bridges in

any case steel corrosion poses an incredible threat to the strength and stability of these

concrete structures [1] Ingression of water is the major cause for all the physical and

chemical degradation in concrete structures [2] Generally the hydrophilic behavior of the

concrete is induced by the micro-pores micro-voids and micro-cracks on its surface [3] The

Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S


water droplets entering into the concrete through these defects carries dissolved aggressive

substances like chloride ions carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide and sulphates [3-6] Also the

capillary uptake of water into these micro-cracks deteriorate the concrete during freeze-thaw

cycles [7] The steel reinforcement embedded into the concrete is endangered by the water-

borne chloride (Cl-) and sulphate (SO4

2-) ions [8] The rust formation around the

reinforcement will induce expansion and tensile stresses on the surface of the encompassing

concrete [9] Cracking spalling and delamination of concrete are led by these stresses [910]

Recent developments in this field of research have found an alternative solution for

protecting the concrete by super hydrophobic impregnation [11-13] The leaves of Lotus

exhibit super hydrophobicity with a water contact angle greater than 150deg [14] This concept

of recreating the effect of Lotus leaf on the surface of cement paste is called Biomimetics or

biomimicry [14-16] Silanessiloxanes are the most commonly relied material for inducing

hydrophobicity upon concrete surface [12] The low surface energy materials in hierarchical

scale of micro nanometer will enhance the hydrophobic surface to produce super

hydrophobicity [17-20] Initiation of corrosion is postponed by super hydrophobic

impregnation since it arrests the penetration of water and chloride ion into concrete [13]

The objective of this paper is to apply a super hydrophobic surface treatment using GGBS

(Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) and silane on cement mortar Inorder to manipulate

the adequate roughness and super-hydrophobicity required by the coating on cement mortar

GGBS was synthesized to Nano scale The air captured on this rough surface will reduce the

contact between mortar and water thereby producing water-repelling and self-cleaning

characteristics The influence of this surface treatment on super hydrophobicity and durability

are studied by adopting different methods of application

2 MECHANISM OF HYDROPHOBICITY

21 Theory of wettability [2123]

Owing to the electrical dipole behavior of water molecules upon a high surface energy

surface they get attracted to charged ions and wet the surface [24] On a surface with low

surface energy the water molecules will bead-up forming a spherical droplet and gets roll-off

without wetting the surface The minimum contact angle exhibited by the water loving surface

is 0deg and the maximum contact angle exhibited by the water repelling surface is 180deg

22 Water contact angle [25-27]

Figure 1 Theory of Hydrophobicity

An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar


The water contact angle is usually measured using WCA Goniometer The surfaces

exhibiting contact angle lt90deg are said to be hydrophilic For over-hydrophobic surfaces water

contact angle ranges between 120deg to 150deg Surfaces showing contact angle gt150deg are called

as Ultra hydrophobic Generally the concrete surface exhibit contact angle lt30deg Also the

mortar surface would exhibit absolute wetting with 0deg contact angle

3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK

31 Materials

Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) a major by-product from the steel

manufacturing industries is bought The average particle size varies from 1000 to 1300nm It

appears to be light grey with a specific gravity of 293

Isobutyltriethoxysilane (C10H24O3Si) [28] with a molecular weight of 22038 gmol and

97-98 purity purchased from the Aldrich was used as the hydrophobizing agent in this

paper The Isobutyltriethoxysilane has a dual character from hydrophilic to hydrophobic

phase Also it penetrates deeply into the cementitious substrate [29] Commercially available

Epoxy resin and hardener are used as adhesive to bind the nanoparticles to the mortar surface

The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 53 with a specific gravity of 316 was used

as the binding material River sand passing through zone II grading with a specific gravity of

