an exploration of sustainablility in the provision of basic urban services in indian cities

8/11/2019 An Exploration of Sustainablility in the Provision of Basic Urban Services in Indian Cities

1/411

An exploration of sustainability

in the provision of basic urban services in

Indian cities

TERI

in partnership with Sustainable Urbanism International and

Arghyam,

with support from Rohini and Nandan Nilekani


2/411

The Energy and Resources Institute 2009

ISBN 978-81-7993-225-4

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form orby any means without prior permission of the copyright holders.

Published byTERI Press Tel. 2468 2100 or 4150 4900Darbari Seth Block Fax 24682144 or 24682145IHC Complex India +91 Delhi (0) 11Lodhi Road E-mail [email protected] Delhi 110 003 Web www.teriin.org

Printed in India by Batra Art Press, New Delhi.


3/411

ContentsProject team ...................................................................................................... xi

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................. xiii

Foreword ......................................................................................................... xv

A preamble to urban sustainability in India ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... xvii

Summary ........................................................................................................ xix

I ntroduction .................................................................................................... lxiii

Water

Introduction............................................................................................................3Literature and case study review..............................................................................4

Supply side management .................................................................................5Demand side management ..............................................................................7Institutional mechanisms for water and waste water sector .............................12Lessons learnt ...............................................................................................13

Developing the framework for analysis...................................................................14Data procurement and management..............................................................15Economic efficiency ......................................................................................16Source development / protection ...................................................................16

Institutional reforms......................................................................................17Analysis of the sustainability parameter in urban India...........................................17

Data management .........................................................................................18Source protection/ development ....................................................................19Economic efficiency ......................................................................................19Institutional reforms......................................................................................20

Recommendations to operationalize the parameters...............................................22Parameter 1: Data management.....................................................................23Parameter 2: Economic efficiency..................................................................24Parameter 3: Source development/ protection ................................................29

Parameter 4: Institutional reforms .................................................................32Recommendation for small and medium cities.......................................................34Recommendations for informal markets and urban slums......................................35Recommendations for capacity building ................................................................36

Capacity building at four levels......................................................................36Training methodology ...................................................................................37

Funding for the cities ............................................................................................37Annexure 1: Framework for GIS database system..................................................38


4/411

Annexure 2: Training modules...............................................................................38References.............................................................................................................40

Solid waste management

Introduction..........................................................................................................45Literature and case study review............................................................................45Best practices in selected urban settings: national case

studies...........................................................................................................471 Location: Mumbai ......................................................................................472 Location: Delhi ..........................................................................................483 Location: Chennai ......................................................................................494 Location: Bangalore....................................................................................505 Location: Hyderabad..................................................................................516 Location: Nagpur .......................................................................................53

Examples from cities in transition ..................................................................53Best practices documented in Indian cities under JNNURM ..........................55International best practices............................................................................5511 L ocation: Brazil .......................................................................................5712 Location: Belo Horizonte City (Brazil) ......................................................57

Developing a framework for analysis: solid wastemanagement..................................................................................................59Defining sustainability in solid waste management.........................................59

Current scenario of solid waste management in India ............................................60Municipal solid waste (M anagement and Handling) Rules, 2000...........................62

Responsibility for implementation .................................................................62Major issues affecting solid waste management in India.........................................62Technical issues.............................................................................................63Institutional issues.........................................................................................63Regulatory issues...........................................................................................64Social issues ..................................................................................................64Compliance with M SW Rules 2000...............................................................65Obstacles to private contracting in SWM .......................................................67

Identifying the sustainability parameters ................................................................68Field-testing of sustainability parameters .......................................................69

Compliance with issues related to overall operation of localbodies ...........................................................................................................70Basic details of selected cities.........................................................................70Service provision in an integrated manner......................................................71Provision of cost recovery ..............................................................................71Users satisfaction with service provision........................................................71

Compliance with issues related to provision of MSW Rules ...................................72Conclusions ..................................................................................................72

Contentsiv


5/411

Recommendations for operationalization of sustainability parameters ....................72Indicators for operationalization ............................................................................73

Parameters related to MSW Rules .................................................................73Overall parameters ........................................................................................73Parameters related to MSW Rules .................................................................74Overall parameters ........................................................................................80

Institutional and aspects influencing sustainability.................................................81References.............................................................................................................82

Transport

Literature and case study review...........................................................................85Defining sustainable transport ......................................................................85Singapores land transport policy ..................................................................87Sustainable Transport Plan of Auckland .......................................................89

Integrated land use and transport planning in Curitiba ................................90Dedicated public transport system in Bogota................................................91Public transport performance monitoring in Victoria ....................................92Indores PPP model for urban bus operations...............................................95Reforms to improve bus services in Bangalore ..............................................98

Identifying the sustainability parameters for transport ........................................100Improving the share and quality of public transport: a key step for makingurban transport sustainable.........................................................................102Identifying parameters for assessing the sustainability of public transport...104

Analysing the existing situation...........................................................................105

Inadequate policy thrust .............................................................................106Legal and institutional issues ...................................................................... 107Lack of organizational coordination ............................................................108Inadequate availability.................................................................................108Poor accessibility......................................................................................... 110Poor quality and image............................................................................... 110Data challenges........................................................................................... 110Operational challenges ................................................................................110Improper planning for routes and fares.......................................................111Lack of priority...........................................................................................111

Absence of performance measurement........................................................112Lack of focus on customers ........................................................................113Absence of demand management measures ................................................ 113Capacity and human resource issues...........................................................113Challenges for the small and medium-sized cities.......................................116

Recommendations for transport ..........................................................................117Policy, organizational, and operational reforms...........................................117

Contents v


6/411

Goals and indicators for sustainable public transportservices........................................................................................................122Goals for improving availability of public transport .................................... 122Goals for improving accessibility................................................................. 123Goals for improving transport performance for customer convenience .......123

Developing an overall mobility and transport infrastructure plan for the city .....125Specific recommendations for achieving the goals....................................... 126Fleet augmentation with private sector participation...................................126Improving access.........................................................................................127Improving operations .................................................................................. 128Improving internal efficiencies, monitoring performance, and settingbenchmarks.................................................................................................130Priority to public transport .........................................................................131Becoming customer oriented.....................................................................131Supporting demand management strategies................................................ 132Identifying financing options.......................................................................132Strengthening human resource development and capacity building ............ 133Preserving the share of public transport trips in the small and mediumtowns ..........................................................................................................134

Data requirement................................................................................................135Conclusion..........................................................................................................136References........................................................................................................... 137Bibliography........................................................................................................139

