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An Experimental Investigation on Pervious Concrete by Using Furnace Slag and Recycled Coarse
Aggregate
J.Suganthan1, K.Vignesh
1, A.Sudhakar
1, Shabin Ashraf
1
B.E civil engineering Karpagam University
Guided by
Mr. V.Johnpaul2 M.E.,
Assistant professor Department of Civil Engineering Karpagam University
Coimbatore India
Abstract: Every human in the world need shelter in this
concrete plays a vital role in Construction and it found vast
around the world. Though it is composite material it does not
pass water through it. In this project deals with Concrete
which allows water to pass through named as Pervious
Concrete. Throughout this study we plan to add furnace slag
(supplementary cementations material) to increase the
binding properties and by replacing Natural aggregate with
Recycled Aggregate which Minimizes the need for disposal
by reducing dumping at landfills. The physical properties of
furnace slag, recycled aggregate were determined and
compared with the properties of natural fine and coarse
aggregate and found to be within the limits and satisfied.
Mechanical properties of previous concrete with 100%
replacement of coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate
have been done. Especially the parameters like permeability
test, compressive strength, abrasion resistance test, impact
test, flexural strength till breaking load which is made to be
compared with paver block and normal pervious concrete.
I. INTRODUCTION The concrete technology has made tremendous strides in past
decade. Concrete is now no longer a material consisting of
cement , aggregates , water and admixtures but it is an
engineered material with several new constituents. The
concrete today can take care of any specific requirements
under most different exposure conditions. The concrete today
is tailor made for specific applications and it contains several
different materials. The development of specifying the
concretes as per its performance requirements rather than the
constituents and ingredients in concrete has opened
innumerable opportunities for producer and user of concrete
to design concrete as per specific requirements. Development
Of A Sustainable Concrete Waste Recycling System Yasuhiro Dosho November 2006 Accepted January 2007 has stated
that the result of the study showed that recycled aggregate
concrete using the aggregate replacing method can acquire sufficient quality as structural concrete and precast concrete
products through material design based on the value of
relative quality method. Effect of Shape and Size of Aggregate on Permeability of Pervious Concrete A.K. Jain et-al December 2011 has stated
that the result indicates that permeability of pervious concrete vary as a function of angularity number of aggregates used. It is also found that for all sizes of course aggregates used in the study, aggregate with less angularity number produce mix having less permeability. Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregate G. Murali et-al March-April 2012 has stated that the RCA replaced mixes have greater water absorption and
porosity than normal mix but within the permissible limits. These properties can be modified by reducing the w/c ratio. The 100% replacement of NA by RCA in concrete mixture may effect on chloride ions resistance, if proper design is not
adopted. Evaluation of Structural Performance of Pervious Concrete in Construction S.O. Ajamu et- al May 2012. has
stated that the highest compressive strength obtained was
8.2n/mm2 and 10.8n/mm
2respective for 18.75mm and
9.375mm coarse aggregate sizes. These values fall within the
values stipulated by ACI 552R-10 (2.8N/mm2-28N/mm
2).
Pervious Concrete: New Era for Rural Road Pavement Drshan S. Shah et-al August 2013 has stated that the there is a considerable saving
in amount about 29 Rs / m3 or 193 Rs / m2 or 18 Rs / feet2 for construction of 1m * 1m * 0.15m size pavement. Use Of Blast Furnace Slag As An Alternative Of Natural Sand In
Mortar And Concrete Prem ranjan kumar Dr. Pradeep
kumar February 2015 has stated that the present study
alternatives of natural sand, blast furnace slag were evaluated
for their suitability of replacing natural sand for making
mortar and concrete. Blast furnace slag as by– product, which
is a non–biodegradable waste material from that only a small
percentage of it is used by cement industries to manufacture
cement. Mortar with proportions (1:4) for 0%, 25%, 50%,
75% and 100% replacement and concrete of M-20 and M-30
grades for 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement cube
were also prepared respectively. Application of Blast Furnace Slag Sand in Cement Concrete a Case Study M.S.