266 was used as the fine aggregate

32 Sample preparation

The cement pastes of CM 13 with a watercement (wc) ratio of 05 was adopted Cement

composites of 706 mm x 706 mm x 706 mm size were cast These cubes are subjected to 28

days curing

Table 1 Description of samples in this work

Sample Description

C-1 Conventional cement mortar

B-1 Brush coated mortar specimen

S-1 Spray coated mortar specimen

I-1 Hydrophobic impregnated mortar

Figure 2 Methods of application adopted a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic

impregnation

Three types of samples were cast by varying the method of application of the super

hydrophobic surface coat Case I consist of samples surface coated by brushing technique



Case II consist of samples surface coated by spraying Case III consist of samples surface

treated by super hydrophobic impregnation [3] The impregnated samples are prepared by

immersing the mortar cubes for 60s into the prepared super hydrophobic mixture

33 Synthesis of Nano-GGBS and characterization

The GGBS was synthesized to nano-scale by Ball mill technique which works on the

principle of impact and attrition The wet milling of 20g of GGBS was done using ethanol for

a duration of 5 hours by employing 50 balls of tungsten carbide This ground GGBS will

stimulate the adequate roughness required by the surface to produce super hydrophobicity

331 X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)

The X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is a technique for analyzing the elemental

composition of the material The results are obtained from Central Electro Chemical Research

Institute (CECRI) at Karaikudy Table 2 indicates the mass percentage of metallic oxide

composition present in GGBS powder From Fig 3(a) it can be interpreted that CaO is the

major composition present in the GGBS Also the elements present in this powder is similar

to the elemental composition of cement

Table 2 XRF elemental analysis

Metal Oxide CaO SiO2 MnO2 Fe2O3

Composition 833 66 64 36

332 Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR)

The FTIR is usually done to study the presence of chemical bonds present in the sample The

results of the IR spectrum are plotted for transmittance vs wavenumber The peak at

67588cm-1

indicates the presence of silica or SindashO bond The carbonate peak obtained at

91046 cm-1

indicates the presence of CndashO stretching bond Also the presence of C=O

bending bond or carboxylic bond was indicated by the peak value at 147762 cm-1



Figure 3 Characterization results of GGBS a) XRD results showing the elemental oxide content b)

FTIR image of GGBS indicating the presence of metallic oxides c) SEM image of ground GGBS

showing agglomeration of particle

333 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

The Scanning Electron Microscopy has been done to investigate the topography of the

surface The SEM image of GGBS indicates that all the particles are varying in size and are

agglomerated Fig 3(c) shows the SEM image of GGBS after ball milling captured at a

working distance of 106mm by applying 100kV with 600k magnification in a scale of

500microm The SEM image of nano-ground GGBS also indicated agglomeration of particles

with size ranging around 529nm

34 Preparation of super-hydrophobic surface coating

Initially the hydrophilic Isobutyltriethoxysilane was diluted in distilled water in the ratio of

125 This ratio for Isobutyltriethoxysilane was adopted based on its molecular ratio

Meanwhile 1g of nano-GGBS was added to this mixture Inorder to uniformly disperse the

agglomerated nanoparticle into this silane solution ultrasonication was done for about 30

min Then the prepared mixture was left undisturbed for a period of 12 hours Hydrolysis of

the mixture was initiated by heating the solution at 60degC for about 45 minutes As a result of

hydrolysis a highly reactive compound called silanol was formed by elimination of ethanol

Then the prepared coating was permitted to cool for a while and applied evenly on all the

faces of the mortar surface following an adhesive coating Epoxy resin was the adhesive used

The coated substrates were allowed to dry in sunlight After condensation the silanol

compounds react with each other and gets converted into a compound called polysiloxane

This component will induce super hydrophobicity on concrete surface Thus the dual nature of

silane from hydrophilic state to hydrophobic state was exhibited using the above process

35 Preparation of adhesive [30]

The adhesive is generally used for sticking the nanomicro particles to the coated surface for

longer life of the coating The epoxy resin and hardener is a two-part system It is an

extremely strong material that can be used as a sealant and an adhesive on concrete surfaces