Power

Literature review.................................................................................................143Defining sustainability in the power sector.................................................. 143International review .................................................................................... 144

National review...................................................................................................151Jamshedpur .................................................................................................151

Identifying the sustainability parameters for power .............................................157Access to electricity..................................................................................... 158Energy efficiency ....................................................................................... 158Impact on the environment .......................................................................158

Quality of supply and quality of services.....................................................158Analysing the existing situation........................................................................... 159Access to electricity..................................................................................... 159Energy efficiency.........................................................................................163Impact on the environment.........................................................................168Quality of supply and services.....................................................................172

Recommendations...............................................................................................175Access to electricity..................................................................................... 175

Contentsvi


7/411

Contents vii

Energy efficiency.........................................................................................179Impact on environment...............................................................................183Quality of supply and services.....................................................................185Capacity building requirements .................................................................. 186

References........................................................................................................... 187Bibliography........................................................................................................188

Websites..............................................................................................................188

Buildings

Introduction........................................................................................................191Literature review ................................................................................................. 191

Sustainability in buildings............................................................................192Sustainable buildings: principles, approaches, and characteristics .................193Relation with the location............................................................................193Flows: energy, water, and materials ..............................................................193

An overview of international and national best practices ......................................196Country programmes ..................................................................................196Energy efficiency assessment: appliances...................................................... 200Implementation and incentivizing................................................................ 200Water efficiency at building level ..................................................................201Building materials specification....................................................................201Waste management......................................................................................201Sewerage.....................................................................................................201Economic and market-based instruments ....................................................201

City-specific programmes ............................................................................ 202National best practices ........................................................................................ 212

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy......................................................213Identifying the sustainability parameters for buildings.......................................... 217

Sustainability goals ......................................................................................217Basic research framework............................................................................. 217

Analysing the existing situation: buildings............................................................218Building sector observations........................................................................219Implementation barriers .............................................................................. 222

Recommendations............................................................................................... 229

Policy instruments.......................................................................................230Implementation strategy ..............................................................................231Framework for broad guidelines/bye-laws amendments at ULBs ..................236Disaster preparedness..................................................................................239Awareness programme for government departments and undertakings......... 243Publicprivate alliances, corporates, and role of government bodies incapacity building and market transformation ...............................................244


8/411

R&D in new construction technologies and materials and establishment oftesting laboratories ......................................................................................246Enforcement and monitoring.......................................................................247

Baseline development.......................................................................................... 247Indicators....................................................................................................249

Annexure 1 .........................................................................................................251Annexure 2 .........................................................................................................255References...........................................................................................................257Bibliography........................................................................................................258Websites..............................................................................................................259

Governance

Literature review .................................................................................................263National review ...................................................................................................263

Surat Municipal Corporation ......................................................................264Ludhiana Municipal Corporation................................................................ 266Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad..........................................................267Guntur Municipal Corporation ...................................................................269

Case studies of best practices addressing specific good governance parameters.....269Financial capacity........................................................................................269Citizens participation..................................................................................271Transparency and accountability .................................................................272Equity .........................................................................................................274

International review............................................................................................. 274

Citizens participation..................................................................................276Transparency and accountability .................................................................278Capacity building and training..................................................................... 279

Defining good governance and parameters of good governance............................280Research framework ............................................................................................ 282Analysing the existing situation: governance.........................................................283

Analysis of the legal provisions relating to municipal governance..................283Analysis of the urban reform initiatives ........................................................ 288Impediments in improved urban governance................................................292

Recommendations for governance....................................................................... 294

Decentralization .......................................................................................... 295Capacity......................................................................................................297Public participation .....................................................................................302Equity .........................................................................................................303Sustainability cell ........................................................................................304Provision of basic services by municipal bodies in case of transitioning cities...304

Addressing interlinkages with other sectors ..........................................................308Intersectoral linkages...................................................................................308

Contentsviii


9/411

Buildings.....................................................................................................308Annexure............................................................................................................314References...........................................................................................................315Bibliography........................................................................................................315

Theme papers

1 Sustainable services in slums: need for an alternative approach .........................3192 Informal markets for basic urban services ......................................................... 329

Conclusion ....................................................................................... 333Abbreviations ...................................................................................337

Contents ix


10/411


11/411


12/411


13/411

Acknowledgements

TERI would like to express its deep gratitude to Dr Nandan Nilekani and Mrs Rohini Nilekanifor not only providing the financial support to undertake this study, but also for their visionfor this study. We also thank Dr Nandan Nilekani for his active participation in review meetingsat various stages of the study.TERI is also grateful to its partners SUI (Sustainable Urbanism International) and Arghyam.

In particular, we are grateful to Dr Jyoti Hosagrahar of SUI for her valuable comments anduseful insights at various stages of the project.TERI gratefully acknowledges the active participation of a large number of stakeholders,

including sector experts, academia, practitioners, government agencies, bilateral and multilateraldonor agencies, the private sector, NGOs, and users, and their valuable comments and viewson the study, which they shared during the two external consultation meetings organized by

TERI at the beginning and near the end of the study.TERI would also like to express its gratitude to the following individuals for sparing their

valuable time and providing constructive inputs that were helpful in writing the report.

P B D utta, D irector, Meghalaya Urban Development Authority, Government of MeghalayaP H ima M uktan Shangpliang,Transport Commissioner, Meghalaya State and CEO, Municipal

Board, ShillongP P S K harola, Joint Secretary, D/o Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances,

Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of IndiaP S R Rao, Principal Secretary, Urban Development and Urban Housing Department,

Government of GujaratP S Aparna, Commissioner, Surat Municipal Corporation

Visiting three very different Indian cities and understanding how urban service delivery isplanned, managed, and monitored in these cities, formed an integral part of this study. TERIis extremely grateful for the valuable insights and cooperation received by personnel workingwith various departments and institutes involved with planning and management of urbanservice delivery in Surat, Hyderabad, and Shillong.


14/411


15/411

Foreword

With the rapid pace of urbanization worldwide, urban sustainability has become a veryimportant issue today. According to the State of the World s Ci ti es Report 2008/09, nearly 60%of the worlds population will live in urban areas within the next two decades, and it is in thedeveloping countries that this growth will take place most rapidly. In India itself, the numberof million-plus cities is expected to increase significantly in the next decade. Unless properlyplanned and managed, this growth will result in urban sprawl, mounting stress on infrastructure,creation of slums, a widening richpoor divide, deteriorating quality of urban services, andincreased environmental pollution and energy use.