Rao and U. Bhandare November 2014 has stated that the this paper highlights a case study of Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag (GBFS/GBS) sand application as a partial
substitute of Crushed Stone Sand (CSS) in cement concrete The Effect Of Replacing Sand By Iron Slag On Physical,
Mechanical And Radiological Proporties Of Cement
Mortar Ahmed S. Ouda Hamdy A. Abdel-Gawwad
September 2015 has stated that the results of this
investigation indicated that the strength properties of mortars
increased significantly upon replacing sand partially by iron
slag. It was also observed that the inclusion of iron slag as
partial replacement with fine aggregate enhances the bulk
density of mortar.Evidently, the compressive strength
increased by about 22%, 10%, 15% 23% and 21% for 40%
replacement level of slag (M2) at curing ages of 3, 7, and 28
days.
II. MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN
A. MATERIALS The materials used in study are as follows:
Cement: Portland Pozzolana cement, 53Grade conforming to IS: 269 – 1976. Company name: Deccan. The chemical and physical properties of cement are presented in Table 1 and 2 respectively. Furnace slag from the waste of steel plant Company name: RANBA industries. Recycled aggregate concrete from, demolished
building, taking only 10mm sized aggregate
Pervious concrete has been done with usage of
cement and aggregate. But in this RCA and
furnace slag is used, this kind of mixture has not
been done, this is the first attempt, and furnace
slag as used for binding agent instead of super
plasticizers. Both materials are used for Eco
friendly.
Table 1
Chemical properties of cement
s.no Description Properties
1 Lime saturation factor Between 0.8 to
1.02
2 Ratio of percentage of alumina Not less than 0.66 oxide to that of Ion oxide
3 Insoluble residue(percentage by Not more than 3%
mass)
4 Magnesia (percentage by mass) Not more than 6%
5 Sulphuric anhydride Not more than 3%
(percentage by mass)
6 Total loss on ignition Not more than 4%
(percentage by mass)
7 Chloride content (percentage by Not more than .05
mass)
Table 2
Physical properties of cement
S.NO: TEST ON CEMEN RANGE CODE
MATERIAL T S BOOK
1 Fineness of 9% 7 to 14 IS 1489
cement %
2 Stand art 33% 30 to IS 1489
consistency 33%
of cement
3 Initial setting 30Min/5 5 to IS 1489
time of mm 7mm
cement
4 Final setting 600 Min IS 1489
time of
cement
Fig. 1 Sample of Recycled coarse aggregate
Recycled aggregates concrete in various countries are stated
here with their effects, on concreting work. In general,
present status of recycled aggregate in India along with its
future need and its successful utilization are discussed here.
Recycled coarse aggregate concrete using the aggregate
replacing method can acquire sufficient quality as structural
concrete through material design by using material
conforming to all related quality standards. Recycled fine
aggregate concrete, as well as recycled coarse aggregate
concrete, can also be designed by applying the value of
relative quality method. Therefore, it is considered
applicable as aggregate for use in precast concrete products.
With the adoption of the developed recycling system it is
possible to recycle concrete waste produced from the
demolition of buildings in a highly effective manner
reducing both recycling cost and environmental impact.
Furnace slag that is generated when iron ore is melted and
reduced in a blast furnace, and steelmaking slag that is
generated during the steelmaking processes used to modify
the components of iron.Blast furnace slag is a combination
of silica and other non-ferrous components of iron ore, ash
from coke used as a reducing material, and limestone
auxiliary material. Because its specific gravity is less than that of pig
iron, during the heating process the molten slag rises above
the pig iron allowing it to be easily separated and recovered.
Steelmaking slag is generated by the process that turns pig
iron produced by a blast furnace into tough and highly
workable steel. Converter slag is the oxidized material that
is generated when lime and other auxiliary materials are
added and oxygen is blown onto the pig iron in order to
remove carbon, phosphorous, sulfur, and other components
from the pig iron and refine it to produce strong steel.