They are blended consistently in the ratio 101 One troublesome thing about this substance is

that it is very thick and viscous which implies that it is hard to apply Inorder to overcome

this Ethyl alcohol was added to it as an epoxy thinner in the ratio of 51 and ultrasonicated

for 10 minutes Then the prepared adhesive was applied uniformly on all the faces of the

specimen



Figure 4 General equation exhibiting the process of conversion of the hydrophilic silane to

hydrophobic nature by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation

36 Measurement of hydrophobicity [34]

The degree of hydrophobicity is estimated in terms of water contact angle by using WCA

Goniometer A dosage of 25microl of water droplet was dispensed by the needle of goniometer

over the coated and uncoated surface of cement paste and the contact angle is measured after

5s Similarly three trials are done for each type of sample When the coated substrates are

tilted the droplet rolls-off

37 Water absorption test

Water absorption test was done affirming to ASTM C_642 13 [31] Initially the mortar

specimens were dried absolutely to expel dampness by using Hot air oven for a duration of 24

hours The samples were taken out from the oven and their initial weights are noted as W0(g)

The samples were immersed into water not less than a period of 48 hours The final weight of

the samples W1(g) was recorded after taking out the immersed samples from water The rate

of water absorption is calculated by using the following expression

Rate of water absorption =

x 100 (1)

38 Sorptivity test [8]

This test is done to record the capillary uptake of water as a function of time The mortar

samples were sealed at its sides with epoxy resin to allow unidirectional uptake of water The

top of the samples were secured with plastic sheet to avoid evaporation The initial weight of

the resin coated mortar samples were measured Then these samples were placed in a pan

upon supporting devices The water level was maintained at 1-3mm above the support device

Eventually the weight readings were noted at interims as per ASTM C_1585 [32] The water

uptake rate (I) is determined by the following expression

Absorption I =

mm (2)

Where lsquomtrsquo is the change in specimen mass (g) lsquoarsquo is the surface area of the specimen

(mm2) lsquodrsquo represents the density of water (gmm

3) and lsquoIrsquo is the rate of vertical uptake or

sorptivity of water (mm)

39 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test [9]

The UPV is a non-destructive test conducted to determine the defects in a sample Initially

zero was set by placing the two electro-acoustical transducer together Then a reference

velocity was set by using Quartz crystal whose travel speed of pulse velocity is known as



254micros The probes were placed on any two faces of the specimen and speed of the passed

ultrasonic pulse velocity was recorded from the digital display The direct measurement

method was adopted since it is more convenient for mortar cubes The UPV test was done

confirming to Indian Standard IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 [33]

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

41 Measurement of hydrophobicity

Fig 5 demonstrates the measurement of hydrophobicity by visual assessment On placing

water droplets over a sample treated with spray coating without adhesive the surface of the

substrate exhibited superhydrophobicity Fig 6 shows the water contact angle measured in

Goniometer apparatus for each method of application of super hydrophobic coating From the

acquired results it was revealed that the spray coating produced super hydrophobicity with a

contact angle of 1522deg due to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the concrete

surface Also the impregnated samples produced only 1227deg contact angle due to less

deposition of nanoparticles on the substrate The brush coated samples exhibited near super

hydrophobic behavior with 1463deg contact angle

Figure 5 Super-hydrophobicity of a spray coated sample without applying adhesive

Figure 6 Water contact angle obtained for a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic

impregnated specimen


The rate of penetration of water into the mortar specimens were tested and the result outcomes

are tabulated in Table 3 From the graph shown in Fig 7 it is deciphered that the

impregnated samples showed reduced water absorption comparing to other samples The I-1

samples had a least of 109 of water absorption rate On comparing the water absorbed by

conventional mortar specimens the brush coated spray coated and the impregnated

specimens absorbed only 171 149 and 93 respectively



Table 3 Water absorption test results

Sample

Dry

weight W0

(g)

Saturated

weight W1

(g)

Rate of

Absorption

()

Average ()