The concept of sustainable cities represents an overarching challenge and includes addressingsocial, environmental, and economic sustainability concerns, along with the interlinkagesbetween them. A good, practical and much-needed starting point in the direction of attainingurban sustainability is improving the delivery of basic urban services. This report, in additionto addressing sustainability issues in the delivery of basic urban services like water, managementof municipal solid waste, and transport, also analyses sustainability issues in sectors like supplyof and use of power and buildings, which offer a huge scope for energy-efficiency improvements.It also attempts to bring facets of their planning and management under the purview of localgovernments. This report also addresses the interlinkages between these sectors and emphasizesthe need for a holistic approach in planning. Interestingly, the Government of Indias NationalAction Plan on Climate Change, in its Missions on Sustainable Habitat and Water, also endorses

these five sectors for interventions to reduce energy use and emissions. Clearly,recommendations for improved service delivery in cities cannot be complete without appropriateregulatory frameworks and institutional arrangements to empower city governments withadequate financial resources, institutional capacities, and more importantly, good governancepractices, all of which the report seeks to address.

I am pleased that TERI has been recognized by the Ministry of Urban Development as aCentre of Excellence in Urban Development with a focus on urban governance and buildingssectors, thus giving it an opportunity to translate its recommendations into practice. It isheartening to see that the Government of India is committed to monitoring outcomes and isin the process of introducing a system of indicators to measure and monitor sustainability inthe provision of urban services. T his report, besides adding to these indicators, makes

recommendations on improved urban service delivery and charts out actions to implementthese recommendations in cities. I t is hoped that governments at the national, state, and locallevels will find this report of value, and adopt the strategies and measures suggested as part ofthe urban development polices and programmes.

(R K Pachauri)Director-General, TERI


16/411


17/411


18/411

of sustainability (that includes water supply, sanitation, garbage removal, energy, adequatehousing, and transportation). Urban water bodies, trees and green areas, health, education,and disaster preparedness are additional dimensions of sustainability. In the Indian context,the numerous and varied informal systems of providing necessary urban services, not only inthe slums but everywhere in the city, further complicate simple models of intervention. Theinstitutions that govern these informal and semi-formal systems and the equity of access to

municipal infrastructure are added dimensions of sustainability that need to be addressed. Theneed for an urban vision of sustainability and planning towards it become all the more urgentas disasters and climate change become pressing issues.The need for an understanding of urban sustainability in terms of culture is particularly

pressing. Beyond monuments and museums, the cultural particularities of places, includinglocal knowledge and practices, have generally been discarded in the rush to modernize. Further,globalization erodes local knowledge and identities. An expanded view of cultural heritagerecognizes its role in livelihood creation, practices of land and natural resource care andmanagement, building, land use, institutional mechanisms (both formal and informal), marketsand infrastructure systems that often call for a judicious and careful use of local resources.Local knowledge and cultural practices also help to establish a continuum between urban and

rural areas as well as formal and informal ways of living and working. From this perspective,heritage becomes a resource for development that is sustainable: the connective tissue thatlinks spatially as well as temporally connecting our past with present aspirations for the future.

The success of our endeavours for urban sustainability will hinge on the ability to identifyand engender solutions that balance the needs of formal systems with local, historically informalpractices, market efficiency with state protection for the marginal, and place-based culturalheritage with modern technocratic practice.

Jyoti HosagraharDirector, Sustainable Urbanism International

A preamble to urban sustainability in Indiaxviii


19/411

Introduction

Cities are spatial manifestations of human and economic activities and evolve through

a complex process determined by a number of economic, demographic, social, andhistorical factors. Their development needs to be planned, guided, and monitored toachieve an optimal utilization of resources required to make them sustainable, sociallyhabitable, economically efficient, and administratively manageable. Usually, citiesoccupy a fraction of any countrys area; however, they consume a major share of energyand result in much greater pollution levels.

So far, there has been no standard definition of a sustainable city that isunanimously accepted by all. Sustainability being a broad overarching term,encompasses a number of aspects. A sustainable city cannot be conceived without

considering factors like environmental protection, social integration, a sustainedeconomy and good governanceall being a part of a harmonious and dynamic co-evolution.

Of all the lessons that emerge from a review of literature and case studies on thesubject of making cities sustainable, the following emerge most strongly.P Presence of well-functioning infrastructure.P Existence of a legal framework that enables and empowers governments/departments

to set up goals, create roadmaps, and carry out the necessary implementationmeasures.

P Presence of well-coordinated institutional and governance mechanisms and unified

bodies enabling implementation of integrated sustainability measures.P Existence of strong political leadership and will.P Setting of clearly defined goals and measurable targets and stage-wise review and

monitoring of plans and targets with necessary updating wherever required.P Implementation of a continuous, interactive and iterative multistakeholder

participatory process involving both sectoral experts and general communitythroughout.

Summary


20/411

Summary

An exploration of sustainability in the provision of basic urban services in Indian cities

xx

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

P Execution of demonstration projects to win public support and acceptance.P Presence of sense of ownership and responsibility amongst citizens.P Replication of successful initiatives by other cities.

What also emerges is that a key step and good starting point for making cities

sustainable making the delivery of urban services in a city more sustainable. Since acitys population is dependent on services like water, sanitation, power, transport,buildings, etc., for its survival, it is important that these services be planned, delivered,managed, and monitored in a proper way so as to ensure adequacy, equitable access,good quality, and least harm to the environment.

In the backdrop of Indias rapid population growth and mass urbanization, the stresson urban infrastructure has resulted in a greater number of people that need to beserved, deteriorating service quality, inadequate revenues to cover costs, widening rich-poor divides, and the need for capacity augmentation both in terms of skills and

physical infrastructure. Poverty, traffic congestion, bad air quality, high noise levels,lesser green areas and open spaces, scarcity of water, long power cuts, unhygienic livingconditions leading to serious diseases, etc., are all increasingly putting our cities underthe threat of unsustainability.

In light of the above, this study on exploring sustainability in the provision of basicurban services in Indian cities as a step towards making cities more sustainable wasinitiated by TERI, in partnership with SU I (Sustainable Urbanism International) andArghyam, in March 2008, with the support of Dr Nandan Nilekani and Mrs RohiniNilekani. TERI hopes that this report will help key stakeholders, particularly stategovernments and urban local authorities to plan, manage, and monitor the provision

of these services in a sustainable manner. TERI also hopes that the recommendationsemerging from this study will influence public policy and become part of urbandevelopment policies and programmes in India.