Fig. 2 Sample of Furnace slag
Table 3
Table Natural sand and Furnace slag
S.NO: TEST ON NAURAL FURNACE
RANGES
CODE BOOK
MATERIAL
SAND SLAG
1 Specific gravity 2.74 2.925
2.4 to 2.9
IS:2386 (part 3)-
1963
2 Bulk density
RS-1.78 Kg/Cm3 Rs-2.086 Kg/Cm
3 1.280kg/cm
3to
IS:383-1970
Ls-1.62 Kg/Cm3 Ls-1.79 Kg/Cm
3
1.920kg/cm3
3 Dry density 2.13% 2.59% 0 to 8% IS:383-1970
4 Partical size 2.49% 3.08% 2.10 to 3.20% IS:383-1970
Table 4
Natural aggregate and Recycled aggregate
S.NO: TEST ON NATURAL RECYCLED RANGES CODE BOOK
MATERIAL AGGREGATE AGGREGATE
1 Specific gravity 2.541 2.8 2.4 to 2.9 IS:2386(part 3)-
1963
2 Bulk density RS-1.75 Kg/m3 Rs-1.80 Kg/m
3 1600-1870 IS:2386(part 3)-
Ls-1.57 Kg/m3 Ls-1.61 Kg/m
3 Kg/m
3 1963
1500-1680kg/
m3
3 Dry density 4.23% 4.86% 4 to 7.5% IS:2386(part 3)-
1963
4 Impact value 30.19% 34% 20-30%>35% IS:2386( part 4)-
1963
5 Abrasion value 3.5% 10.6% 1.65to 17.6 % IS:2386 -1963
B. MIXTURE PROPORTIONING
Each mixture consisted of furnace slag increasing 5%
to that of cement, recycled aggregate concrete 2 kg,
and cement 1 kg for a single zig-zag mould and water cement ratio is 0.37. This mixture is cured for 7 and
28 days Pervious concrete with furnace slag and RCA
mixture: These mixtures are presented in table.
Corresponding to the 5%, 10%. 15%, 20%, 25% addition of furnace slag as binding material
respectively.
C. SPECIMEN AND TESTS OF SPECIMENS 15 zig-zag mould of concrete 225x112.5x80 mm for compressive strength, flexural strength till breaking load, water absorption void ratio, 3 cylindrical mould of concrete 58x80 mm for abrasion resistance test
D. TEST OF SPECIMENS Casting, compaction and curing: Accomplished according to IS 15658 (2006) Compression strength test: concrete cubes were
prepared according to IS 15658 (2006). The UTM
was used for the compression test the cubes were
tested immediately after taken out of water while
they were still wet. The average of compression
strength of three mould was recorded for each
testing age Flextural strength till breaking load, permeability test,, abrasion resistance: mould prepare according to IS 15658 (2006)
Fig 3
Fig 4
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Compressive strength test: Compressive strength test for
the pervious concrete with recycled coarse aggregate and
furnace slag, gives satisfying result comparing with a paver
block and normal pervious concrete. 400 gram of furnace
slag gives strong bond to the mixture and maintains the
porous level of pervious concrete (17%). It may be weaker
than paver block but it is stronger than a normal pervious
concrete (10%). The graph shows the variation of strength
Table 5
s. no Cement RCA Furnace % of W/C
(kg/m3) (kg/m
3) Slag FS
(kg/m3)
1 1 2 100 5 .24
2 1 2 200 10 .29
3 1 2 300 15 .32
4 1 2 400 20 .37
5 1 2 500 25 .41
Flexural strength test: The results of the flexural strength
tests for the pervious concrete are illustrated. These results
show that flexural strength of pervious concrete with mixture
of recycled aggregate and furnace slag at each curing age is
prone to increase the concrete ratio in those mixtures. This
trend of adding furnace slag to the pervious concrete gives
additional strength between the aggregate and cement.