C-1

750 838 1174

1175 747 835 1179

752 840 1171

B-1

776 792 207

201 785 802 217

793 807 177

S-1

785 799 179

175 783 796 167

791 805 177

I-1

806 815 112

109 798 808 126

805 812 087

43 Sorptivity test

The capillary uptake of water in uncoated and coated samples were measured at intervals like

60s 5min 10min 20min 30min 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr 5hr 6hr 1day 2days and 3 days The

results are plotted for rate of capillary uptake of water vs square root of time in Fig 8 It

could be inferred from the graph that the capillary uptake of water was greatly resisted by the

spray coated and impregnated specimens Both S-1 and I-1 samples showed similar

performance till 6hrs after which the I-1 samples resisted better than S-1 samples The other

samples which were brushed and impregnated also showed reduced vertical water uptake than

conventional samples

44 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test

The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is usually done to find the imperfections or pores in the

specimen by passing ultrasonic pulses through the two probes of the instrument From Table

4 it is perceived that the ultrasonic pulse velocity travels faster through coated specimens than

through the conventional mortar This proves that the applied super hydrophobic coating

reduces the surface porosity of the specimens Also among the three types of coating the

samples subjected to hydrophobic impregnation showed excellently reduced surface porosity

Table 4 UPV test results

Sample Length

(xo) mm

Time

travel (micros)

Sample

velocity ʋ

(kms)

Average

velocity ʋs

(kms)

C-1

706 216 327

317 706 204 346

706 255 276

B-1

706 183 385

395 706 172 410

706 181 390

S-1

706 156 452

438 706 164 430

706 163 433

I-1

706 139 508

511 706 133 531

706 143 494



Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water

Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time

Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures

Author Repellent Material Roughness

Material Method Ɵ

Ref

Ilaria Alfieri et

al

Fuoroalkyl-functional

water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols

Coating by

deposition

147deg plusmn

3deg [14]

Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent

KH-570

TiO2

nanoparticles

Organic film

coating 873deg [34]

C Esposito

Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane

Silica nano-

particles Brush coating

1271deg plusmn

21deg [35]

MUM Junaidi

et al

1H1H2H2H

perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan

e

Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]

Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated

for 30mins

107degplusmn

02deg [37]

Shashi B Atla

et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles

Via

carbonation 129deg [38]

Rosa Di Mundo

et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber

Replacement

of sand ~125deg [39]

Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and

Methyltriethoxysilane

SiO2-CH3

submicron-sized

particles

Cast in

impregnated

mould

gt145deg [40]

Jeya Sheema et

al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg

Present

study

1175

451

175 109

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1

Ab

sorp

tio

n

Water absorption

0

005

01

015

02

025

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Wa

ter

up

tak

e I

(m

m)

Time05 (radics)

Sorptivity

C-1

B-1

S-1

I-1



5 CONCLUSIONS

The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing

GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited

superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of

1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the

coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated

samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the

impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water

A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling

ultrasonic waves through these samples

The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water

absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though

it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was

greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other

surface treated specimens

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk

Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work

REFERENCES

[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J

Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater

Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages

14447ndash14932

[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R

Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier

Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20

[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong

Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride

resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and

concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946

[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner

Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated

High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110

(2016) 145ndash153

[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and

Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78

[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on

delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain

Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623

[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site

Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives

ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034

[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang

Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid

modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138

[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff

NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on




[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of

Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE

J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006

[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture

on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the

Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017

[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of

introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for

enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160

(2018) 644ndash652

[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and

chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71

[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier

Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-

SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111

(2017) 72ndash 79

[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation

and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method

Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011

[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir

Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519

[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of

superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface

Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536

[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based

system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and

Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136

[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable

superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability

Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063

[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic

silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725

[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings

a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp

[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for

Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater

Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096

[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A

modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on

non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

339 (2009) 208ndash216

[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato

Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using

engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117

[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered

cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete

Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74

[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on

hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy

Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11



[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei

Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and

fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings

from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science

440 (2018) 700ndash711

[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan

Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on

wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115

[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of

Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of

Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-

145

[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza

Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland

cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141

(2017) 393ndash401

[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened

Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials

[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water

by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials

[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods

of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity

[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on

hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and

Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7

[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione

Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-

structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings

121 (2018) 182ndash189

[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating

synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in

Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146

[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang

Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties

between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building

Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600

[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu

Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic

Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380

[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic

cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building


[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A

hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for

waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials

199 (2019) 30ndash39



water droplets entering into the concrete through these defects carries dissolved aggressive