Project objectives and scope

As a step towards the larger goal of making Indian cities more sustainable, this studyaims to identify processes that would make service planning and delivery in Indiancities more sustainable in the following five urban sectors.P water

P solid waste managementP transportP buildingsP power

This is done by identifyingP what sustainability in each sector implies;


21/411


Summary xx

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

P a framework of parameters and indicators to assess sustainability of a service;P the existing situation in Indian cities with regard to the identified parameters;P recommendations to operationalize sustainability-related actions in Indian cities for

each sector;P supporting policy, legal and organizational arrangements, and data and capacity

requirements including making suggestions to be incorporated in the JNNURM(Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal M ission).

Recognizing that deficiencies in the existing governance structures adversely impacturban service delivery, in addition to the above-mentioned five sectors, this study alsolooks at governance as a separate sector.

Recognizing the M inistry of U rban Developments pioneering work in thedevelopment of a handbook for standardized service delivery benchmarks in contextof Performance Management of U rban Services, this study, wherever necessary,

suggests additional parameters in the said sectors. This study also focuses on the currentplanning and delivery processes, and the institutional, regulatory, and capacity issuesthat are necessary to operationalize these parameters for urban services. In addition,this study also looks at the buildings and electricity sectors and explores the possibilityof including them in the current urban development policy scenario, and involvingthe local governments in their planning and management, as they have greatimplications for energy and environment, and therefore, sustainability of urban areas.The study acknowledges the issues of informal markets for urban service delivery andprovision of basic services to the urban poor, and attempts to flag the key issues andsuggest alternative policy directions.

Project methodology

For each of the six sectors (five urban services plus governance) mentioned above,the following methodology was adopted by TERI.P A literature and case study review on best practices for achieving sustainability in

urban service delivery.P Identification of parameters necessary to assess sustainability of the service.P Evaluation of the current situation in urban India through secondary sources and

visits to three cities to understand

the extent to which these cities are addressing the sustainability parameters; the issues/impediments to sustainability; the extent to which some of the identified parameters are feasible to be

operationalized; any good practice on sustainability which could be replicated in other cities;

P Making recommendations to operationalize sustainability related actions in Indiancities.


22/411

Summary


xxii

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

Besides this, regular interactions and knowledge sharing activities with variousstakeholders like city authorities, service providers, academia, NGOs, and researchinstitutions working in these sectors were carried out through visits to cities, as wellas wide ranging consultation meetings were held at Delhi.

The subsequent sections summarize the key findings for each of the sectors. Each

sector discusses the definitions of sustainability, the parameters identified to assesssustainability and the recommendations for operationalizing the identified sustainabilitymeasures in Indian cities.

This study seeks to identify the major sustainability concerns in the provision ofbasic urban services and recommends how they can be best addressed in Indiasgrowing cities. The study should be viewed not as a treatise on the subject but as aguide to the way forward.

Summary: Water

Introduction

Providing safe and adequate water to millions across the growing number of cities inthe developing countries like India, is a daunting task for the urban authorities. Waterscarcity has intensified in most Indian cities over the past few decades and this is to alarge extent due to the inequitable distribution and inefficient use of water. In additionto this, lack of good infrastructure/techniques for monitoring, treatment facilities, alongwith poor management of waste water, have also contributed towards widespreadpollution of surface and groundwater, leading to rapid deterioration of the environment.

The urban centres are also faced with the emerging reality of informal markets andgrowing complexities in the urban slums which require specialized interventions. Thus,it has become imperative to understand and devise mechanisms to provide acceptablequality and quantity of water to all urban areas through sustainable water managementpractices.

Defining sustainable water services

Based on an in-depth study of good practices and measures adopted across the worldthe following definition was arrived at for addressing sustainability in the water sector

in urban areas. Providing people with equitable access to water, while at the sametime ensuring socio-environmental and economic sustainability of the resources in thefuture.

Parameters for analysing sustainable water management in urban India

An in-depth analysis was carried out after a review of good practices to develop aframework of sustainability parameters for water management in urban India thatintegrates socio-economic and environmental dimensions. The MoUD (M inistry of


23/411


Summary xxi

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

Urban Development) has identified key benchmarking indicators for the various basicservices including water supply for the Indian cities. The indicators cover a wide varietyof issues related to coverage, access, quality, continuity of water supply, efficiency inredressal of complaints, cost recovery, collection efficiency of waste water, etc., thatwould be crucial to improve the water supply services in the cities across the country.

Further, TERI has developed few additional parameters like data management, capacitybuilding, and source protection to make the list exhaustive. TERIs recommendationsalso include the process of achieving and operationalizing the benchmark set for eachMoUD indicator.

The framework developed by TERI for sustainable water management along withthe MoUD indicators can be broadly classified into four components.

The existing situation

ULBs (urban local bodies) in India suffer from several deficiencies and are yet to

respond adequately to the emerging challenges posed by the rapidly changing urbanscenario.

Table 1 Parameters of sustainable water management

Parameter Description

Data procurement For improved reach and access to quality service, utility provider will need to have adequate

and management data both at supply and consumer end. There is also a need to generate spatial-temporal

data base system to be maintained on a GIS framework. Hence, data procurement and

management has been developed as an additional parameter to enhance service deliveryby utilities.

Economics of water Effective water resource management requires water to be treated as an economic good. There

is a need for sustainable and equitable tariff structure and efficient revenue collection. Such

measures will be instrumental in improving the utilitys financial conditions, increasing

revenue collection, reducing water losses, and so on.

Source development With the growing water demand in urban India, there is an urgent need to manage and

/protection preserve the available water resources for their long-term sustainability. Water resources in

India have already reached a critical stage be it surface or groundwater, for which an

integrated approach is required in planning, formulation, and implementation with respect to

socio-economic, environmental, and ecological aspects.

Institutional reform Institutional mechanism is an important parameter, as a strong institutional setup is required

to make it conducive to operationalize other parameters in the framework. Within this

parameter, it is also important to include the marginalized section such as urban slums) so

that these sections of the society are not deprived of their share. Along with reviewing and

revamping the existing institutional setup, it is equally important to find ways to regularize the

informal water market.

GIS geographical information system


24/411

Summary


xxiv

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

For each of the above parameters, the existing situation was analysed.P Data procurement and management: Except for very few cities, most of the local

bodies in urban India lack data on the municipality services. Lack of adequate dataand updated maps make it very difficult for the local bodies to improve servicedelivery since this information is crucial to manage the water works department

efficiently and effectively.P Economics of water: In most cities in India, service providers are not being able to

recover the operation and maintenance cost, which has led to poor service delivery.There is no financial autonomy or equitable tariff structure for efficient revenuecollection.