Therefore the bonding developed slightly with time. However
the flexural strength of the pervious concrete composites
compared similarly with those of pervious work
Fig 5
0
10
20
30
40
1 2 3com
pre
ssiv
e s
tre
ngt
h f
ck
specimen
7 day
paver block
perviousconcrete
with furnaceslag
0
10
20
30
40
1 2 3com
pre
ssiv
e s
tre
ngt
h f
ck
specimen
28 day
paver block
perviousconcrete
with fuenaceslag
0
20
40
60
1 2 3
fle
xura
l str
en
gth
specimen
7 day
paver block
perviousconcrete
with furnaceslag
Fig 6
Dry density: The dry density of specimen represents the
experimental results related to dry density. The mould of size
80mm height are prepared to investigate these properties. This
investigation should be carried out at the end of 28 days for
water absorption. Test result indicate that pervious concrete
made by 1:2 with 400 g of furnace slag concrete mix
proportion has more durability and water absorption. From the
experimental results following conclusion were found out, 10 mm size gravel 1:2 with 400 g of furnace slag mix proportion
made with OPC has more water absorption percentage value (1.08%) compared to other and similarly.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the experimental data received after a wide range of
sample with different proportion of furnace slag following conclusion were made. The compressive strength of concrete is increased by adding furnace slag to it. Non-furnace slag mixture with increase in waste furnace slag at all curing ages it leads to increase in adhesive strength between the surfaces. The flexural strength value of furnace slag also increase above the non-furnace slag concrete The optimum percentage of furnace slag is found to be 20% and maintaining the void ratio (15% to 30%) we have 17%. The strength in all the tests is found to be 10% more than the non-furnace slag specimen. However, the compression strength of normal pervious
concrete’s strength is quite lower than pervious concrete with
furnace slag. Even though, PCFS allows rain water to percolate through it, it doesn’t suits for traffic pavement. In
adding to this it minimizes the landfills.
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553-558. 17. Jain A.K., Chouhan J.S., Dongre Ashish, "Pervious Concrete: An Environmental Friendly Material For Sustainable Development", Proceeding of the International Seminar, Sustainable Concrete Construction Organised By India Chapter of American Concrete Institute, 8-10 February, 2008. 18. Sri Ravindrarajah R. and Aoki Y. (2008),“Environmentally friendly porous concrete”, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Advances in Concrete and Construction, Hydrabad, India, Feb 2008. 19. Test and Properties of cement were taken from the code book conforming-IS 1489, IS: 269 – 1976 20. Test and Properties of Recycled aggregate and natural aggregate were taken from the code book conforming - IS: 2386 (Part 4, 3)-1963 21. Test and Properties of Natural sand and Furnace slag were taken from the code book conforming - IS: 383-1970 22. Tests taken from the code book conforming Casting, compaction and curing- IS 15658 (2006) 23. Flexural Behavior Of Reinforced Concrete Beam With And Without GBFS (Granulate Blast Furnace Slag)
Authors: Dr. Ramadevi. K, Johnpaul. V, Publication Date: 2014
Journal: International Journal Of Applied Engineering Research Issn: 0973- 4562 Volume: 9 Issue: 24 Pages: 28401-28407 Publisher: Reserve India Publication 25. Experimental investigation on behaviour of Nano concrete Dr.N. Balasundaram Publication date: March – April 2016
Journal: International Journal of civil engineering and technology Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages 315- 320
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20
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60
80
1 2 3
fle
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specimen
28 day
paver block
perviousconcrete
specimen
26.Anaerobic digestion of Municipal soild biodegradable wastes for methane production Dr. M.Natarajan Publication date: Dec 2016
Journal: International Journal for Research in Applied Science &
Engineering Technology (IJRASET) Volume: 4
Issue: XII
Pages 208- 2