substances like chloride ions carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide and sulphates [3-6] Also the

capillary uptake of water into these micro-cracks deteriorate the concrete during freeze-thaw

cycles [7] The steel reinforcement embedded into the concrete is endangered by the water-

borne chloride (Cl-) and sulphate (SO4

2-) ions [8] The rust formation around the

reinforcement will induce expansion and tensile stresses on the surface of the encompassing

concrete [9] Cracking spalling and delamination of concrete are led by these stresses [910]

Recent developments in this field of research have found an alternative solution for

protecting the concrete by super hydrophobic impregnation [11-13] The leaves of Lotus

exhibit super hydrophobicity with a water contact angle greater than 150deg [14] This concept

of recreating the effect of Lotus leaf on the surface of cement paste is called Biomimetics or

biomimicry [14-16] Silanessiloxanes are the most commonly relied material for inducing

hydrophobicity upon concrete surface [12] The low surface energy materials in hierarchical

scale of micro nanometer will enhance the hydrophobic surface to produce super

hydrophobicity [17-20] Initiation of corrosion is postponed by super hydrophobic

impregnation since it arrests the penetration of water and chloride ion into concrete [13]

The objective of this paper is to apply a super hydrophobic surface treatment using GGBS

(Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) and silane on cement mortar Inorder to manipulate

the adequate roughness and super-hydrophobicity required by the coating on cement mortar

GGBS was synthesized to Nano scale The air captured on this rough surface will reduce the

contact between mortar and water thereby producing water-repelling and self-cleaning

characteristics The influence of this surface treatment on super hydrophobicity and durability

are studied by adopting different methods of application

2 MECHANISM OF HYDROPHOBICITY

21 Theory of wettability [2123]

Owing to the electrical dipole behavior of water molecules upon a high surface energy

surface they get attracted to charged ions and wet the surface [24] On a surface with low

surface energy the water molecules will bead-up forming a spherical droplet and gets roll-off

without wetting the surface The minimum contact angle exhibited by the water loving surface

is 0deg and the maximum contact angle exhibited by the water repelling surface is 180deg

22 Water contact angle [25-27]

Figure 1 Theory of Hydrophobicity








3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK

31 Materials















days curing


Sample Description






impregnation


























67588cm-1


91046 cm-1





































specimen



















x 100 (1)









Absorption I =

mm (2)







































Sample

Dry

weight W0

(g)

Saturated

weight W1

(g)

Rate of

Absorption

()

Average ()

C-1

750 838 1174

1175 747 835 1179

752 840 1171

B-1

776 792 207

201 785 802 217

793 807 177

S-1

785 799 179

175 783 796 167

791 805 177

I-1

806 815 112

109 798 808 126

805 812 087

43 Sorptivity test

















Sample Length

(xo) mm

Time

travel (micros)

Sample

velocity ʋ

(kms)

Average

velocity ʋs

(kms)

C-1

706 216 327

317 706 204 346

706 255 276

B-1

706 183 385

395 706 172 410

706 181 390

S-1

706 156 452

438 706 164 430

706 163 433

I-1

706 139 508

511 706 133 531

706 143 494







Material Method Ɵ

Ref

Ilaria Alfieri et

al



Coating by

deposition

147deg plusmn

3deg [14]


KH-570

TiO2

nanoparticles

Organic film

coating 873deg [34]

C Esposito


Silica nano-


1271deg plusmn

21deg [35]

MUM Junaidi

et al

1H1H2H2H


e



for 30mins

107degplusmn

02deg [37]