P Source development/protection: In most of the Indian cities, there is no provisionfor protection of the existing source from degradation and depletion. T hus,having exhausted, destroyed, and polluted the nearby sources and n eg l ec t edusing the potential of local sources, cities are reaching out to far away sources for

their water supply needs, which are not only expensive but also energy intensive.P Institutional mechanism: In terms of the institutional m e c h a n i s m s ,

inadequate policy and regulation combined with a non-transparent and non-participatory process is at the root of many water management problemsplaguing almost all cities. No or little cooperation exists between the variousagencies responsible for the management of water resources in different sectors.Very few cities have attempted to introduce PPP (private sector participation)in India, but have often failed mainly due to the stronghold of public sectorand absence of proper PPP model.

RecommendationsThe recommendations have been prioritized based on our understanding of the areawithin the urban water sector where immediate attention is required for improvedprovision of water supply. However, stated priorities may change for individual cities,as it will depend upon citys needs, capacity, resources, and stage of development.

Parameter 1: data procurement and management

Data management has been accorded the highest priority since data requirement andmanagement will precede all other reform initiatives. An integrated comprehensive water

supply network database is important to get a holistic understanding of the entirenetwork, distribution, including inlets/outlets, etc. This data set will also provideinformation on coverage, UFW (unaccounted for water), metering, and so on, and waysto manage the system more efficiently and effectively. The data will enable cities todevelop its future strategies to improve service delivery and achieve the benchmarkset for the MoUD indicators. For effective data management, staff capacity has to beregularly developed and updated on elements like data collection, screening and logging,


25/411


Summary xx

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

data transfer, data checking, validation, etc. It is acknowledged that not all the waterboards, utilities and local bodies have similar capacities, resources, etc. Therefore, it isnot possible to create and develop these capacities within the organization. Some ofthe tasks can be outsourced or farmed out to consultancies, research institutes, and soon, who have dedicated manpower and infrastructure for data management including

GIS (geographical information service), M IS (management information system), andso on. However, water boards, utilities and local bodies should create adequatecapacities to assign, deploy, utilize, oversee, and manage the outsourced assignments.

Parameter 2: economics of water

The recommendation made under this section is essentially on the processes involvedin establishing and implementing effective water loss management strategies (reduceUFW to 10%15%) and tariff rationalization.P Reduction of UFW: A number of options has been suggested which a local body

can adopt for loss reduction. They are listed below. reducing water loss through pressure management reducing unmetered supplies/improving meter accuracy reducing UFW through asset management actively controlling leakage to reduce UFW

In fact, all the above-stated initiatives to reduce UFWs in the system can beaddressed by developing DMAs (district metered areas). I t is an integrated way ofsystematically analysing and addressing the issues in a designated area. Hence, therecommendation includes reducing UFW through creation of DMAs.P Tariff rationalization: An alternative to the current tariff structure (flat rate) is the

two-part tariff structure. Such a tariff design typically includes a consumption/volumetric rate in addition to the fixed water charge. The two-part tariff structureshould be gradually increased over the years with 100% metering and consumersstart paying for the water they consume. To operationalize the two-part tariffstructure, independent regulatory authority at the state level needs to be set up andshould be given adequate power and authority. Roles that the authority can playinclude the following. Set principles for tariff setting/baseline parameters

Monitor regularly based on incentives and disincentives Hear consumer appeal/case/conflict settlements

Apart from adopting cost-coverage principles for tariff rationalization, local bodiesshould also look for ways to reduce their O&M (operation and maintenance) cost.Local bodies should make all efforts to reduce operational wastage and improve cost-effectiveness.


26/411

Summary


xxvi

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

Parameter 3: source development/protection

Catchment protection and non-conventional watersources

Catchments/ water bodies should be conserved from encroachment. Traditional waterbodies should be restored before looking for alternative expensive augmentationmeasures like desiltation / import of water from far off sources. Non-conventional watersources like rainwater harvesting, flood-water harvesting can be used as complementarysupplies for water utilities.

Groundwater monitoring

P Strict enforcement in notified areas towards inadequately controlled groundwaterabstraction and excessive subsurface contamination load. T he zones which arenon notified should be also monitored and brought under regulation areas.

P It should be made compulsory for the water intensive industries within the citylimits to recharge groundwater though artificial means like rainwater harvesting.

P A system of annual water and environmental audits needs to be put in place tomonitor the corporate efforts towards conservation of water (also in the areassurrounding the plant) in a transparent manner.

P Before establishing a new plant, water availability needs to be assessed from along term and ecosystem perspective, keeping in mind the present and futurepotential of competing with the water demands in the area.

Water quality

P In order to provide more clarity about the prescribed water quality standards

provided by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) there is a need for thorough re-evaluation of the setting of standards of the quality of drinking water by BIS,which again should incorporate the views of different stakeholders like researchinstitutes, NGOs, and water experts.

P Waste water management to control water pollution: T here should be somestandards/guidelines for various reuse of treated waste water. Although at present,there is a general guideline on the quality of waste water for reuse, in order toencourage reuse of waste water for different purposes like irrigation of publicparks, schools yards, highway, and residential landscapes, fire protection and

toilet flushing in commercial and industrial buildings, recreationalimpoundments such as ponds and lakes, environmental reuse by creatingartificial wetlands/natural wetlands and industrial reuse, and so on, separateguidelines for each use should be made available by CPCB (Central PollutionControl Board).


27/411


Summary xxv

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

Parameter 4: institutional mechanism

To implement all the above-mentioned recommendations a sound institutionalframework is a prerequisite. Some of the institutional reforms that need to be takenup for proper enforcement of the recommendations made are the following.P T he existing institutional framework dealing with groundwater needs to be

strengthened, which calls for review of the institutional responsibilities and legalprovision. SWP (State Water Policy) should be enacted through a legal frameworkand effectively enforced. The SWP should identify the institutional mechanismsnecessary for defining and enforcing physical limits to ground water extraction.

P Publicprivate partnership needs to be explored further in areas such as servicecontract (billing and collection), management contract (water treatment, etc.), smallpiped networks, leakage control/reduction, mapping of distribution network. Publiccommunity partnership can be developed through development and implementationof decentralized water system.

Further recommendations

Capacity building

P The ULBs need to be made aware of the full range of low-cost and appropriatewater-saving technologies and need to be provided with skills to assist with theirselection.

P The ULBs are required to be sensitized and encouraged to be responsive to thespecific needs of socio-economically vulnerable groups. The main aim of the trainingshould be to motivate and assist the ULBs and generate awareness.

P Different levels of need-based training should be provided to the entire staff of thelocal bodies on a regular basis to enhance the current skill set of functionaries andto enable them to perform the envisaged tasks more efficiently.

Recommendation for small and medium cities and urban slums

For residents of small/medium cities with little piped water coverage, the existing servicedelivery should be improved through the following.P Improvement in the condition of tankers, regular cleaning schedule for the tankers,

inspection schedule for adequate residential chlorine in the tankers, metering of

water supplied through tankers and stand posts. Supplies based on tankers and standposts should be gradually replaced by piped water supply system.

P Water supply in urban slums can be regularized through acceptance of proof ofresidence such as ration card, voters ID (identity), and ID issued by the state asapplication requirement instead of land tenure documents, reduction of connectionfees which can also be paid in instalments, simplification of application procedures,and implementation of pro-poor tariff structure.


28/411

Summary


xxviii

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

To operationalize the above-mentioned recommendations, the initial funds needto be made available by the centre to the cities, under various city developmentschemes.

In addition, any developmental/reform initiatives undertaken by the city, state orcentral government should lay adequate emphasis on incorporating crucial components

like water demand management, and institutional reforms and capacity building of thelocal urban bodies both at the planning and implementation phases. Initiatives like theJNNURM can serve as an appropriate platform to undertake these initiatives in selectedcities, thus setting the road map for future reform programmes.

Summary: Solid waste management

Introduction

Rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles are generating huge amounts of municipal

solid waste in the urban areas in the country. I t is found littered all over the citylandscape leading to unsanitary living conditions. Waste management is one of the basicessential services provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep urbancentres clean. However, it is one of the most poorly rendered services in the basket ofthe basic services of the ULBs.

The present abysmal state of solid waste management in urban India, therefore,calls for urgent measures to ensure that waste management services are provided in asustainable manner.

Defining sustainability in solid waste managementReview of literature

Review of literature on solid waste management initiatives in cities was carried out toidentify elements of sustainability and define sustainability in solid waste managementin the context of Indian cities.

Review of literature revealed the following key elements in different cities ensuringlong-term sustainability of solid waste management services.P Legislative/policy measures to maximize recycling of waste and its diversion from

landfills.P

Implementation of integrated waste management system linking waste collectionand transportation to processing and disposal.

P Achieving waste segregation by involving waste pickers and local community.P Performance-based privatization of services especially in the area of waste collection,

transportation, and processing to bring in efficiency.P Provision of performance-based tipping fee to improve project viability.P Establishment of task force and dedicated cell for solid waste management at the

municipal level.


29/411


Summary xxi

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

P Role of civil society in providing decentralized waste management services inperipheral/marginalized areas where municipal service is weak.

P Provision of MSW (municipal solid waste) services to be in sync with economic/social needs for the urban poor to ensure its wider acceptability.

P User fee is necessary to recover cost of service provision, collection of fee can be

linked to bill for other utilities like electricity bill to ensure better compliance.

Sustainability definition and parameters

As per the reviewed literature, sustainable solid waste management can be definedas a process seeking appropriate levels of source segregation, recycling and resourcerecovery with environmentally appropriate technologies and involving cost recoverymechanisms for long-term financial sustainability leading to conservation of naturalresources by minimizing the health, environmental and aesthetic impacts of solidwastes. Sustainability in solid waste management would therefore essentially mean:P

complete planning from primary collection to final disposal of the ultimate wastein an environmentally sustainable mannerP compliance with the rules and regulation applicableP compliance with projects that are implementable through interactive planning

involving all the stakeholdersP long-term maintenance of the projectP quality service that would satisfy citizensP service coverage that includes the slum areas

So, sustainability in delivery of waste management services is defined as aprocess seeking appropriate levels of source segregation, recycling, and resourcerecovery with environmentally appropriate technologies and involving cost recoverymechanisms for long-term financial sustainability leading to conservation of naturalresources by minimizing the impact of health, environmental, and aesthetic factorsof solid wastes. T he most applied tool for achieving sustainability in wastemanagement is to adopt the concept of ISWM approach (integrated sustainablewaste management). T he concept of ISWM recognizes three important dimensionsin waste management.1 Involvement of the stakeholder

2 Technical and management-related aspects3 Local context affecting sustainability in a given geographical setting

Apart from these issues, there are also regulatory provisions as statedunder M SW Rule, 2000 notified by M oEF (M inistry of Environment and Forests),Government of I ndia. T he M SW Rules specify the necessary conditionsto be adopted by ULBs to enable them to perform solid waste management services


30/411

Summary


xxx

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

in an environmentally and socially desirable manner. These conditions includesegregated doorstep collection of waste, proper processing, and sanitary disposal.

One of the foremost outcomes of urban growth seems to be its linkage with thegrowth of waste generation in cities. There is therefore the desired need to decouplegrowth and waste generation to be able to achieve sustainability in waste management.

Sustainable solid waste management delivery therefore addresses the following issues:P provision of services in an integrated manner by ULBsP provision for cost recoveryP satisfaction of citizens with the solid waste management servicesP adherence to MSW rules by ULBs

Operationalization of sustainability parameters

Operationlization of selected parameters for sustainability of solid waste managementservices in the cities are intended to be achieved by the carrying out the following steps.P

Selecting suitable indicators for each of the parametersP Defining the selected indicatorsP Defining at what levels and frequency the indicators should be monitored for solid

waste management in a city

The MoUD (M inistry of U rban Development) in its H andbook on Standardi sedService Level Benchmarkshas also identified a set of performance indicators for ULBs.It is expected that once local bodies start monitoring their performance and reportthe achievement of the benchmarks listed as per the given indicators, there will beinherent improvement in their performance. With respect to M SW, the following serviceareas have been covered.

The above-mentioned performance indicators are a must for any city to assess theefficiency in the provision of service delivery. However, benchmarks suggested (100%)in five cases are tough to be achieved by ULBs, given their indifferent performance

Table 2 Service areas covered with respect to MSW

Indicator Suggested benchmarks

Household coverage of SWM service 100%Efficiency of collection of MSW 100%

Extent of segregation of MSW 100%

Extent of MSW recovered Not provided as waste varies from city to city

Extent of scientific disposal of MSW 100%

Extent of cost recover y of SWM ser vice 100%

MSW municipal solid waste; SWM solid waste management


31/411


Summary xxx

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

regarding compliance of M SW Rules. This report has suggested the performanceindicators largely targeting the attainment of integrated waste management systems,public acceptance, and cost recovery. The report has also suggested progressivelyimproving the benchmarks wherever it was felt that 100% compliance in one wouldnot be possible by ULBs. Table 3 below lists the indicators to be measured with respect

to solid waste management and summarizes operational issues associated with theseindicators.