Shashi B Atla


Via


Rosa Di Mundo


Replacement




SiO2-CH3

submicron-sized

particles

Cast in

impregnated

mould

gt145deg [40]

Jeya Sheema et


Present

study

1175

451

175 109

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1

Ab

sorp

tio

n

Water absorption

0

005

01

015

02

025

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Wa

ter

up

tak

e I

(m

m)

Time05 (radics)

Sorptivity

C-1

B-1

S-1

I-1



5 CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



REFERENCES




14447ndash14932











(2016) 145ndash153



















J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006







(2018) 644ndash652






(2017) 72ndash 79





Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519



Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536













Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096




339 (2009) 208ndash216
















440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39








3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK

31 Materials















days curing


Sample Description






impregnation


























67588cm-1


91046 cm-1





































specimen



















x 100 (1)









Absorption I =

mm (2)







































Sample

Dry

weight W0

(g)

Saturated

weight W1

(g)

Rate of

Absorption

()

Average ()

C-1

750 838 1174

1175 747 835 1179

752 840 1171

B-1

776 792 207

201 785 802 217

793 807 177

S-1

785 799 179

175 783 796 167

791 805 177

I-1

806 815 112

109 798 808 126

805 812 087

43 Sorptivity test

















Sample Length

(xo) mm

Time

travel (micros)

Sample

velocity ʋ

(kms)

Average

velocity ʋs

(kms)

C-1

706 216 327

317 706 204 346

706 255 276

B-1

706 183 385

395 706 172 410

706 181 390

S-1

706 156 452

438 706 164 430

706 163 433

I-1

706 139 508

511 706 133 531

706 143 494







Material Method Ɵ

Ref

Ilaria Alfieri et

al



Coating by

deposition

147deg plusmn

3deg [14]


KH-570

TiO2

nanoparticles

Organic film

coating 873deg [34]

C Esposito


Silica nano-


1271deg plusmn

21deg [35]

MUM Junaidi

et al

1H1H2H2H


e



for 30mins

107degplusmn

02deg [37]

Shashi B Atla


Via


Rosa Di Mundo


Replacement




SiO2-CH3

submicron-sized

particles

Cast in

impregnated

mould

gt145deg [40]

Jeya Sheema et


Present

study

1175

451

175 109

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1

Ab

sorp

tio

n

Water absorption

0

005

01

015

02

025

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Wa

ter

up

tak

e I

(m

m)

Time05 (radics)

Sorptivity

C-1

B-1

S-1

I-1



5 CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



REFERENCES




14447ndash14932











(2016) 145ndash153



















J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006







(2018) 644ndash652






(2017) 72ndash 79





Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519



Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536













Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096




339 (2009) 208ndash216
















440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39
























67588cm-1


91046 cm-1





































specimen



















x 100 (1)









Absorption I =

mm (2)







































Sample

Dry

weight W0

(g)

Saturated

weight W1

(g)

Rate of

Absorption

()

Average ()

C-1

750 838 1174

1175 747 835 1179

752 840 1171

B-1

776 792 207

201 785 802 217

793 807 177

S-1

785 799 179

175 783 796 167

791 805 177

I-1

806 815 112

109 798 808 126

805 812 087

43 Sorptivity test

















Sample Length

(xo) mm

Time

travel (micros)

Sample

velocity ʋ

(kms)

Average

velocity ʋs

(kms)

C-1

706 216 327

317 706 204 346

706 255 276

B-1

706 183 385

395 706 172 410

706 181 390

S-1

706 156 452

438 706 164 430

706 163 433

I-1

706 139 508

511 706 133 531

706 143 494







Material Method Ɵ

Ref

Ilaria Alfieri et

al



Coating by

deposition

147deg plusmn

3deg [14]


KH-570

TiO2

nanoparticles

Organic film

coating 873deg [34]

C Esposito


Silica nano-


1271deg plusmn

21deg [35]

MUM Junaidi

et al

1H1H2H2H


e



for 30mins

107degplusmn

02deg [37]