Institutional aspects of sustainability in SWM

The subject of SWM has remained neglected for the past several decades in thecountry. As a result, the level of services is highly inadequate and inefficient as discussedin the previous section. However, with the advent of the JNNURM process and withthe coming in of the funding necessary to upgrade the process, the delivery of the

Table 3 Operational parameters for sustainability of SWM

Indicators Measurement Suggested benchmarks Implementation issues

Parameter 1: No littering and provision of two coloured litter bins

Ward level coverage To be measured biannually 90%100% for larger cities; Zero-littering policy for

with litter bins and reported annually 60%75% for smaller to urban areas at national as

reach to 100% progressively well as state level

Citizen satisfaction To be measured biannually 75%90% for all cities Provision of separate covered

and repor ted by SI and bins for biodegradable and report annually

recyclable waste Wet waste to be collected on daily

basis whereas dry waste can be

stored at spaces with roofing and

in partitioned areas for a week

Campaigns, rallies, and street

plays, to ensure peoples

participation

Team of sanitary inspectors at

zonal level to monitor littering

Heavy spot fines can be strong

deterrents; the fines should also

cover the administrative chargesfor constituted monitoring team

Citizen satisfaction surveys

suggested to be carried out by

third party at least annually to

maintain the transparency and

authenticity of the results of the

survey


32/411

Summary


xxxii

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

Table 3 Contd...


Parameter 2: Doorstep collection of waste in segregated manner

Percentage of households To be measured on daily basis 90%100% for larger cities; Provision of trained waste

covered by daily at ward, zonal, and city levels 50%70% for smaller; collectors

doorstep collection and reported on monthly basis to reach 100% progressively Formalization of informal waste

pickers, involvement of NGOs and

Percentage of collection 90%100% for larger cities; CBOs for peripheral area

efficiency 50%70% for smaller; Contracting out of doorstep

to reach 100% progressively collection of waste

User fee to be levied on

generators, slums to be covered

for free

Parameter 3: Road/street sweeping on all days

Beats cleaned every day To be measured on daily basis 100% for larger cities; Activity to be partly contracted outat ward, zonal and city levels 60%80% for smaller; Sweepers in congested areas to

and reported on monthly basis to reach 100% progressively cover 250-350 RMT of road length

and in less congested areas to

Staff deployed per lakh of cover 400-600 RMT of road length

population Ergonomically designed cleaning

implements to be used

Weekly review and reporting

system to be in place

Parameter 4: Abolition of open waste storage

Percentage of waste To be measured quarterly at 0% for larger cities; Detailed inventory of openstored in open space ward and zonal levels monthly 2530% for smaller cities; storages and reason for their

over total storage and reported annually to reach 0% progressively existence

Close/redevelop all open storage

areas in parks/greenery

Parameter 5: Transportation of waste in covered vehicles

No. of covered vehicles 60%75% for smaller cities Conversion/replacement of open

over total no. of vehicles to reach 100% progressively vehicles with closed vehicles

available in working order 100% for larger cities; Privatization of transportation of

waste with collection to improve

efficiency

Parameter 6: Treatment of biodegradable waste

Percentage of bio- To be measured on daily basis 60% for larger cities; Doorstep collection of bio-

degradable waste generated on daily basis 50%60% for smaller; degradable waste in segregated

collected over total waste and reported on monthly basis to reach 100% progressively manner

at city level Privatization of waste processing,


33/411


Summary xxx

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

Table 3 Contd...


Percentage of biodegra- 100% for larger cities; linking it with waste collection and

dable waste treated 60%80% for smaller; transportation. Government can

daily over the quantity to reach 100% progressively own land asset and only privatize

of biodegradable waste services

reaching the processing Collection of user fee

site Decentralized processing of

organic waste in peripheral areas

Mandatory utilization of compost

by public utilities

Parameter 7: Minimize waste disposal in landfill; no disposal of organic waste

Percentage of waste To be measured on daily basis 50% for larger cities and Maximize recycling and waste

disposed over total and reported on monthly basis initially 70% for smaller cities; treatment

waste generated at city level both reaching up to 40% in Payment of tipping fee for wastephased manner disposal

Need to establish sanitary

landfills; regional landfills for small

and medium towns

Parameter 8: Cost recovery of services

Percentage cost recovery To be measured on monthly 60%75% for larger cities ; City administration should be

with respect to monthly basis and reported on monthly 50% for smaller cities; reaching authorized to recover cost of

expenditure basis at city level 90% in phased manner services

Phased targets for cost recovery

including smaller citiesAccounting system for

expenditure and revenues needs

to be improved for smaller cities

Parameter 9: Citizens satisfaction

Citizens satisfaction on To be measured and reported >90% satisfied with the Through citizens survey or

various aspects of SWM on annual/biannual basis services for larger cities rating by trained observers.

which are in public at city level 60%80% satisfied in Agency can also appoint

domain smaller cities inspection committee to inspect

the cleanliness (third party

preferred)

Should be mandatory for all ULBs

to go for annual survey and

present the results in annual

report

CBO community-based organization; SWM: solid waste management; RMT running meters


34/411

Summary


xxxiv

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

basic services is supposed to improve in the cities. The funding, however, requires citiesto adopt reforms regarding municipal administration in the cities. The reforms at theinstitutional level are an ongoing process for larger JNNURM cities which are in theprocess of accessing funds under the scheme.

There are however additional measures which would be required to improve the

functioning of local bodies in terms of improving management SWM services. Thesemeasures can be summarized follows.P Establishment of separate cell for SWM with the municipal body. The cell should be

headed by the environmental engineer or civil engineer as against the public healthofficer as is done still in smaller cities. The cell should be guided by the steeringcommittee of eminent technocrats and senior citizens of the city for planning process

P Decentralization of municipal functioning at the zonal level and ward level to bringout the accountability and efficiency improvement as is done in the case of Surat

P Formation of ward committees as envisaged under 74th Constitutional Amendment

for creating public awareness

Inviting the private sector for service improvement and better cost recovery wouldrequire local bodies to gain expertise in the preparation of contracts and to understandthe technical and legal issues related to the requirements regarding processing facilities,landfill sites, and so on. The technical capacity of local bodies needs to be enhancedto cover such aspects as well.