Shashi B Atla


Via


Rosa Di Mundo


Replacement




SiO2-CH3

submicron-sized

particles

Cast in

impregnated

mould

gt145deg [40]

Jeya Sheema et


Present

study

1175

451

175 109

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1

Ab

sorp

tio

n

Water absorption

0

005

01

015

02

025

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Wa

ter

up

tak

e I

(m

m)

Time05 (radics)

Sorptivity

C-1

B-1

S-1

I-1



5 CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



REFERENCES




14447ndash14932











(2016) 145ndash153



















J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006







(2018) 644ndash652






(2017) 72ndash 79





Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519



Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536













Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096




339 (2009) 208ndash216
















440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39



































specimen



















x 100 (1)









Absorption I =

mm (2)







































Sample

Dry

weight W0

(g)

Saturated

weight W1

(g)

Rate of

Absorption

()

Average ()

C-1

750 838 1174

1175 747 835 1179

752 840 1171

B-1

776 792 207

201 785 802 217

793 807 177

S-1

785 799 179

175 783 796 167

791 805 177

I-1

806 815 112

109 798 808 126

805 812 087

43 Sorptivity test

















Sample Length

(xo) mm

Time

travel (micros)

Sample

velocity ʋ

(kms)

Average

velocity ʋs

(kms)

C-1

706 216 327

317 706 204 346

706 255 276

B-1

706 183 385

395 706 172 410

706 181 390

S-1

706 156 452

438 706 164 430

706 163 433

I-1

706 139 508

511 706 133 531

706 143 494







Material Method Ɵ

Ref

Ilaria Alfieri et

al



Coating by

deposition

147deg plusmn

3deg [14]


KH-570

TiO2

nanoparticles

Organic film

coating 873deg [34]

C Esposito


Silica nano-


1271deg plusmn

21deg [35]

MUM Junaidi

et al

1H1H2H2H


e



for 30mins

107degplusmn

02deg [37]

Shashi B Atla


Via


Rosa Di Mundo


Replacement




SiO2-CH3

submicron-sized

particles

Cast in

impregnated

mould

gt145deg [40]

Jeya Sheema et


Present

study

1175

451

175 109

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1

Ab

sorp

tio

n

Water absorption

0

005

01

015

02

025

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Wa

ter

up

tak

e I

(m

m)

Time05 (radics)

Sorptivity

C-1

B-1

S-1

I-1



5 CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



REFERENCES




14447ndash14932











(2016) 145ndash153



















J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006







(2018) 644ndash652






(2017) 72ndash 79





Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519



Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536













Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096




339 (2009) 208ndash216
















440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39



















x 100 (1)









Absorption I =

mm (2)







































Sample

Dry

weight W0

(g)

Saturated

weight W1

(g)

Rate of

Absorption

()

Average ()

C-1

750 838 1174

1175 747 835 1179

752 840 1171

B-1

776 792 207

201 785 802 217

793 807 177

S-1

785 799 179

175 783 796 167

791 805 177

I-1

806 815 112

109 798 808 126

805 812 087

43 Sorptivity test

















Sample Length

(xo) mm

Time

travel (micros)

Sample

velocity ʋ

(kms)

Average

velocity ʋs

(kms)

C-1

706 216 327

317 706 204 346

706 255 276

B-1

706 183 385

395 706 172 410

706 181 390

S-1

706 156 452

438 706 164 430

706 163 433

I-1

706 139 508

511 706 133 531

706 143 494







Material Method Ɵ

Ref

Ilaria Alfieri et

al



Coating by

deposition

147deg plusmn

3deg [14]


KH-570

TiO2

nanoparticles

Organic film

coating 873deg [34]

C Esposito


Silica nano-


1271deg plusmn

21deg [35]

MUM Junaidi

et al

1H1H2H2H


e



for 30mins

107degplusmn

02deg [37]

Shashi B Atla


Via


Rosa Di Mundo


Replacement




SiO2-CH3

submicron-sized

particles

Cast in

impregnated

mould

gt145deg [40]