Summary: Transport

Introduction

T he present day urban transportation crisis in cities is a major threat tosustainability. Severe levels of local air pollution and GHG (greenhouse gas)emissions, reliance on fossil fuel-based energy sources, rising number of roadinjuries and deaths, hostile pedestrian environment, high congestion and noiselevels, long travel distances and increased travel times, are all negative externalitiesresulting from the urban transport sector.

Based on a review of sustainable transport definitions, good practices and measuresadopted both nationally and internationally to address sustainability concerns in urbantransport, the following definition for a sustainable transport system in an Indian citywas arrived at.

A transport system where every individual or commuter category in the city isable to fulfil his or her mobility needs in a quick, affordable, safe, reliable, comfortable,energy efficient and environmentally benign manner.

This is also in line with the objectives spelt out by the NUTP (National UrbanTransport Policy) of the MoUD for addressing the mobility situation in urban areas.


35/411


Summary xxx

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

A citys transport system affects its sustainability, and one of the key pillars of asustainable transport system is a sound and efficient public transport system.1

T herefore, a sound and efficient public transport system becomes an importantindicator for a city to be sustainable. Best practices on sustainable transport initiativesin cities from the world over reveal that provision of adequate, efficient, and comfortable

public transport is one of the most important means to ensure sustainability of urbantransport. T his measure, if accompanied with supporting actions like restrainingpersonal vehicle usage, integrating land use and transport planning, according priorityto public transport, better traffic management, and introduction of ICT (informationand communication technologies) can help achieve the goals of sustainable mobilityin urban areas.

Parameters for a sustainable public transport system

Sustainable public transport system goals would typically focus on the adequacy and

efficiency of the public transport system, and these could be translated into thefollowing parameters.P Availability of public transportP Access to public transportP Customer conveniencereliability of services, presence of information systems,

safety and security while travelling, comfort and cleanliness levels in the buses, timeand cost of travel

P Operations and management of public transport

As mentioned earlier, the recommendations for urban transport in this report focusprimarily on the ways and means to make public transport in Indian cities moresustainable. These recommendations focus on aspects like policy, institutional andorganizational frameworks, setting of goals in line with the above-mentioned parametersand specific actions to achieve those goals. T he recommendations are primarilyintended for use by state and city authorities in Indian cities having direct and indirectresponsibility for the planning and management of urban bus services and passengertransport services and transport service operators.

Recommendations

Formulation of state-level urban transport policies

Since public transport subsystems form a part of a larger system which comprisesthe overall policy, laws, regulations, quality of infrastructure, etc., the making ofthe public transport subsystem more sustainable would require making changes

1Here, public transport systems include shared IPT (intermediate para transit) modes like auto rickshaws, jeeps,taxis, vans, and mini buses, which carry passengers on a per seat fare basis. Such modes are common in manyIndian cities as public transport carriers, especially in cities where there are no formal public bus or rail systems.


36/411

Summary


xxxvi

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

in the external environment along with the internal working of the public transport-sub-system.

No doubt, the NUTP is an excellent means for cities to get started with a pro-public transport planning approach, however, none of the states have formulated aSUTP (state urban transport policy) to take forward the objectives of the NUTP and

ensure they get translated in urban areas. Every state should develop an SUTP, whichis a further detailing of the NUTP and reflects priority areas for the state and its cities,and give guidance to cities to set and achieve the goals of sustainable transportation.Some of the key points that should be highlighted in the SUTPs have been mentionedbelow.P Increasing the share of public transport by a given percentage by a target year (for

instance, increase share of public transport trips in a city to 85% by 2030) in citiesP Improving the availability, efficiency, and quality of public transport on a continuous

basics.P

putting in place supporting travel demand management measures like personalvehicle restraint measures, and so on.P Integrating land use and transport planningP Improving traffic and traffic managementP Regularly monitoring public transport performance and publishing results of the

sameP Achieving intermodal integration wherever necessary and possibleP Using suitable technologies that facilitate improved public transport service deliveryP Progressively reducing the burden on environment by monitoring energy useP Developing data systems and human capacity to tackle the various aspects related

to urban transportP Highlighting public transport as a key aspect of a citys developmentP Identifying the requisite fiscal policies and markets for improving urban

transportation services

Cities should detail out actions based on the above-mentioned policy guidelines andensure that these are a part of their transportation plans. States should sanction fundingto cities on the condition that the plans developed by them should help in achievingthe policy objectives.

At present there is virtual absence of a state-level apex body on public transportwhich could do policy formulation, prepare plans, provide technical assistance to thecity authorities, arrange financing for projects from various sources, monitorperformance of public transport, and carry out capacity building. Therefore, a dedicatedpublic transport division needs to be set up to function as a unit in the state transportdepartments to assist cities in these activities and also city governments in gainingaccess to funds.


37/411


38/411

Summary


xxxviii

S

U

M

M

AR

Y

Hyderabad. Collectively, this Committee should have a deep understanding ofthe citys transportation needs and systems, its problems, and potential solutions.This would provide the much required forum for coordinating, planning, as wellas monitoring public transport in the city. T hough such a model has beenrecommended for more than a million cities by the NUT P, smaller cities should

also set up an urban transport cell at the ULB level and move gradually towardssuch a mechanism.

P Carrying out regular consultation meetings with stakeholders:The urban transportcell should ensure that frequent discussions amongst the stakeholders are held. Thestakeholders should include citizens groups, all relevant departments like urbandevelopment, police, finance, pollution control, municipality, state transportdepartment, and JNNURM representatives (where applicable). Working with variousstakeholders would give access to useful and substantial knowledge and help inidentifying problems and solutions in a better way.

Goals and indicators for sustainable public transport services

Setting goals and indicators to measure sustainability would provide cities with thenecessary guiding framework to progressively improve their public transport systems.The MoUD has recently listed the indicators to measure the level of service of urbantransport in Indian cities. MoUD is currently in the process of finalizing these indicatorsin consultation with academia and research institutes, including TERI, and it is expectedthat once finalized, MoUD will ask the JNNURM cities to establish baselines on theseand work towards improving performance on each based on a set of norms.

The following goals and indicators are suggested by TERI to assess the sustainabilityof public transport services in Indian cities.

Goals for improving availability of public transport

The first and foremost goal has to be related to making public transport available tothe citizens. This can be measured by the indicators listed below.P N umber of buses per 1000 people: Typically, this value should lie between 0.5 and

1.2 per 1000 population. Given the stark contrast

an exploration of sustainablility in the provision of basic urban services in indian cities

Documents