Jeya Sheema et


Present

study

1175

451

175 109

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1

Ab

sorp

tio

n

Water absorption

0

005

01

015

02

025

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Wa

ter

up

tak

e I

(m

m)

Time05 (radics)

Sorptivity

C-1

B-1

S-1

I-1



5 CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



REFERENCES




14447ndash14932











(2016) 145ndash153



















J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006







(2018) 644ndash652






(2017) 72ndash 79





Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519



Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536













Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096




339 (2009) 208ndash216
















440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39































Sample

Dry

weight W0

(g)

Saturated

weight W1

(g)

Rate of

Absorption

()

Average ()

C-1

750 838 1174

1175 747 835 1179

752 840 1171

B-1

776 792 207

201 785 802 217

793 807 177

S-1

785 799 179

175 783 796 167

791 805 177

I-1

806 815 112

109 798 808 126

805 812 087

43 Sorptivity test

















Sample Length

(xo) mm

Time

travel (micros)

Sample

velocity ʋ

(kms)

Average

velocity ʋs

(kms)

C-1

706 216 327

317 706 204 346

706 255 276

B-1

706 183 385

395 706 172 410

706 181 390

S-1

706 156 452

438 706 164 430

706 163 433

I-1

706 139 508

511 706 133 531

706 143 494







Material Method Ɵ

Ref

Ilaria Alfieri et

al



Coating by

deposition

147deg plusmn

3deg [14]


KH-570

TiO2

nanoparticles

Organic film

coating 873deg [34]

C Esposito


Silica nano-


1271deg plusmn

21deg [35]

MUM Junaidi

et al

1H1H2H2H


e



for 30mins

107degplusmn

02deg [37]

Shashi B Atla


Via


Rosa Di Mundo


Replacement




SiO2-CH3

submicron-sized

particles

Cast in

impregnated

mould

gt145deg [40]

Jeya Sheema et


Present

study

1175

451

175 109

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1

Ab

sorp

tio

n

Water absorption

0

005

01

015

02

025

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Wa

ter

up

tak

e I

(m

m)

Time05 (radics)

Sorptivity

C-1

B-1

S-1

I-1



5 CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



REFERENCES




14447ndash14932











(2016) 145ndash153



















J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006







(2018) 644ndash652






(2017) 72ndash 79





Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519



Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536













Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096




339 (2009) 208ndash216
















440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39







Material Method Ɵ

Ref

Ilaria Alfieri et

al



Coating by

deposition

147deg plusmn

3deg [14]


KH-570

TiO2

nanoparticles

Organic film

coating 873deg [34]

C Esposito


Silica nano-


1271deg plusmn

21deg [35]

MUM Junaidi

et al

1H1H2H2H


e



for 30mins

107degplusmn

02deg [37]

Shashi B Atla


Via


Rosa Di Mundo


Replacement




SiO2-CH3

submicron-sized

particles

Cast in

impregnated

mould

gt145deg [40]

Jeya Sheema et


Present

study

1175

451

175 109

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1

Ab

sorp

tio

n

Water absorption

0

005

01

015

02

025

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Wa

ter

up

tak

e I

(m

m)

Time05 (radics)

Sorptivity

C-1

B-1

S-1

I-1



5 CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



REFERENCES




14447ndash14932











(2016) 145ndash153



















J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006







(2018) 644ndash652






(2017) 72ndash 79





Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519



Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536













Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096




339 (2009) 208ndash216
















440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39



5 CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



REFERENCES




14447ndash14932











(2016) 145ndash153



















J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006







(2018) 644ndash652






(2017) 72ndash 79





Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519



Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536













Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096




339 (2009) 208ndash216
















440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39





J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006







(2018) 644ndash652






(2017) 72ndash 79





Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519



Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536













Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096




339 (2009) 208ndash216
















440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39







440 (2018) 700ndash711







145




(2017) 393ndash401













121 (2018) 182ndash189

















199 (2019) 30ndash39

an experimental investigation on …...for cement mortar. the super hydrophobic coating is prepared...

Documents